英汉语言的比较分析词语汇总课件

ContrastiveAnalysisofEnglish&Chinese词是具备形、音、义，可以独立运用的最小语言单位，也是最小的语法单位。ContrastiveAnalysisofEnglis1TeachingPlanTeachingContents:1.AnintroductiontoChineselanguagefromtheviewsoflanguagefamily,Languagetypes,Writingsystem,Phonetics,Vocabulary,Wordorder,Functionwords,Sentencestructure,Style,etc.2.AnintroductiontoEnglishlanguagefromtheviewsoflanguagefamily,Languagetypes,Writingsystem,Phonetics,Vocabulary,Wordorder,Functionwords,Sentencestructure,Style,etc.3.ComparisonandContrastofC-ElanguagesTeachingPlanTeachingContents21.5VocabularyI.Sematiccontrast1.汉语:“历史悠久”英语:“融汇百川”2.汉英词汇对应的依据:客观世界大体相同人的生理结构一样3.汉英词汇不对应的原因:文化(自然环境、社会历史、思维方式、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等）表现为：词汇空缺、词汇冲突1.5VocabularyI.Sematiccontr31.ThecomparisonofChineseandEnglishwordformationTheSimilarityofwordformationbetweenChineseandEnglish:Compounding（合成法）:suchas心跳，心眼，分明，血迹greenhand，overtranslation，deaf-muteAffixation（缀合法）：suchas非人，非金属,老鼠,老虎International,worker,impossible1.ThecomparisonofChinesean4Sound-changing（音变法）：传授，传记;成长，长短record,present,surveyAbbreviation（缩略法）：北京大学－北大；西藏民族学院－民院veryimportantperson-VIP；April-Apr.borrowing(借词）：安琪儿，交响乐，冰激淋；litchi,jiaozi,panda,mooncake,PekingOpera,bricktea.Sound-changing（音变法）：52.ThedifferencesofwordformationbetweenChineseandEnglish:ChinesecanuseReduplicationtocreatenewwords,suchas爸爸，毛毛雨，仔仔细细等。AndEnglishcanuseBack-formationandClipping

,conversiontocreatenewwords.babysitter→babysit；editor→edit,burglar→burglesmog+=smoke+fog;medicare=medical+care2.Thedifferencesofwordfor62.汉英词义对比词具有指称意义(denotation)和蕴涵意义(connotation)，因而难译。2.汉英词义对比7Denotationreferstotheliteralmeaningofaword,the"dictionarydefinition."¨Forexample,ifyoulookupthewordsnakeinadictionary,youwilldiscoverthatoneofitsdenotativemeaningsis"anyofnumerousscaly,legless,sometimesvenomousreptileshavingalong,tapering,cylindricalbodyandfoundinmosttropicalandtemperateregions."Connotationontheotherhand,referstotheassociationsthatareconnectedtoacertainwordortheemotionalsuggestionsrelatedtothatword.Theconnotativemeaningsofawordexisttogetherwiththedenotativemeanings.Theconnotationsforthewordsnakecouldincludeevilordanger.Denotationreferstotheliter8下面几例是“道”在<<红楼梦>>第三回的4种译法.“道”在早期文言中,是“说”的意思。宝玉初见黛玉,送她“颦颦”为别名,探春问宝玉取此名的缘由,宝玉引经据典说得头头是道,然后便有了以下的对话：1)探春笑道:“只恐又是你的杜撰.”宝玉笑道:“除<<四书>>外,杜撰的太多,偏只我是杜撰不成?”“You’remakingthatup,I’mafraid,"teasedTanChun.“Mostworks,apartfromtheFOURBOOKS,aremadeup;amItheonlyonewhomadethingsup?”heretortedwithagrin.(杨宪益,戴乃迭译)下面几例是“道”在<<红楼梦>>第三回的4种译法.92)贾母笑道:“你不认得他,它是我们这里有名的一个泼皮破落户儿,南省俗谓作‘辣子’,你只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了.”“Youdon’tknowher,”saidGrandmotherJiamerrily.“She’saholyterrorthisone.whatweusedtocallinNankinga‘peppercorn’.Youjustcallher‘PeppercornFeng’.She’llknowwhoyoumean!”(DavidHawkes译)2)贾母笑道:“你不认得他,它是我们这里有名的一个泼皮破落户103)贾母因笑道:“外客未见,就脱了衣裳,还不去见你妹妹!”WithasmileatPao-yu,theLadyDowagerscolded,“Fancychangingyourclothesbeforegreetingourvisitor.Hurryupnowandpayyourrespectstoyourcousin.”

