考研考博-英语-哈尔滨石油学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨石油学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.翻译题

从某种意义上讲，现代生活方式使人们彼此疏远，人与人之间仅存在一种有限责任。事实上，只要我们彼此履行了各自的有限责任，至于他人干什么，想什么，我们根本不在乎。人们不会再为朋友两肋插刀，一生一世的朋友也不复存在，因为现代社会的朋友关系是建立在共同利益的基础上，当利害关系改变时，朋友关系也定会改变，在一个正在经受着历史巨变的社会中，人的利害关系如果不瞬息万变，那才是怪事呢。

【答案】参考译文：

Inasense,themodernwayoflifealienatespeoplefromeachother,andthereisonlyalimitedliabilitybetweenpeople.Infact,aslongaswefulfillourlimitedresponsibilitiesrespectively,wewillnotkeepinmindwhatsomeoneelsehasdoneorthought.Thewillingnesstodedicatelivestofriendsandthefriendshipthroughthelifetimearenolongerinexistence,becausethefriendshipsinmodernsocietyaresetuponthebasicofcommonbenefits.Withthetransformationofinterests,friendshipwillbeboundtochange.Inasocietywhichisundergoinganenormoushistoricalchange,itisnotsurprisingtofindtheever-changingbenefitbasedrelationshipbetweenpeople.

2.单选题

Thousandsofpeoplelefttheirruralhomesandflockedintothecitiestolivebesidethenewfactories.

问题1选项

A.dashed

B.filed

C.strolled

D.swarmed

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。flockinto表示“大批地涌进，成群结队涌到”；A项dash“猛冲，匆忙”，B项file“提出（申请），把……归档”，C项stroll“散步，闲逛”，D项swarm“成群来回移动，蜂拥而至”。句意：成千上万的人离开农村，涌入城市，住在新工厂旁边。根据句意可知，该题D项正确。

3.单选题

ThehighestmountainpassinEuropeis______.

问题1选项

A.of2,473meters

B.at2,473metershigh

C.2,473highmeters

D.2,473metershigh

【答案】D

【解析】考查语法。表示某物的长、高、宽时，英语中的表达是“名词+be动词+数量+形容词”，故D项正确。A项为beof结构，后面一般跟抽象名词，表示“某物/某人具有某种品质、性质或特点”；B项介词at使用不正确；C项meters应该紧跟在数字后面。句意：欧洲最高的山脉海拔2473米。因此，该题选择D项正确。

4.单选题

Duringtheelectioncampaign,thepartyvowedto______environmentalconsiderationsintoallitspolicies.

问题1选项

A.associate

B.unite

C.incorporate

D.combine

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项associate“联系”；B选项unite“（与某人或集体）联结；联合”，uniteindoingsth.；C选项incorporate“将……包括在内；使并入”，osth.；D选项combine“结合；组合”，combinesth.withsth.。句意：在竞选期间，该党郑重宣告将环境因素______其所有政策。根据语境和单词用法，C选项incorporate“将……包括在内；使并入”符合题意，意思是指政策将包含环境方面的问题。因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

Financial

regulators

inBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"quarterlycapitalism"Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansinfinancialmarkers."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,"saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism”.InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britainruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

1.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe（

）.

2.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate（

）.

3.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe（

）.

4.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

问题1选项

A.enhancebanker'ssenseofresponsibility

B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

问题2选项

A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

B.governments'impatienceindecision-making

C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

D."short-termism"ineconomicsactivities

问题3选项

A.indirect

B.adverse

C.minimal

D.temporary

问题4选项

A.theobstaclestopreventingshort-termism

B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking

C.theapproachestopromotinglong-termism

D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking

问题5选项

A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节题。题目中明确出题段落(AccordingtoParagraph1)及相应的信息点(onemotiveinimposingthenewrule)，因此，答案来源句则为第一段的第三句(Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution这个规则主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任)，那么答案基本就很容易提取出来。选项中的“senseofresponsibility”则对应到句中的“enhancebanker'ssenseofresponsibility（增加银行的责任），其他的选项则与最佳选项无缘，在定位区间中没有相应的信息。

