考研考博-英语-南京理工大学泰州科技学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京理工大学泰州科技学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Someteenagersaresocrazyaboutvideogamesastoplaythemmanyhours（）,ifpossible.

问题1选项

A.onpurpose

B.onhand

C.oncredit

D.onend

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A项onpurpose“有目的地，故意地”，B项onhand“在手边，即将发生”，C项oncredit“赊账”，D项onend“连续地，竖着”。空格前面提到“有些青少年对电子游戏如此着迷，以至于玩了好几个小时”，由此可知空格部分表示“时间上持续地，连续地”。句意：一些青少年对电子游戏如此着迷，如果可能的话，他们会连续玩上几个小时。因此，该题选择D项正确。

2.单选题

Hotmetal______asitgrowscooler.

问题1选项

A.contracts

B.reduces

C.condenses

D.compresses

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.contracts（使）收缩，缩小B.reduces减少；降低

C.condenses（由气体）冷凝，（使气体）凝结D.compresses（被）压紧，压缩

【答案】A

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词cooler（变冷），结合常识可知，热胀冷缩，所以空格处表示“缩小”，故该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】

B、C项不符合句意；

D项是指由于外力的压缩造成的，不符合语境。

【句意】热金属一开始变冷就收缩。

3.单选题

Humanrelationshavecommandedpeople’sattentionfromearlytimes.Thewaysofpeoplehavebeenrecordedininnumerablemyths,folktales,novels,poems,plays,andpopularorphilosophicalessays.Althoughthefullsignificanceofahumanrelationshipmaynotbedirectlyevident;thecomplexityoffeelingsandactionsthatcanbeunderstoodataglanceissurprisinglygreat.Forthisreasonpsychologyholdsauniquepositionamongthesciences.“Intuitive”knowledgemayberemarkablypenetratingandcansignificantlyhelpusunderstandhumanbehavior:whereasinthephysicalsciencessuchcommonsenseknowledgeisrelativelyprimitive.Ifweerasedallknowledgeofscientificphysicsfromourmodemworld,notonlywouldwenothavecarsandtelevisionsets,wemightevenfindthattheordinarypersonwasunabletocopewiththefundamentalmechanicalproblemofpulleysandlevers.Ontheotherhand,ifweremovedallknowledgeofscientificpsychologyfromourworld,problemsininterpersonalrelationmighteasilybecopedwithandsolvedmuchasbefore.Wewouldstill“know”howtoavoiddoingsomethingaskedofusandhowtogetsomeonetoagreewithus;wewouldstill“know”whensomeonewasangryandwhensomeonewaspleased.Onecouldevenoffersensibleexplanationsforthe“whys”ofmuchoftheself’sbehaviorandfeelings.Inotherwords,theordinarypersonhasagreatandprofoundunderstandingoftheselfandofotherpeoplewhich,thoughunformulatedoronlyvaguelyconceived,enablesonetointeractwithothersinmoreorlessadaptiveways.Kohlerinreferringtothelackofgreatdiscoveriesinpsychologyascomparedwithphysics,accountsforthisbysayingthat“people”wereacquaintedwithpracticallyallterritoriesofmentallifealongtimebeforethefoundingofscientificpsychology.

Paradoxically,withallthisnatural,intuitive,commonsensecapacitytograsphumanrelation,thescienceofhumanrelationshasbeenoneofthelasttodevelop.

Differentexplanationsofthisparadoxhavebeensuggested.Oneisthatsciencewoulddestroythevainandpleasingillusionspeoplehaveaboutthemselves,butwemightaskwhypeoplehavealwayslovedtoreadpessimistic,debunkingwritings.FromEcclesiastestoFreud,ithasalsobeenproposedthatjustbecauseweknowsomuchaboutpeopleintuitively,therehasbeenlessincentiveforstudyingthemscientifically,whyshouldonedevelopatheorycarryoutsystematicobservations,ormakepredictionsabouttheobvious?Inanycase,thefieldofhumanrelations,withitsvastliterarydocumentationbutmeagerscientifictreatmentisingreatcontrasttothefieldofphysicsinwhichtherearerelativelyfewnonscientificbooks.