(杨宪益,戴乃迭译)4)贾母笑道:“可又是胡说,你又何曾见过他?”“You’retalkingnonsenseagain,”saidhisgrandmother,laughing.“Howcouldyoupossiblyhavemether?”(杨宪益,戴乃迭译)3)贾母因笑道:“外客未见,就脱了衣裳,还不去见你妹妹!”111.汉英词语完全对应（wordforwordcorrespondence）Aspirin；‘Marxism；‘Capitalism；‘modernism.2.汉英词语部分对应(onewordwithmultipleequivalentsofthesamemeaning)Wife:妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆；president:总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长；Morning:早晨、上午部分对应造成翻译时的选择，如对于morning的翻译：Lateinthemorning接近晌午/Earlyinthemorning一大早；而mid-morning等最好用时间表示：Midmorning:上午十点左右Mid-afternoon:下午三、四点Inthemiddleofnextweek:下周三前后英汉词汇意义的对应程度，大致有以下三种情况1.汉英词语完全对应（wordforwordcor123.汉英词语不对应(wordswithoutcorrespondence):Teenager:13至19岁的青少年;Clock-watcher:老是看钟等下班的人;Prey:被捕食的动物;Porridge:牛奶燕麦粥（Combinationofmilkandoatmeal）;Individualism个人主义;Dink=doubleincomenokids丁克家族3.汉英词语不对应(wordswithoutcorre131）词义相符(semanticcorrespondence）2)词义相异(semanticnon-correspondence)第一种是指称意义相符,蕴涵意义相异第二种情况是指称意义和蕴涵意义相异3)词义空缺(semanticzero)1）词义相符(semanticcorrespondence14词语的空缺（无对应）和词义的差异（部分对应）例1山——hill,mountain你，您——you鸡——hen,chick,cock,rooster 江，河——river青——blue,green 父，母——parent借——lend,borrow 兄，弟——brother兔——hare,rabbit 枪，炮——gun鼠——mouse,rat 嫁，娶——marry乌鸦——raven,crow 叔，伯——uncle词语的空缺（无对应）和词义的差异（部分对应）例115例2舅舅从桌上把花瓶拿去了。Mother’sbrotherhastakenthevaseawayfromthetable.我属蛇。IwasbornintheChineselunaryearofthesnake.例216例3大小——size 高矮——height长短——length 冷暖——temperature参差——variations 粗细——thickness是非——trouble 先后——priority轻重——weight 例3171）词义相符(semanticcorrespondence)如:医生(doctor),学生(student),环境保护(environmentalprotection)在寻找语义相符的对应语时,易犯逐词翻译的毛病,找到假对应词,如:学习知识tolearnknowledge(toacquireknowledge)盐水saltwater(saltsolution)1）词义相符(semanticcorrespondence18AbsoluteEquivalents（完全对等）东方时空-OrientalTimeandSpace德国-Germany