2.细节题。题干中的定位信息在“AlfredMarshall”上，直接定位到第二段的第二句，定位信息里的“thisimpatience”则是回指第二段首句的"short-termism"，故信息点则为"short-termism"，所以最佳选项则为"short-termism"ineconomicactivities，而其他选项在定位信息中未提及。

3.细节题。此题的定位信息为题干的“transientinvestment”，直接定位到第三段的第二句“Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty”，从四个选项的褒贬正负来看indirect、minimal和temporary为中性的表述，只有B选项的adverse为明确的负面表达，意思为“不利的”，与原文中的“hinder”对应上。

4.例证题。根据题干的具体信息定位，美国和法国的例子是用来支撑什么论点。原文的第五、六段则提供了具体的信息，第五段中美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状；第六段则提及在法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权。所以，最佳选项应为“促进长期主义的方法”。

5.主旨题。题干中的title为标题题的信息，所以此题考查的是文章的主旨大意。B选项里的patience可以对应到全文中反复出现的主题词"short-termism"和"long-termism"，corporate本身在文章中出现多次，所以B选项为最佳标题，体现主旨大意；其余选项均不能概括全文，故排除。

6.翻译题

世界人口突破70亿，地球资源日益减少，人们忧心忡忡。中国宣称从1979年计划生育政策实施以来，中国已有效控制了出生率。

如果没有计划生育，中国这个人口最多的国家就会多出几千万的人口。事实上，没有一个国家像中国这样大力度地、大规模地执行这项政策。据第六次人口普查报告，中国现在有13.7亿人口。不过，西方社会学家和经济学家一直警告说，再过三十年，中国将成为世界上唯一的在没有进入发达社会之前就面临老龄社会的发展中国家。

和欧洲相比，中国面临老龄化危机的进程更快。五年后，中国60岁以上的人口将从现在1.78亿增长到2.21亿。到2050年，中国四分之一的人口将超过65岁。60岁以上的人口有半数是独居老人，这一点是以前不曾想象的，要知道，以前中国人可是四代同堂。现在一个孩子要负担父母两人和祖辈四人，这个倒金字塔对每个人来说都是挑战。越来越多的人移居到城市工作，大城市面临更大的压力，而中小型城市不能给人们提供足够的就业机会。

出生于1962年到1972年这十年间的中国人退休后，这种压力会更大。这十年间平均每年有

3000万婴儿出生，现在每年却只有600万到700万婴儿出生。国家人口和计划生育委员会没有放开长期的计划生育政策，因为人口过多仍然是中国社会和经济发展面临的主要挑战之一。

【答案】Withtheworld’spopulationbreakingthrough7billionandtheshrinkingofresourcesontheearth,peopleareworriedaboutit.Chinaclaimsthatthebirthratehasbeeneffectivelycontrolledsincethefamilyplanningpolicywasimplementedin1979.

Ifthereisnofamilyplanning,Chinese,themostpopulouscountry,willhaveadditionaltensofmillionsofthepopulation.Actually,thereisnocountycarryingoutsuchpolicylikeChina.Accordingtothe6thcensesreport,Chinahasapopulationof1.37billion.Nevertheless,westernsociologistsandeconomistshavewarnedthat,afterthirtyyears,Chinawouldbetheonlyonedevelopingcountryfacinganagingsocietybeforedeveloped.

ComparingwithEurope,Chinafaceswithafasterprocessoftheagingcrisis.Fiveyearlater,thepopulationelderthan60wouldincreaseto0.221billionfrom0.178billion.Aquarterpeoplewillbeolderthan65in2050.Halfofthepeopleover60aresingle,whichisunimaginedbeforebecauseChineseisalwaysfourgenerationinthehall.NowtheInvertedPyramidthatachildneedstotaketheburdenofparentsandgrandparentsisachallengeforeveryone.Asanincreasingnumberofpeoplearemovingintothecityforjobs,bigcitiesarefacinggreaterpressure.Ontheotherhand,companiesareofferinginadequatepositionstomeetthesejobseekers,needsinmiddle-smallsizedcities.