1.Accordingtothepassage,ithasbeensuggestedthatthescienceofhumanrelationswasslowtodevelopbecause（

）.

2.Theauthor’statementthat“psychologyholdsauniquepositionamongthesciences”issupportedbywhichofthefollowingclaimsinthepassage?

3.Accordingtothepassage,anunderstandingoftheselfcanbe（

）.

4.Theauthorreferstopeoplewhoareattractedto“pessimisticdebunkingwritings”inordertosupportwhichofthefollowingideas?

5.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorassumesthatcommonsenseknowledgeofhumrelationsis（

）

问题1选项

A.intuitiveknowledgeofhumanrelationsisderivedfromphilosophy

B.earlyscientistweremoreinterestedinthephysicalworld

C.scientificstudiesofhumanrelationsappeartoinvestigatebeobvious

D.thescientificmethodisdifficulttoapplytothestudyofhumanrelations

问题2选项

A.Thefullmeaningofahumanrelationshipmaynotbeobvious

B.Commonsenseunderstandingofhumanrelationscanbeincisive

C.Intuitiveknowledgeinthephysicalsciencesisrelativelyadvanced.

D.Subjectivebiasisdifficulttocontrolinpsychologicalresearch.

问题3选项

A.highlybiasedduetounconsciousfactors

B.profoundevenwhenvaguelyconceived

C.improvedbyspecializedtraining

D.irrelevantforunderstandinghumanrelations

问题4选项

A.Interestingbooksabouthumanrelationsaretypicallypessimistic.

B.Peopletendtoignorescientificexplanationsofhumanrelations.

C.Peoplerarelyholdpleasingillusionsaboutthemselves.

D.Ascientificapproachtohumanrelationswouldunderminethepleasingillusionspeopleholdofthemselves.

问题5选项

A.equallywelldevelopedamongalladultswithinagivensociety

B.considerablymoreaccurateinsomesocietiesthaninothers

C.typicallyunrelatedtoanindividual’sinteractionswithotherpeople

D.usuallysufficientlyaccuratetofacilitateinteractionswithothers

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据文章第三段：Oneisthatsciencewoulddestroythevainandpleasingillusionspeoplehaveaboutthemselves：其中之一认为，科学会摧毁人们有关自身的自负的、乐观的幻想；Ithasalsobeenproposedthatjustbecauseweknowsomuchaboutpeopleintuitively,therehasbeenlessincentiveforstudyingthemscientifically.还有人提出，正是因为我们对人直觉地了解得那么多，所以就缺乏动力来科学地研究它们。确定C选项‘科学研究人际关系似乎是研究明显的表象‘正确。

2.根据第一段：“Intuitive”knowledgemayberemarkablypenetratingandcansignificantlyhelpusunderstandhumanbehavior：“直觉的”知识可以是非常透彻的并且大大有助于我们去理解人的行为。确定B选项‘常识性知识了解人际关系能了解得很深刻透彻‘正确。A选项’人际关系的全部意义可能不明显‘，这不是心理学占据独特地位的根本原因。C选项’在自然科学中，直觉性知识是相当先进的‘，这与原文矛盾，原文说的是直觉性知识在自然科学领域中相当原始（低级）。D选项’主观偏见难以控制心理学研究‘文章未提及。

3.根据第一段：Inotherwords,theordinarypersonhasagreatandprofoundunderstandingoftheselfandofotherpeoplewhich,thoughunformulatedoronlyvaguelyconceived：换句话说，普通人非常了解自身和其他人，尽管这种了解没有得到系统阐述，或者只是模糊地体会到。确定B选项‘即使模糊地体会到，也能更深的了解‘正确。

4.根据最后一段：Oneisthatsciencewoulddestroythevainandpleasingillusionspeoplehaveaboutthemselves：其中之一认为，科学会摧毁人们有关自身的自负的、乐观的幻想。确定C选项‘人们很少能坚持有关自身的乐观幻想’符合题意。