等腰三角形-isoscelestriangle断层山-faultmountain

计算机-computer助教-assistantteacher

场磁铁-fieldmagnet地盾-shield

书架-bookshelf新生儿-newbornbabyfrombeginningtoend-从头到尾familyproperty-家产

helicopter-直升飞机TheAtlanticOcean-大西洋

strikewhiletheironishot-乘热打铁loseface-丢脸

Failureisthemotherofsuccess-失败是成功之母

anearneighborisbetterthanafar-dwellingkinsman-远亲不如近邻

bullmarket-牛市trumpcard-王牌AbsoluteEquivalents（完全对等）东方时空19指称意义相符,蕴涵意义相异：松、梅、竹（岁寒三友，蕴含不畏严寒，傲然风雪的品德）然而，英语中pinetrees,plumblossoms,bamboo不具备上述蕴含意义。“羊”在古汉语中就是吉祥的意思.如“三羊开泰”(ThreeRamsBringBliss)ram在英语中除表示“公羊”外，还表示“撞击装置”。指称意义相符,蕴涵意义相异：20第二种情况是指称意义和蕴涵意义相异：phoenix(凤凰):mythicalbirdoftheArabiandesert,saidtoliveforseveralhundredyearsbeforeburningitselfandthenrisingbornagainfromitsashes“龙凤呈祥”(DragonandPhoenixBringingProsperity)第二种情况是指称意义和蕴涵意义相异：phoenix(凤凰):213)词义空缺(semanticzero)词语意义的空缺是文化现象空缺的结果.翻译时需要用音译,意译或其他方式表示其义.糖葫芦Tanghulu,asugar-coatedfruitonthestickwhichisakindofchildren’sfavoritefoodinwinter特困生themostneedystudents乌纱帽anofficialpost站票standing-room-onlytickets钱先生周岁时“抓周”,抓了一本书,因此得名“钟书”.WhenQianwasjustoneyearold,hewastoldbyhisparentstochooseonethingamongmanyothers,hepickedupabookofallthings.Thereuponhisfatherverygladlygavehimthename:Zhongshu(=booklover).3)词义空缺(semanticzero)词语意义的空缺是221.5VocabularyII.GrammaticalcontrastofvocabularySimilarities:1.词类数量大致相等,类别基本对应。2.名词、动词、形容词三大类开放性词类在词汇中占较大比重。汉语：实词（名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词和量词）虚词（连词、介词、助词、叹词）英语：实词（Noun,Verb,Adjective,Adverb,Numeral,Pronoun)虚词（Preposition,Conjunction,Article,Interjection)1.5VocabularyII.Grammatical231.5VocabularyII.GrammaticalcontrastofvocabularyDifferences:1.从词类划分比较:汉语没有冠词,英语没有量词2.从数量上比较:副词:汉语中少,为虚词英语中多,为实词介词:汉语中少,30个左右英语中多,数不胜数(包括简单介词、复合介词、短语介词）连词：有类似不同1.5VocabularyII.Grammatical24复杂而有趣的量词一本书、两枝笔、三扇窗、四把锁、五只鸡一炷香、一抔土、一尾鱼、一床被、一叶小舟、一顶帽子、一方砚台、一出戏、一把锁、一眼井、一笔钱、两撇胡子、一椽破屋一弯新月、一轮明月、一缕炊烟、一抹斜阳、一带远山、一江春水、一派风光、一树梅花、一川烟草、一袭花香、一泓清泉、一垄土地、一缕乡愁一团和气、一丝希望、一门心思复杂而有趣的量词一本书、两枝笔、三扇窗、四把锁、五只鸡25English----SVstructureChinese----innerlogicandsemanticrelationsSentenceExamples:1)ThesearethebestdictionariesaboutEnglishidiomswhichwehaveinthelibrary.2)ThismorningIcamebackbytrainfromBeijingwhereIhadvisitedsomeofmyformerclassmatesafterIhadfinishedmytaskthere.3)WehadbeendismayedathomewhilereadingofthenaturalcalamitiesthatfollowedoneanotherforthreeyearsafterweleftChinain1959.4)Rocketresearchhasconfirmedastrangefactthathadalreadybeensuspectedthereisa"hightemperaturebelt"intheatmosphere,withitscenterroughlythirtymilesabovetheground.1.6WordorderEnglish----SVstructure1.6W265)政府主导的医疗改革如果仅仅意味着加大对医疗市场的限制的话，那我们可要三思而后行了。6)她每天清晨在室外高声朗读。7)救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。8)英国是第一个承认人民中国的西方大国。9)如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。5)政府主导的医疗改革如果仅仅意味着加大对医疗市场的限制的话271.7Functionwords

Functionwordsarearticles,prepositions,auxiliaries,coordinators,subordinatorsandsoon.1)afish/ahill/awell/abook/amarriage/alimitedview/agoodintention2)Hehasaneyeforbeauty/anearformusic.3)Johnsonisthemanforthejob./Thisisthedrinkforhotweather.4)TotheChinese,theirswasnotacivilization,butthecivilization.(中国人认为他们的文化不是文化中的一种，而是唯一的文化。)5)ThiswastheperiodwhenEinsteinbegantheresearchwhichresultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheoryofRelativity.6)晚霞映红了半边天。8)老人走南闯北，去过的地方很多9)群众齐心了，一切事情都好办。1.7FunctionwordsFunctionwo28从词类使用的频率上分析*汉语多用动词而英语多用名词*英语中代词、介词、连词的使用频率高*汉语的数词使用得多,因为汉语的成语及缩略语靠数词构成*汉语的量词使用频率高,正如英语的冠词一样1.7Functionwords