Aftertheentryofthedecadefrom1962to1972,thestresswillbeharder.Overthedecade,30millioninfantswereborneveryyearonaverage,whereasinrecentyearsthisdatahavedecreasedto6-7million.SinceoverpopulationisstilloneofthemainchallengesforthedevelopmentofChina’ssocietyandeconomy,theNationalPopulationandFamilyPlanningCommissionhasnotloosenthelong-termfamilyplanningpolicy.

7.单选题

Mr.Greenhasrecentlybeen（

）ofthecompany.

问题1选项

A.appointedtopresident.

B.appointedpresident

C.appointedapresident

D.appointedthepresident

【答案】B

【解析】句意:格林先生最近升任公司董事长了。

语法题。考查冠词。根据冠词的语法规则,职位前不加冠词。而且appoint是及物动词,后面直接接宾语president。故选B.

8.写作题

Directions:Writeanessayof180to200wordsonthetopic:“PrivateCarsShouldNotBeEncouragedinChina?”Youressayshouldincludeabeginning,abodyandaconclusion.Pleasepayspecialattentiontoitsstructure,contentandlanguage.Writetheessayontheanswersheet.

【答案】略

9.单选题

Inspiteofthe______economicforecasts,manufacturingoutputhasrisenslightly.

问题1选项

A.gloomy

B.miserable

C.shadowy

D.obscure

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项gloomy“低迷的”，B项miserable“痛苦的”，C项shadowy“阴影的”，D项obscure“昏暗的”。根据句子意思“尽管经济前景……，制造业产量略有上升”可知，A项最符合句意。句意：尽管经济前景黯淡，制造业产出却略有上升。因此，该题选择A项正确。

10.单选题

TheEarth'satmosphererecordedthehugedeclineinthepopulationoftheWesternHemisphereinthe150yearsfollowingthearrivalofColumbusfromSpainin1492.Soldiers,officials,settlersandmerchantsfromEurasiaandslavesfromAfricaunwittinglyintroducedcommondiseasessuchassmallpox(天花)，measles(麻疹)andinfluenzatowhichtheinhabitantsoftheAmericaspossessednoimmunity.Scholarlyestimatesofthetotalnumberofdeathsfromdiseasevarywidely,butthenumbermayhaveexceeded50millionandcertainlywipedout75%ormoreofnativeAmericans.Thisrapiddepopulationofthehemisphereallowedforeststogrowinformerfarmlands.By1610thegrowthofallthosetreeshadsuckedenoughcarbondioxide(CO2)outoftheskytocauseadropofatleastsevenpartspermillioninatmosphericconcentrationsofthemostprominentgreenhousegasandstartalittleiceage.

Basedonthatdramaticshift,SimonLewisandMarkMaslin,BritishecologistsworkingatUniversityCollegeLondon,believe1610shouldbeconsideredthestartingdateofanewgeologicepochcurrentlyunderdiscussionamongearthscientists:theAnthropocene,orrecentageofhumanity.LewisandMaslindubthedecreaseinatmosphericcarbondioxidethe’’OrbisSpike"fromtheLatinforworld,becausesince1492humancivilizationhasprogressivelyglobalized.InapaperpublishedthismonthinNature,theyarguethathumanimpactsontheplanethavebeendramaticenoughtowarrantformalrecognitionoftheAnthropoceneepochandthattheOrbisSpikeshouldserveasthemarkerofitsopening.

TheAnthropoceneisnotanewidea.Asfarbackasthe18thcenturythefirstscientificattempttolayoutachronologyofEarth’sgeologichistoryendedwithahumanepoch.Bythe19thcenturytheideawascommonplace,appearingastheAnthropozoic("humanliferocks")orthe'*EraofMan"ingeologytextbooks.Butbythemiddleofthe20thcentury,theideaoftheHolocene(thetermmeans"entirelyrecent"inGreekdesignatesthemostrecentperiod,datingfrom11,700yearsago,whentheglaciers(冰河)ofthelasticeagereceded)hadcometodominate,recognizinghumansasanimportantelementofthecurrentepoch,butnotthedefiningone.