5.根据第一段：Ontheotherhand,ifweremovedallknowledgeofscientificpsychologyfromourworld,problemsininterpersonalrelationmighteasilybecopedwithandsolvedmuchasbefore.Wewouldstill“know”howtoavoiddoingsomethingaskedofusandhowtogetsomeonetoagreewithus;wewouldstill“know”whensomeonewasangryandwhensomeonewaspleased.Onecouldevenoffersensibleexplanationsforthe“whys”ofmuchoftheself’sbehaviorandfeelings.但是，如果我们从世界上去掉全部科学心理学的知识，人际关系中的许多问题还是可以和以前一样很容易地去处理和解决。我们仍然会“知道”如何躲避别人要我们做的事情和如何使某人同意我们的意见；我们仍然会“知道”，什么时候某人生气了、什么时候某人高兴了。人们甚至能够提出许多合乎情理的解释，来说明自身行为和感情的许多原因。确定D选项‘一般足以正确到使人与人之间交往很顺当’正确。

4.填空题

Higherinterestratesmakeitmoreexpensivetoborrowmoney,________peoplefrombuyingnewhomesorstartingnewconstructionprojects.(courage)

【答案】discouraging

【解析】【考查点】动词。

【解题思路】逗号前为完整的句子，横线所在内容应为非谓语动词。逗号前说到借贷更加昂贵，后面说______人们购买新房或开工建设新项目，可知前者打击后者积极性，是主动关系，一方面动词应为现在分词，一方面动词discourage的意思为“使灰心，使泄气”，符合题意。因此此处应为discourage的现在分词discouraging。

【句意】利率更高让借贷更加昂贵，使人们不愿购买新房或开工建设新项目。

5.单选题

Allthememoriesofhischildhoodhad（

）fromhismindbythetimehewas65.

问题1选项

A.faded

B.illustrated

C.confined

D.concerned

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。fade“褪色，凋谢，逐渐消失”；illustrate“阐明，举例说明”；confine“限制；禁闭”；concern“关系，与……有关”，memory“记忆”。句意：在他65岁的时候所有关于童年的记忆都消失了。选项A符合题意。

6.单选题

AsmanyasoneinfourU.S.workersmaybechronicallyangryonthejob,withangryemployeesalsomorelikelytobebored,havelowenergyandfeel"stuck"intheirposts,accordingtoareportTuesday.Employeesaremostlikelytobeangeredbyabossorsupervisorbyafellowemployeeorbyothersintheworkplacenotbeingproductive,bytightdeadlinesorbyheavyworkloads,saidDonaldGibson,aprofessorattheYaleSchoolofManagement.

"Aturbulenteconomicenvironmentthathasproduced,ontheonehand,productivityandgrowthand,ontheother,wrenchingchangeanduncertainty,hasbuffetedtheworkplace,"thereportsaiD."Whileamajorityofemployeesarerespondingtotheseconditionswithreportsofworkplacesatisfactionthereremainasubstantialportionwhoaredissatisfied,evenangry,atwork,"itaddeD."Mostvisibly,angerislinkedtoworkplaceaggression,whichappearstobeincreasing:Weareweeklyconfrontedwithstoriesofworkerstakingaggressive,evenviolent,actionparticularlyagainstsupervisors."Thesurveyfoundthat25percentofthosecontactedsaidtheywereatleastsomewhatangryatworkonacontinuingbasis.Angryemployeestendtohavelessenergyandinterestinthejob,andtendalsotobebored,accordingtoGibson.Andangryemployeestendtofeel"stuck"inthejoB.Thestudydidnotspeculateonwhatpercentageofangryworkersarelikelytoresorttoviolence.Itdidfindthattheyfeellessloyaltoanemployer.TherehavebeenanumberofworkplaceshootingsintheUnitedStatesovertheyears,mostrecentlyrampagesinGeorgiaandAlabamawhichleft12dead.

1.What'sthemeaningof"stuck"inLine2ParA.1?

2.Accordingtothepassage,theangryworkersaremorelikelytodothefollowingEXCEPT（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacauseforanger?

4.Whatcanyouinferfromthepassage?

5.Whichisbestfitforthetitle?

问题1选项

A.Attracted

B.Trapped

C.Puzzled

D.Irritated

问题2选项

A.quittheirjobs

B.feelboredom

C.havelessloyalty

D.resorttoviolence

问题3选项

A.Greatpressure.