从词类使用的频率上分析1.7Functionwords29汉英词类划分的理据比较及对汉译英的意义1.汉英词类划分的理据汉语词类的划分主要依据词义，即词义的实与虚、动与静、具体与抽象等；英语的词类划分依据是语法，词类与句子成分有严格的对应关系，词义倒在其次。结果:汉英词类名同实异,同名异质语言现实中:形异实同因此:转类法

汉英词类划分的理据比较及对汉译英的意义1.汉英词类划分的理302.对汉英翻译的意义(启示）*由于汉英词汇意义存在不对应现象,翻译时应通过各种手段对译入语加以补充或限定,技巧上表现为词语的增减阐释借用音译等手段的运用;*由于词汇使用频率不对应,翻译时不能拘泥与字面的对应,而应该以整体意义为重,灵活变通。*由于词类的性质不同,词类转换便成了汉英翻译中经常使用的技巧。2.对汉英翻译的意义(启示）31英语中词类转换,一词兼几类的现象比较普遍“Youcanhappyyourfriends,maliceorfootyourenemy,orfallanaxeonhisneck.”---Shakespeare英语中词类转换,一词兼几类的现象比较普遍“Youcan32Whochairedthemeeting?Itcanseat1000people.Weshouldshouldertheseresponsibilities.Ihopewecanroomtogether.Theybreakfastedattheguesthouse.

Whochairedthemeeting?33ExercisesforWordTranslation

地下游览惊险刺激。郭彩娣笑了，赞赏他的口才说："说话真会绕弯。"别了，司徒雷登！你能算出那颗子弹的初速度吗？我在校门口和他分手。她怕碰一鼻子灰，话到了嘴边，又吞了下去。他吹得天花乱坠。打得赢就打，打不赢就走。ExercisesforWordTranslation34Theundergroundvoyageisfullofdangersandrisks.Theundergroundvoyageisfullofadventureandrisk.GuoCaidismiledandsaidappreciatively:"Hecertainlyknowshowtobeataroundthebush."GuoCaidismiledandsaidappreciatively:"Hecertainlyknowshowtokeepyouguessing.”Goodbye,LeightonStuart!

Farewell,LeightonStuart!Canyoucalculatetheinitialspeedofthebullet?Canyoucalculatetheinitialvelocityofthebullet?KeytoexerciseTheundergroundvoyageisful35Ipartedwithhimattheschoolgate.Ipartedfromhimattheschoolgate.Shewasafraidofbeingsnubbed,sosheswallowedthewordsthatcametoherlips.Hebraggedinthemostfantasticterms.(giveanextravagantlycolourfuldescription)Fightwhenyoucanwin,moveawaywhenyoucannotwin.Ipartedwithhimattheschoo36There

is

someone

that

is

coming

or

passing

away

in

your

life

around

the

clock,

so

you

may

lose

sight

of

those

seen,

and

forget

those

remembered.

There

is

gain

and

loss

in

your

life,

so

you

may

catch

sight

of

those

unseen,

and

remember

those

forgotten.

Nevertheless,

doesn’t

the

unseen

exist

for

sure?

Will

the

remembered

remain

for

ever?生命中，不断地有人离开或进入。于是，看见的，看不见了；记住的，遗忘了。生命中，不断地有得到和失落。于是，看不见的，看见了；遗忘的，记住了。然而，看不见的，是不是就等于不存在？记住的，是不是永远不会消失？Practice:There

is

someone

that

is

comin37Practice

在人际关系上我们不要太浪漫主义。人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的是他或她的优点。这一点颇像在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜如蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜。第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”吧。Practice38Notes:

本文选自王蒙的《陌生化效应》，属于哲理性的小品文，运用比喻的写作手法来描述人际关系，其中很多形象的比喻多难理解，是较难的汉英翻译之一。1.第一句“在人际关系……浪漫主义”中，人际关系：humanrelationship,或interpersonalrelationship。2.第四句中的“头盘或冷碟”，“头盘”即第一道菜，可以译为thefirstdishes,或starterorcolddishes。3.从“开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，……”到“于是转喜为怒，……转首肯为摇头。”都是无主句，但后面句子中出现了第二人称单词“你”，因此翻译时可用增词法，添加主语you，使上下文一致。4.“责备挑剔”可译为scoldingandnit-picking。5.翻译“转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头”时，用一个与原文类似的平行结构将原文含义及语言特点体现出来。如可译为Thenhappinessturnstoanger,praisetoscoldingandnit-picking,……。6.翻译“饿了吃糠甜如蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜”，最好用意译的方法，thebrantastesassweetashoney.Notes:39参考译文1