Thatideaisnolongeradequate,accordingtoscientistsrangingfromgeologiststoclimatologists.Humanimpactshavesimplygrowntoolarge:somescientistspointtothefloodofnitrogen(N)releasedintotheworldbytheinventionoftheHaber-Boschprocess

forwrestingthevitalnutrientfromtheairtosupportagriculture,othersemphasizethefactthatmodempeoplenowmovemoreearthandstonethanalltheworld’sriversputtogether.

Researchershaveadvancedanarrayofproposalsforwhenthisputativenewepochmighthavebegun.Somelinkittothestartofthemassextinctionoflargemammals（卩甫孚L动物）suchaswoollymammothsandgiantkangaroossome50,000yearsagoortheadventofagriculturearound10,000yearsago.OtherssaytheAnthropoceneismuchmorerecentandtothebeginningoftheuptickinatmosphericCO2concentrationsaftertheinventionofaneffectivecoal-burningsteamengine.

ThemostprominentcurrentproposalconnectsthedawnoftheAnthropocenetothatofthenuclearage:long-lobedradionuclide（放射性同位素）leavealong-livedrecordintherock.Theboominhumanpopulationandconsumptionofeverythingfromcoppertomaize（玉米）after1950orso,knownasthe"GreatAcceleration",roughlycoincideswiththisnuclearmarker.Sodoestheadventofplasticsandotherremnantsofindustrialsociety,dubbed”technofossils"byJanZalasiewiczoftheUniversityofLeicester,thegeologistwhoheadsthegroupthatispushingforadditionoftheAnthropocenetothestandardgeologictimescale.TheradionuclidescanthenserveaswhatgeologistscallaGlobalStratotypeSectionandPoint,morecommonlyknownasa“goldenspike.”Perhapsthemostfamoussuchgoldenspikeisthethinlayerofiridium（Ir）afoundinpockexposednearElKef,Tunisia;itpinpointstheasteroidimpactthatterminatedtheageofthedinosaursandendedtheCretaceousabout65millionyearsago.

LewisandMaslinrejectthisradionuclidespikebecauseitisnottiedtoa*'world-changingevent"--atleastnotyet—althoughitisaclearsignalintherock.Ontheotherhand,theirOrbisSpikein1610reflectsboththemostrecentCO2lowpointandtheredistributionofplantsandanimalsaroundtheworldassociatedwiththeAgeofDiscoveryandtheriseofworldempires,atruechangingoftheworld.Muchlikethegoldenspikethatmarkstheendofthedinosaurs,theproposedOrbisSpikeitselfwouldbetiedtothelowpointofatmosphericCO?concentrationsaround1610,asrecordedinicecores,wheretinytrappedbubblesbetraypastatmospheres.FurthergeologicevidencewillcomefromtheappearanceofmaizepolleninsedimentcorestakeninEuropeandAsiaatthattime,amongotherindicatorsthatwillcomplementtheCO2record.Therefore,scientistslookingaticecores,mudorevenrockwillfindthisepochalshiftinthefuture.

TheCO2dropcoincideswithwhatclimatologistscalltheLittleIceAge.Thatcoolingeventmayhavebeentiedtoregeneratedforestsandotherplantsgrowingonsome50millionhectaresoflandabandonedbyhumansafterthemassdeathbroughtonbydiseaseandwarfare,LewisandMaslinsuggest.Anditwasn'tjustthedeathofmillionsofaboriginalAmericans.Theenslavement（ordeath）ofmanymillionsofAfricansforlaborinthenewlandsmayalsohaveaddedtotheclimateimpact.ThepopulationoftheregionsofwesternAfricamostaffectedbytheNewWorldslavetradedidnotbegintorecoveruntiltheendofthe19thcentury.Inotherwords,from1600to1900areasofthatregionmayhavebeenregrowingforest,enoughtoreduceatmosphericCO?,justliketheregrowthoftheAmazonandthegreatNorthAmericanwoods,althoughthishypothesisremainsinsomedispute.