B.Lessmotion.

C.Fearanduncertainty.

D.Quarrelwithabossorotheremployees.

问题4选项

A.Aconsiderablenumberofangryworkersdeveloptheirangelintoaggression.

B.Therelationshipbetweentheworkerandthebossistheprimaryreasonforangeratwork.

C.Angryworkersaremorelikelytolosetheirjobsthanothersasaresult.

D.Economicenvironmentmightbetherootcauseforthefeelingofangeratwork.

问题5选项

A.TheIncreasingViolenceofAngryWorkers.

B.ChronicAngerinU.S.Workplace.

C.TheCauseforAngryWorkers.

D.TheConflictbetweenCapitalandLabor.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.语义题。根据句意,许多工人会对工作感到厌倦、低迷,觉得在工作中不能胜任。stuck字面意思为"困住",被工作"困住",意为工作使他们困惑。选项C正确。

2.细节判断题。根据原文内容可知,处于愤怒中的员工会对工作感到无聊,忠诚度会降低,甚至有暴力倾向。只有选项A在文中没有提及。

3.细节判断题。根据第一段的最后一句"Employeesaremostlikelytobeangeredbyabossorsupervisorbyafellowemployeeorbyothersintheworkplacenotbeingproductive,bytightdeadlinesorbyheavyworkloads."员工最容易被老板或主管、同事或工作场所其他人的低效、紧迫的最后期限或沉重的工作负担激怒。只有选项B未提及。

4.细节推断题。根据第二段的第一句"Aturbulenteconomicenvironmentthathasproduced,ontheonehand,productivityandgrowthand,ontheother,wrenchingchangeanduncertainty,hasbuffetedtheworkplace."经济环境一方面的改变提升了生产力,另一方面带来了痛苦的变化和不确定性,对职场造成了冲击。由此推断,经济环境的改变可能是工作中产生愤怒情绪的根本原因。选项D正确。其他选项均表述错误。

5.主旨大义题。本文主要分析了angryworkers出现的原因以及现状。选项B更符合原文。

7.单选题

Convenientfoodswhicharealreadypreparedforcookingare（

）ingrocerystores.

问题1选项

A.acceptable

B.available

C.capable

D.accessible

【答案】B

【解析】句意:在杂货店可以买到为烹饪备好的方便食品。

考查形容词辨析。Acceptable认可的,可接受的,令人满意的;available可获得的,可购得的,可找到的;capable有能力,有才能,能力强的;accessible可接近的,可进入的,可使用的。故B符合句意。

8.单选题

Everyoneshouldbefreetoenjoytherightsandfreedoms______intheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.

问题1选项

A.laidout

B.laidinto

C.laiddown

D.laidoff

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.laidout展示；安排B.laidinto痛打；痛斥

C.laiddown放下；制定D.laidoff解雇；休息

【考查点】词组辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键信息therightsandfreedoms（权利和自由）和theUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights（《世界人权宣言》）可知，《世界人权宣言》规定了人们享有的权利和自由，空格处表示“制定，规定”符合句意，故该题选择C项恰当。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合句意。

【句意】人人都应享有《世界人权宣言》规定的权利和自由。

9.单选题

Ricci,45,isnowstrikingoutonperhapshisboldestventureyet.HeplanstomarketanEnglishlanguageeditionofhiselegantmonthlyartmagazine,FMR,intheUnitedStates.OnceagaintheskepticsaremurmuringthatthesuccessfulRiccihasheadedforabigfall.AndonceagainRicciintendstoprovethemwrong.

Ricciissoconfidentthathehaschristenedhisquest“OperationColumbus”andhassethissightsondiscoveringanAmericanreadershipof300,000.Thatgoalmaynotbetoofar-fetched.TheItalianeditionofFMR—theinitials,ofcourse,standforFrancoMariaRicci—isonly18monthsold.Butitisalreadythesecondlargestartmagazineintheworld,withacirculationof65,000andaprofitmarginofUS$500,000.TheAmericaneditionwillbepatternedaftertheItalianversion,witheach160issuecarryingonly40pagesofadsandnomorethanfivearticles.Butthecontentswilloftendiffer.TheEnglish-languageeditionwillincludemoreAmericanworks,Riccisays,tohelpAmericansgetover“aninferioritycomplexabouttheirart,”Healsohopesthatthemagazinewillbecomeavehicleforatwo-wayculturalexchange—whathelikestothinkofasamarriageofbrains,cultureandtastefrombothsidesoftheAtlantic.