Ininterpersonalrelationships,weshouldn’tbetooromantic.Humanbeingsareinteresting.Usually,whentheymeetapersontheywillfirstnoticehisorhermerits.It’sjustliketheexperienceofdininginarestaurant.Thestarterorcolddisheswillleaveyouaverygoodimpression.Youwillbefullofpraisewhileeatingthefirsttwomaincourses.Themoreyoueat,thecalmeryouwillbecome.Attheendofthedinneralltheshortcomingscomeout.Thenhappinessturnstoanger,praisetoscoldingandnit-picking,andhead-noddingtohead-shaking.Thisisbecause:firstly,youarehungrywhenyoubegineating.Whenyouarehungry,thebrantastesassweetashoney;however,whenyouarefull,eventhehoneytastesinsipid.参考译文140参考译文2Withrespecttoperson-to-personrelationship,weshouldnotbetooimpractical.Manisaninterestingcreatureandtendstonoticeafellowhumanbeing’smeritsatfirstsight.Thisislikethediningexperienceatarestaurant.Thefirstorthecolddishismuchwelcomed.Theinitialcourses/dishesaremorethanappreciated.Asthemealprogresses,however,hebecomesincreasinglycalm,andbythetimethedinnerisoverallthedefectsofthedishesareoutonthetable.Thenjoyturnsintoanger,praiseintonitpickingand,finally,noddingintohead-shaking.Allthisisdue,firstofall,tothefactthat,whenonestartstoeat,oneishungryandhungermakesricehusktastebetterthanhoneywhilefullfillingturnsoneawayfromthesweetesthoney.参考译文241ContrastiveAnalysisofEnglish&Chinese词是具备形、音、义，可以独立运用的最小语言单位，也是最小的语法单位。ContrastiveAnalysisofEnglis42TeachingPlanTeachingContents:1.AnintroductiontoChineselanguagefromtheviewsoflanguagefamily,Languagetypes,Writingsystem,Phonetics,Vocabulary,Wordorder,Functionwords,Sentencestructure,Style,etc.2.AnintroductiontoEnglishlanguagefromtheviewsoflanguagefamily,Languagetypes,Writingsystem,Phonetics,Vocabulary,Wordorder,Functionwords,Sentencestructure,Style,etc.3.ComparisonandContrastofC-ElanguagesTeachingPlanTeachingContents431.5VocabularyI.Sematiccontrast1.汉语:“历史悠久”英语:“融汇百川”2.汉英词汇对应的依据:客观世界大体相同人的生理结构一样3.汉英词汇不对应的原因:文化(自然环境、社会历史、思维方式、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等）表现为：词汇空缺、词汇冲突1.5VocabularyI.Sematiccontr441.ThecomparisonofChineseandEnglishwordformationTheSimilarityofwordformationbetweenChineseandEnglish:Compounding（合成法）:suchas心跳，心眼，分明，血迹greenhand，overtranslation，deaf-muteAffixation（缀合法）：suchas非人，非金属,老鼠,老虎International,worker,impossible1.ThecomparisonofChinesean45Sound-changing（音变法）：传授，传记;成长，长短record,present,surveyAbbreviation（缩略法）：北京大学－北大；西藏民族学院－民院veryimportantperson-VIP；April-Apr.borrowing(借词）：安琪儿，交响乐，冰激淋；litchi,jiaozi,panda,mooncake,PekingOpera,bricktea.Sound-changing（音变法）：462.ThedifferencesofwordformationbetweenChineseandEnglish:ChinesecanuseReduplicationtocreatenewwords,suchas爸爸，毛毛雨，仔仔细细等。AndEnglishcanuseBack-formationandClipping