Howeverdelimited,thenewdesignationwouldmeanwearelivinginanew

Anthropoceneepoch,partoftheQuaternaryperiod,whichstartedmore2.5millionyearsagowiththeadventofthecyclicalgrowthandretreatofmassiveglaciers.TheQuaternaryispartoftheCenozoic("recentlife”)erathatbegan66millionyearsagoandis,inturn,partofthePhanerozoic("revealedlife")eon,whichstarted541millionyearsagoandencompassesallofcomplexlifethathaseverlivedonthisplanet.Intheend,theAnthropocenemightsupplanttheHolocene."Itisdesignatedanepoch,unlikeotherinterglacial,becausebackinthe18thcenturygeologiststhoughthumanswereaveryrecentspecies,arrivingviadivineinterventionorevolvingonEarthintheHolocene,*'Lewisargues,butscientistsnowknowHomosapiensarosemorethan200,000yearsagointhePleistoceneepoch."HumansareaPleistocenespecies,so...callingtheHoloceneanepochisarelicofthepast."MaslinsuggestsdowngradingtheHolocenetoastagwithinthePleistocene,likeotherinterglacialspansinthegeologicrecord.ButZalasiewiczdisagreeswiththisbidtogetridoftheHolocene.*'Idon’tseetheneed,"hesays,"systematictracingofaHolocene-Anthropoceneboundarygloballywouldbeilluminatinginallsortsofways."

1.ThescientistscitedinthisarticleagreethathumanshavebecomeamajorfactorinthehistoryofEarth.Asthearticlehighlights,whattheydisagreeonis（

）

2.EuropeanpenetrationoftheNewWorldinthecenturyandahalfafter1492ledto（

）

3.Thedeclineinatmosphericcarbondioxidethatreacheditslowpointinoraround1610was（

）

4.ThescientifichypothesisthathumanitycanalterthehistoryofEarthinhighlysignificantways（

）

5.TheOrbisSpikeproposedbyLewisandMaslinwouldbemostreliablylocatedin（

）

6.Radionuclidescanbelikenedtoiridium（

）

7.SomescientiststhinkthatradionuclidesarethekeytodefiningtheAnthropocenebecause（

）

8.ProfessorZalasiewiczprobablyfavorsretainingthedistinctionbetweentheHoloceneandtheAnthropocenebecausetracingitsboundary（

）

问题1选项

A.theextenttowhichhumansarealteringEarth.

B.preciselywhenhumanactivitybecameadefiningelementinEarth'shistory.

C.whattonametheperiodofmajorhumanimpact.

D.whenhumanactivitywillbecomethedominantfactorinchangesintheEarth.

问题2选项

A.massivedepopulation.

B.widespreadcontagiousdisease.

C.greatlyreduceduseoflandforagriculture.

D.alloftheabove.

问题3选项

A.asingular,isolatedeventthatleftadiscerniblemarkingeochronoloy.

B.thefirstofalongchainofeventsthatchangedthewayhumansinteractwithnature.

C.theresult(andsignal,asreflectedingeology)ofthefirstinasignificantsetofmodemchangesinhowhumansuseplanetaryresources.

D.thecauseofanewiceageonaparwiththosethatprecededtheHolocene.

问题4选项

A.hasrecentlyre-emergedandgainedsupportafterfadinginthe20thcentury.

B.isstillsupportedbyonlyasmallnumberofresearchersintheearthsciencestoday.

C.wasrejectedasabsurdbypioneeringgeologistsinthe1700s.

D.isweakenedbythecontinuinglackofevidencethatcanbeusedtosupportit,muchletconfirmit.

问题5选项

A.samplesofArcticice,butnotAntarcticice

B.samplesofArcticandAntarcticice.

C.treeringsfromtemperateforests.

D.alluvialsediments,mostobviouslyfromtheMississippiandAmazonbasins.