Torealizethisvision,Ricciismountingoneofthemostlavish,enterprising—andexpensive-promotionalcampaignsinmagazine-publishinghistory.BetweenNovemberandJanuary,eightjumbojetswillfly8millioncopiesofasample16editionofFMRacrosstheAtlantic.FromawarehouseinMichigan,6.5millioncopieswillbemailedtoAmericansubscribersofvariouscultural,artandbusinessmagazines.SomeoftheremainingcopieswillcirculateasaspecialSundaysupplementintheNewYorkTimes.ThecostoflaunchingOperationColumbusisastaggeringUS$5million,butRicciishopingthat60%ofthepricetagwillbefinancedbyItaliancorporations.“TolandinAmericaColumbushadtouseSpanishsponsors,”readsonesentenceinhispromotionalpamphlet.“WewouldlikeItalians.”

LikeColumbus,Riccicannotknowwhathisreceptionwillbeonforeignshores.InItalyhegambled—andwon—onasimpleconcept:itismoreimportanttoshowartthantowriteaboutit.Hence,oneissueofFMRmightfeature32full-colorpagesof17th-centurytapestries,followedby14pagesofoutrageouseyeglasses.Heisgamblingthattheconceptisexportable.“Idon’texpectthatmorethan30%ofmyreader...willactuallyreadFMR,”hesays.“Themagazineissuchavisualdelightthattheydon’thaveto.”Still,heisliningupanimpressivestableofwritersandprofessorsfortheAmericanedition,includingNoamChomsky,AnthonyBurgess,EricJongandNormanMailer.Inaddition,heseemstobepursuinghisowneclecticvisionwithoutgivingamoment’sthoughttosuchestablishedcompetitorsasConnoisseurandHorizon.“TheAmericanscandoalmosteverythingbetterthanwecan，”saysRicci,“Butwe(theItalians)havea2,000yearedgeontheminart.”

1.RicciintendshisAmericaneditionofFMRtocarrymoreAmericanartworksinorderto（

）.

2.RicciiscomparedtoColumbusinthepassagemainlybecause

（

）.

3.WegettheimpressionthattheAmericaneditionofFMRwillprobably（

）.

问题1选项

A.boostAmericans’confidenceintheirart

B.followthepatternsetbyhisItalianedition

C.helpItaliansunderstandAmericanartbetter

D.expandthereadershipofhismagazine

问题2选项

A.theybothbenefitedfromItaliansponsors

B.theywereexplorersintheirownways

C.theyobtainedoverseassponsorship

D.theygotawarmreceptioninAmerica

问题3选项

A.carrymanyacademicarticlesofhighstandard

B.followthestyleofsomefamousexistingmagazines

C.bemadbyonethirdofAmericanmagazinereaders

D.pursueadistinctiveeditorialstyleofitsown

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。本题是问Ricci为什么计划在美国版的FMR上登载更多的美国艺术品。根据本文的第二段倒数第二句“TheEnglish-languageeditionwillincludemoreAmericanworks,Riccisays,tohelpAmericansgetover‘aninferioritycomplexabouttheirart’.里奇说，英文版将包括更多的美国作品，以帮助美国人克服“对自己艺术的自卑情结”。’’由此可知，登载更多美国艺术品是为了帮助美国人树立自信心，因为他们对其没有太长历史的文化艺术而感到自卑。A选项正确。

2.推理判断题。本题是问本篇文章将Ricci和哥伦布相比的主要原因是什么。分析文章第二段‘OperationColumbus”andhassethissightsondiscoveringanAmerican’以及常识可知，哥伦布是一位探险家，他发现了美洲大陆，而Ricci是想要开拓美国的艺术杂志市场，是一位商业探索者，因此他们同是探索者。B选项正确。