,conversiontocreatenewwords.babysitter→babysit；editor→edit,burglar→burglesmog+=smoke+fog;medicare=medical+care2.Thedifferencesofwordfor472.汉英词义对比词具有指称意义(denotation)和蕴涵意义(connotation)，因而难译。2.汉英词义对比48Denotationreferstotheliteralmeaningofaword,the"dictionarydefinition."¨Forexample,ifyoulookupthewordsnakeinadictionary,youwilldiscoverthatoneofitsdenotativemeaningsis"anyofnumerousscaly,legless,sometimesvenomousreptileshavingalong,tapering,cylindricalbodyandfoundinmosttropicalandtemperateregions."Connotationontheotherhand,referstotheassociationsthatareconnectedtoacertainwordortheemotionalsuggestionsrelatedtothatword.Theconnotativemeaningsofawordexisttogetherwiththedenotativemeanings.Theconnotationsforthewordsnakecouldincludeevilordanger.Denotationreferstotheliter49下面几例是“道”在<<红楼梦>>第三回的4种译法.“道”在早期文言中,是“说”的意思。宝玉初见黛玉,送她“颦颦”为别名,探春问宝玉取此名的缘由,宝玉引经据典说得头头是道,然后便有了以下的对话：1)探春笑道:“只恐又是你的杜撰.”宝玉笑道:“除<<四书>>外,杜撰的太多,偏只我是杜撰不成?”“You’remakingthatup,I’mafraid,"teasedTanChun.“Mostworks,apartfromtheFOURBOOKS,aremadeup;amItheonlyonewhomadethingsup?”heretortedwithagrin.(杨宪益,戴乃迭译)下面几例是“道”在<<红楼梦>>第三回的4种译法.502)贾母笑道:“你不认得他,它是我们这里有名的一个泼皮破落户儿,南省俗谓作‘辣子’,你只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了.”“Youdon’tknowher,”saidGrandmotherJiamerrily.“She’saholyterrorthisone.whatweusedtocallinNankinga‘peppercorn’.Youjustcallher‘PeppercornFeng’.She’llknowwhoyoumean!”(DavidHawkes译)2)贾母笑道:“你不认得他,它是我们这里有名的一个泼皮破落户513)贾母因笑道:“外客未见,就脱了衣裳,还不去见你妹妹!”WithasmileatPao-yu,theLadyDowagerscolded,“Fancychangingyourclothesbeforegreetingourvisitor.Hurryupnowandpayyourrespectstoyourcousin.”

(杨宪益,戴乃迭译)4)贾母笑道:“可又是胡说,你又何曾见过他?”“You’retalkingnonsenseagain,”saidhisgrandmother,laughing.“Howcouldyoupossiblyhavemether?”(杨宪益,戴乃迭译)3)贾母因笑道:“外客未见,就脱了衣裳,还不去见你妹妹!”521.汉英词语完全对应（wordforwordcorrespondence）Aspirin；‘Marxism；‘Capitalism；‘modernism.2.汉英词语部分对应(onewordwithmultipleequivalentsofthesamemeaning)Wife:妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆；president:总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长；Morning:早晨、上午部分对应造成翻译时的选择，如对于morning的翻译：Lateinthemorning接近晌午/Earlyinthemorning一大早；而mid-morning等最好用时间表示：Midmorning:上午十点左右Mid-afternoon:下午三、四点Inthemiddleofnextweek:下周三前后英汉词汇意义的对应程度，大致有以下三种情况1.汉英词语完全对应（wordforwordcor533.汉英词语不对应(wordswithoutcorrespondence):Teenager:13至19岁的青少年;Clock-watcher:老是看钟等下班的人;Prey:被捕食的动物;Porridge:牛奶燕麦粥（Combinationofmilkandoatmeal）;Individualism个人主义;Dink=doubleincomenokids丁克家族3.汉英词语不对应(wordswithoutcorre541）词义相符(semanticcorrespondence）2)词义相异(semanticnon-correspondence)第一种是指称意义相符,蕴涵意义相异第二种情况是指称意义和蕴涵意义相异3)词义空缺(semanticzero)1）词义相符(semanticcorrespondence55词语的空缺（无对应）和词义的差异（部分对应）例1山——hill,mountain你，您——you鸡——hen,chick,cock,rooster 江，河——river青——blue,green 父，母——parent借——lend,borrow 兄，弟——brother兔——hare,rabbit 枪，炮——gun鼠——mouse,rat 嫁，娶——marry乌鸦——raven,crow 叔，伯——uncle词语的空缺（无对应）和词义的差异（部分对应）例156例2舅舅从桌上把花瓶拿去了。Mother’sbrotherhastakenthevaseawayfromthetable.我属蛇。IwasbornintheChineselunaryearofthesnake.例257例3大小——size 高矮——height长短——length 冷暖——temperature参差——variations 粗细——thickness是非——trouble 先后——priority轻重——weight 例3581）词义相符(semanticcorrespondence)如:医生(doctor),学生(student),环境保护(environmentalprotection)在寻找语义相符的对应语时,易犯逐词翻译的毛病,找到假对应词,如:学习知识tolearnknowledge(toacquireknowledge)盐水saltwater(saltsolution)1）词义相符(semanticcorrespondence59AbsoluteEquivalents（完全对等）东方时空-OrientalTimeandSpace德国-Germany