问题6选项

A.becauseofthesimilarityintheirbasicchemistry.

B.asphysicalindicatorsofaboundaryinEarth’schronology.

C.asthecauseofvastchangesintheearthlyenvironment.

D.askeycomponentsinthetechnofossilsnowproliferatinginthegeologicalrecord.

问题7选项

A.nuclearexplosionsdidenormousdamagetotheearthlyenvironment.

B.theyhavealonghalf-lifethatmeanstheywillcontinuetobeusefulformanycenturies.

C.theyprovideatemporalmarkerreliablycorrelatedwithamassivehistoricalincreaseinthehumanimpactonourplanet.

D.theycontributedgreatlytothevastincreaseinthehumanimpactonEarthinthemid-20thcentury.

问题8选项

A.willallowgeologiststocreateamoresubtlepictureoftheinterglacialsthatareacrucialfeatureoftheclimateonEarth,

B.willforcegeologiststothinkmoredeeplyabouttherelationbetweenclimatechangeandplanetaryhistory.

C.willreducethesupportforusinglessplausibleindicatorstodefinegeochronologicalboundaries.

D.willrevealsomeimportantthingsaboutushumansaswellasabouttheclimateandhistoryoftheplanet

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:D

第7题:C

第8题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干：文章引用的科学家同意人类在地球历史中的主要作用。正如文章强调的，他们有争议的是……。根据文章大意可知B项“具体什么时候人类活动开始成为地球历史上的一个决定性/确定性因素”，此表述过于绝对。故选B。

2.细节事实题。题干：1492年后的一个半世纪中，欧洲的侵入导致了…。第1段指出:TheEarth'satmosphererecordedthehugedeclineinthepopulationoftheWesternHemisphereinthe150yearsfollowingthearrivalofColumbusfromSpainin1492.Soldiers,officials,roducedcommondiseasessuchassmallpox（天花），measles（瘾疹）and

influenza；Thisrapiddepopulationofthehemisphereallowedforeststogrowinformerfarmlands(1492年，随着从西班牙来的哥伦布的到来，往后一个半世纪中，地球大气记载了西半球人口的巨幅下降；战士，官员，移民，商人等染上了疾病，比如天花，麻疹和流感；这种迅速的人口降低使得森林/丛林在之前的农地中生长),所以欧洲侵入导致了人口下降,疾病传染以及农用地的荒废。故选D。

3.推理判断题。根据题干关键词carbondioxide以及1610定位至第二段:Basedonthatdramaticshift,SimonLewisandMarkMaslin,BritishecologistsworkingatUniversityCollegeLondon,believe1610shouldbeconsideredthestartingdateofanewgeologicepochcurrentlyunderdiscussionamongearthscientists:theAnthropocene,orrecentageofhumanity(基于此巨大转变，英国生态学家认为1610应该被认为是新地质时代的一个开端期：人类世或人类新时代。因此，二氧化碳降低到约1610时，它是一个人类地质时代的划分)。故选A:是一个单独的事件，这在地球年代学中留下了明显的标志。

4.推理判断题。第三段指出:Butbythemiddleofthe20thcentury,theideaoftheHolocene(...)hadcometodominate,recognizinghumansasanimportantelementofthecurrentepoch,butnotthedefiningone(但是，在20世纪中期，全新世的概念占到主导地位，即将人视为当前时代中重要的因素，但是不是决定性的因素),下一段指出:Thatideaisnolongeradequate,accordingtoscientistsrangingfromgeologiststoclimatologists.Humanimpactshavesimplygrowntoolarge...(这个观点已不再适用，根据地质学家和气候学家的观点，人类影响简直太强大了……),故选A:20世纪，在消退后最近又重新出现并且获得支持。