3.推理判断题。本题是问对美国杂志FMR的印象如何。由本文最后一段“Inaddition,heseemstobepursuinghisowneclecticvisionwithoutgivingamoment’sthoughttosuchestablishedcompetitorsasConnoisseurandHorizon.此外，他似乎在追求自己的折衷主义视野，而没有考虑到像鉴赏家和地平线这样的老牌竞争对手。”可知该杂志的编辑方式不同于其他艺术杂志，所以D选项D“追求自己独特的艺术风格”正确。

10.单选题

（

）thepast,atthemomentitisafavoritechoiceforweddinggown.

问题1选项

A.Unpopularhasaswhitebeen

B.Whitehasbeenasunpopular

C.Unpopularhasbeenaswhite

D.Unpopularaswhitehasbeen

【答案】D

【解析】句意:尽管在过去白色不受欢迎，但是现在它是人们最喜欢的婚纱颜色。

语法题。考查让步状语从句。题干后半部分已经是一个完整句子,所以前半部分是由as引导的让步状语从句。as引导的让步状语从句必须用倒装结构，即将句中做表语的形容词提前,故选D。

11.单选题

Ifyoudiscussasubjectwithouttakinganadversarialposition,you’llgetclosertothetruthofthematterthanyouwouldbygoingateachother______.

问题1选项

A.eyetoeye

B.facetoface

C.hammerandtongs

D.hammerandnails

【答案】C

【解析】【试题解析】考查短语辨析。A选项eyetoeye“心有灵犀；四目相对”；B选项facetoface“面对面”；C选项hammerandtongs“竭尽全力”；D选项hammerandnails“锤子和钉子”。句意：如果不站在敌对的立场讨论问题，相比于______相互攻击，你们会更接近问题的真相。根据语境，这里指的是不要把全部注意力放在用言语相互攻击对方，C选项hammerandtongs“竭尽全力”符合题意。这里没有提到是否是面对面讨论问题还是以其他方式，B选项facetoface“面对面”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。

12.单选题

It’swellknownthatthebrainisafood-guzzlinggreedyguts,consuming20%ofthebody’senergythoughitonly________2%ofitsweight.

问题1选项

A.accountsfor

B.contributesto

C.figuresout

D.makesupfor

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.accountsfor占……比例B.contributesto有助于，促成

C.figuresout想出，弄明白D.makesupfor补偿，弥补

【考查点】动词词组辨析。

【解题思路】though引导了一个让步状语从句，根据从句内容所得出的某种预期应与上文“consuming20%ofthebody’senergy（消耗着身体百分之二十的能量）”之间存在相反的逻辑关系，说明该预期应为“消耗的身体能量很少”。通常来说只有占了很多的身体重量，才会消耗更多的身体能量，由此可知从句部分所表达的应该是“只占很少的身体重量”。accountfor指组成或形成某物的一部分，因此A选项accountfor“占……比例”最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

B选项contributesto“有助于，促成”指作为促进某件事的因素，不能和“weight（体重）”进行搭配；

C选项figuresout“想出，弄明白”指通过思考理解某事物或找到解决办法，不符合题干的语义逻辑；

D选项makesupfor“补偿，弥补”指做出行动来纠正或改进某事物，不符合题干的语义逻辑。

【句意】众所周知，大脑是一个狼吞虎咽的贪吃鬼，尽管它只占身体重量的百分之二，却消耗着身体百分之二十的能量。

13.问答题

Theanswerliessomewhereintherealmofideology,inEuropeanattitudesnotjusttowarddefensespendingbuttowardpoweritself.ImportantasthepowergaphasbeeninshapingtherespectivestrategicculturesoftheUnitedStatesandEurope,ifthedisparityofmilitarycapabilitiesweretheonlyproblem,thesolutionwouldbefairlystraightforward.Withahighlyeducatedandproductivepopulationofalmost400millionpeopleanda$9trillioneconomy,EuropetodayhasthewealthandtechnologicalcapabilitytomakeitselfmoreofaworldpowerinmilitarytermsifEuropeanswantedtobecomethatkindofworldpower.Theycouldeasilyspendtwiceasmuchastheyarecurrentlyspendingondefenseiftheybelieveditnecessarytodoso.AndclosingthepowergapbetweentheUnitedStatesandEuropewouldprobablygosomewaytowardclosingthegapinstrategicperceptions.