等腰三角形-isoscelestriangle断层山-faultmountain

计算机-computer助教-assistantteacher

场磁铁-fieldmagnet地盾-shield

书架-bookshelf新生儿-newbornbabyfrombeginningtoend-从头到尾familyproperty-家产

helicopter-直升飞机TheAtlanticOcean-大西洋

strikewhiletheironishot-乘热打铁loseface-丢脸

Failureisthemotherofsuccess-失败是成功之母

anearneighborisbetterthanafar-dwellingkinsman-远亲不如近邻

bullmarket-牛市trumpcard-王牌AbsoluteEquivalents（完全对等）东方时空60指称意义相符,蕴涵意义相异：松、梅、竹（岁寒三友，蕴含不畏严寒，傲然风雪的品德）然而，英语中pinetrees,plumblossoms,bamboo不具备上述蕴含意义。“羊”在古汉语中就是吉祥的意思.如“三羊开泰”(ThreeRamsBringBliss)ram在英语中除表示“公羊”外，还表示“撞击装置”。指称意义相符,蕴涵意义相异：61第二种情况是指称意义和蕴涵意义相异：phoenix(凤凰):mythicalbirdoftheArabiandesert,saidtoliveforseveralhundredyearsbeforeburningitselfandthenrisingbornagainfromitsashes“龙凤呈祥”(DragonandPhoenixBringingProsperity)第二种情况是指称意义和蕴涵意义相异：phoenix(凤凰):623)词义空缺(semanticzero)词语意义的空缺是文化现象空缺的结果.翻译时需要用音译,意译或其他方式表示其义.糖葫芦Tanghulu,asugar-coatedfruitonthestickwhichisakindofchildren’sfavoritefoodinwinter特困生themostneedystudents乌纱帽anofficialpost站票standing-room-onlytickets钱先生周岁时“抓周”,抓了一本书,因此得名“钟书”.WhenQianwasjustoneyearold,hewastoldbyhisparentstochooseonethingamongmanyothers,hepickedupabookofallthings.Thereuponhisfatherverygladlygavehimthename:Zhongshu(=booklover).3)词义空缺(semanticzero)词语意义的空缺是631.5VocabularyII.GrammaticalcontrastofvocabularySimilarities:1.词类数量大致相等,类别基本对应。2.名词、动词、形容词三大类开放性词类在词汇中占较大比重。汉语：实词（名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词和量词）虚词（连词、介词、助词、叹词）英语：实词（Noun,Verb,Adjective,Adverb,Numeral,Pronoun)虚词（Preposition,Conjunction,Article,Interjection)1.5VocabularyII.Grammatical641.5VocabularyII.GrammaticalcontrastofvocabularyDifferences:1.从词类划分比较:汉语没有冠词,英语没有量词2.从数量上比较:副词:汉语中少,为虚词英语中多,为实词介词:汉语中少,30个左右英语中多,数不胜数(包括简单介词、复合介词、短语介词）连词：有类似不同1.5VocabularyII.Grammatical65复杂而有趣的量词一本书、两枝笔、三扇窗、四把锁、五只鸡一炷香、一抔土、一尾鱼、一床被、一叶小舟、一顶帽子、一方砚台、一出戏、一把锁、一眼井、一笔钱、两撇胡子、一椽破屋一弯新月、一轮明月、一缕炊烟、一抹斜阳、一带远山、一江春水、一派风光、一树梅花、一川烟草、一袭花香、一泓清泉、一垄土地、一缕乡愁一团和气、一丝希望、一门心思复杂而有趣的量词一本书、两枝笔、三扇窗、四把锁、五只鸡66English----SVstructureChinese----innerlogicandsemanticrelationsSentenceExamples:1)ThesearethebestdictionariesaboutEnglishidiomswhichwehaveinthelibrary.2)ThismorningIcamebackbytrainfromBeijingwhereIhadvisitedsomeofmyformerclassmatesafterIhadfinishedmytaskthere.3)WehadbeendismayedathomewhilereadingofthenaturalcalamitiesthatfollowedoneanotherforthreeyearsafterweleftChinain1959.4)Rocketresearchhasconfirmedastrangefactthathadalreadybeensuspectedthereisa"hightemperaturebelt"intheatmosphere,withitscenterroughlythirtymilesabovetheground.1.6WordorderEnglish----SVstructure1.6W675)政府主导的医疗改革如果仅仅意味着加大对医疗市场的限制的话，那我们可要三思而后行了。6)她每天清晨在室外高声朗读。7)救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。8)英国是第一个承认人民中国的西方大国。9)如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。5)政府主导的医疗改革如果仅仅意味着加大对医疗市场的限制的话681.7Functionwords