5.推理判断题。根据题干关键词OrbisSpike定位至第八段:TheCO2dropcoincideswithwhatclimatologistscalltheLittleIceAge....ThepopulationoftheregionsofwesternAfricamostaffectedbytheNewWorldslavetradedidnotbegintorecoveruntiltheendofthe19thcentury.Inotherwords,from1600to1900areasofthatregionmayhavebeenregrowingforest,enoughtoreduceatmosphericCO2,justliketheregrowthoftheAmazonandthegreatNorthAmericanwoods,althoughthishypothesisremainsinsomedispute(二氧化碳的下降与气候学家所称的“LittleIceAge”同时发生。……直到19世纪，受新世界奴隶贸易影响的西部非洲区域的人口才开始恢复状态。也就是说，从1600-1900,该区域可能一直有重新生长的森林，足以减少大气中的二氧化碳，比如亚马逊的再生长，北美的木材，尽管这个假设存在争议)，因此,OrbisSpike即二氧化碳的降低最可能发生在D项：冲积沉积物，最明显来自密西西比和亚马逊河流域。

6.细节事实题。根据题干定位至第六段:TheradionuclidescanthenserveaswhatgeologistscallaGlobalStratotypeSectionandPoint,morecommonlyknownasa“goldenspike.”Perhapsthemostfamoussuchgoldenspikeisthethinlayerofiridium(Ir)afoundinpockexposednearElKef,Tunisia;(放射性核素可以作为地质学家所谓的全球层型剖面和点，通常被称为“金尖峰”。也许最著名的金尖峰是在突尼斯埃尔克夫附近的洞穴中发现的薄薄的铱层（Ir）)。因此，D项“在地质记录中，作为技术化石的构成或组成部分”是正确答案。

7.推理判断题。根据题干定位至第六段:Theboominhumanpopulationandconsumptionofeverythingfromcoppertomaize（玉米）after1950orso,knownasthe“GreatAcceleration”，roughlycoincideswiththisnuclearmarker.Sodoestheadventofplasticsandotherremnantsofindustrialsociety,dubbed“technofossils”byJanZalasiewiczoftheUniversityofLeicester,thegeologist...(大约1950年，被称为“大加速”，这时人口的增长和一切消费品（从铜币到玉米）大约都是与核标志同时发生的。工业社会中的塑料和残余品的到来也一样是和核标志同时发生的，这被地质学家JanZalasiewicz称之为‘"technofossils”。即这种核标记是与人类的发展几乎同步的，也是人类进步的一个见证)。故选C:在人类对地球的影响方面，他们提供了与有大规模的历史性增长相关的临时标志。

8.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“Holocene和Anthropocene”以及“tracingitsboundary”可以定位至最后一段:ButZalasiewiczdisagreeswiththisbidtogetridoftheHolocene.“Idon'tseetheneed,”hesays,“systematictracingofaHolocene-Anthropoceneboundarygloballywouldbeilluminatinginallsortsofways(但是Zalasiewicz不同意放弃全新世。他说：“我看没必要。从全局来看，对于全新世和人类世界限的系統跟踪可能会以各种方式给人启发)。因此选D:D项：会揭露一些有关人与气候和地球历史之间的很多重要事情

11.单选题

Airpollution（

）tomanykindsofdiseases.

问题1选项

A.confirms

B.communicates

C.consumes

D.contributes

【答案】D

【解析】考察动词词义辨析。confirm“确认；确定；证实”；communicate“传达；感染；显露”；consume“消耗，消费”；contribute“贡献，捐献”。contributeto“有助于，捐献”。句意：空气污染导致各种疾病。

12.单选题

Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnout,andifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynew,theyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon'tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformation,alongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutthenature.Indeed,Iregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itis,inthisway,anilluminatingpieceofnews.Itwouldhaveamazedthatthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.Itisthissuddenconfrontationwithdepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetobethehumanintellect.Inearliertimes,weeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblem,orsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnest,wearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsare;andhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthis,wearedepressed.Itisnotsobadbeingignorance,worstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspots,butnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.Butwearemakingabeginning,andthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeanswered,soonerorlater,includingeventhematterofconsciousness.Tobesure,theremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkup,andthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellect,butthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimits,weshouldbeabletoworkourthroughtoallouranswers,ifwekeepatitlongenough,andpayattention.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,reallygoodscience（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatscientistsofthe18thcentury

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