Functionwordsarearticles,prepositions,auxiliaries,coordinators,subordinatorsandsoon.1)afish/ahill/awell/abook/amarriage/alimitedview/agoodintention2)Hehasaneyeforbeauty/anearformusic.3)Johnsonisthemanforthejob./Thisisthedrinkforhotweather.4)TotheChinese,theirswasnotacivilization,butthecivilization.(中国人认为他们的文化不是文化中的一种，而是唯一的文化。)5)ThiswastheperiodwhenEinsteinbegantheresearchwhichresultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheoryofRelativity.6)晚霞映红了半边天。8)老人走南闯北，去过的地方很多9)群众齐心了，一切事情都好办。1.7FunctionwordsFunctionwo69从词类使用的频率上分析*汉语多用动词而英语多用名词*英语中代词、介词、连词的使用频率高*汉语的数词使用得多,因为汉语的成语及缩略语靠数词构成*汉语的量词使用频率高,正如英语的冠词一样1.7Functionwords

从词类使用的频率上分析1.7Functionwords70汉英词类划分的理据比较及对汉译英的意义1.汉英词类划分的理据汉语词类的划分主要依据词义，即词义的实与虚、动与静、具体与抽象等；英语的词类划分依据是语法，词类与句子成分有严格的对应关系，词义倒在其次。结果:汉英词类名同实异,同名异质语言现实中:形异实同因此:转类法

汉英词类划分的理据比较及对汉译英的意义1.汉英词类划分的理712.对汉英翻译的意义(启示）*由于汉英词汇意义存在不对应现象,翻译时应通过各种手段对译入语加以补充或限定,技巧上表现为词语的增减阐释借用音译等手段的运用;*由于词汇使用频率不对应,翻译时不能拘泥与字面的对应,而应该以整体意义为重,灵活变通。*由于词类的性质不同,词类转换便成了汉英翻译中经常使用的技巧。2.对汉英翻译的意义(启示）72英语中词类转换,一词兼几类的现象比较普遍“Youcanhappyyourfriends,maliceorfootyourenemy,orfallanaxeonhisneck.”---Shakespeare英语中词类转换,一词兼几类的现象比较普遍“Youcan73Whochairedthemeeting?Itcanseat1000people.Weshouldshouldertheseresponsibilities.Ihopewecanroomtogether.Theybreakfastedattheguesthouse.

Whochairedthemeeting?74ExercisesforWordTranslation

地下游览惊险刺激。郭彩娣笑了，赞赏他的口才说："说话真会绕弯。"别了，司徒雷登！你能算出那颗子弹的初速度吗？我在校门口和他分手。她怕碰一鼻子灰，话到了嘴边，又吞了下去。他吹得天花乱坠。打得赢就打，打不赢就走。ExercisesforWordTranslation75Theundergroundvoyageisfullofdangersandrisks.Theundergroundvoyageisfullofadventureandrisk.GuoCaidismiledandsaidappreciatively:"Hecertainlyknowshowtobeataroundthebush."GuoCaidismiledandsaidappreciatively:"Hecertainlyknowshowtokeepyouguessing.”Goodbye,LeightonStuart!

Farewell,LeightonStuart!Canyoucalculatetheinitialspeedofthebullet?Canyoucalculatetheinitialvelocityofthebullet?KeytoexerciseTheundergroundvoyageisful76Ipartedwithhimattheschoolgate.Ipartedfromhimattheschoolgate.Shewasafraidofbeingsnubbed,sosheswallowedthewordsthatcametoherlips.Hebraggedinthemostfantasticterms.(giveanextravagantlycolourfuldescription)Fightwhenyoucanwin,moveawaywhenyoucannotwin.Ipartedwithhimattheschoo77There

is

someone

that

is

coming

or

passing