ThereisacynicalviewcurrentinAmericanstrategiccirclesthattheEuropeanssimplyenjoythe"freeride"theyhavegottenundertheAmericansecurityumbrellaoverthepastsixdecades.GivenAmerica'swillingnesstospendsomuchmoneyprotectingthem,Europeanswouldratherspendtheirownmoneyonsocialwelfareprograms,longvacations,andshorterworkweeks.Butthereismoretothetransatlanticgulfthanagapinmilitarycapabilities,andwhileEuropemaybeenjoyingafreerideintermsofglobalsecurity,thereismoretoEurope'sunwillingnesstobuildupitsmilitarypowerthancomfortwiththepresentAmericanguarantee.Afterall,theUnitedStatesinthe19IhcenturywasthebeneficiaryoftheBritishnavy'sdominanceoftheAtlanticandtheCaribbean.ButthatdidnotstoptheUnitedStatesfromengaginginitsownpeacetimenavalbuildupinthe1880sand1890s,abuildupthatequippedittolaunchandwintheSpanish-Americanwar,acquirethePhilippines,andbecomeaworldpower.Late-nineteenth-centuryAmericansdidnottakecomfortfromtheirsecurity;theywereambitiousformorepower.

Europeanstodayarenotambitiousforpower,andcertainlynotformilitarypower.Europeansoverthepasthalfcenturyhavedevelopedagenuinelydifferentperspectiveontheroleofpowerininternationalrelations,aperspectivethatspringsdirectlyfromtheiruniquehistoricalexperiencesincetheendofWorldWarII.Theyhaverejectedthepowerpoliticsthatbroughtthemsuchmiseryoverthepastcenturyandmore.ThisisaperspectiveonpowerthatAmericansdonotandcannotshare,inasmuchastheformativehistoricalexperiencesontheirsideoftheAtlantichavenotbeenthesame.ConsideragainthequalitiesthatmakeuptheEuropeanstrategicculture:theemphasisonnegotiation,diplomacy,andcommercialties,oninternationallawovertheuseofforce,onseductionovercoercion,onmultilateralismoverunilateralism.ItistruethatthesearenottraditionallyEuropeanapproachestointernationalrelationswhenviewedfromalonghistoricalperspective.ButtheyareaproductofmorerecentEuropeanhistory.ThemodernEuropeanstrategicculturerepresentsaconsciousrejectionoftheEuropeanpast,arejectionoftheevilsofEuropeanMahtlpolilik.

1.Whatmightbethequestionraisedpriortothefirstparagraphofthepassage?

2.WhathavemadeitdifficulttoredressthemilitaryimbalancesbetweentheUnitedStatesandEurope?

3.Whatdoesthephrase“freeride”implyhere?

4.Whatdoesthephrase“thetransatlanticgulf”referto?

5.WhydoAmericansandEuropeansthinkaboutpowersodifferently?

【答案】1.Europemaybeenjoyingafreerideintermsofglobalsecurity,thereismoretoEurope'sunwillingnesstobuildupitsmilitarypowerthancomfortwiththepresentAmericanguarantee.

2.EuropeanshavegottenundertheAmericansecurityumbrella.

3.EuropeansenjoythestatementofbeingsecuredbytheUnitedStated.

4.ItrefersthatAmericawasambitiousformorepower.

5.Becauseoftheirdifferenthistoricalexperiences.

14.单选题

OilcompaniesintheU.S.arealreadybeginningtofeelthepressure.Refineryworkers’andpetroleum-equipment-manufacturing,employeesarebeing____.

问题1选项

A.laidout

B.laidoff

C.laiddown

D.laidaside

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.laidout展示；安排B.laidoff解雇；休息

C.laiddown放下；制定D.laidaside搁置；储蓄

【答案】B

【考查点】词组辨析。

【解题思路】句意：美国的石油公司已经开始感受到压力。炼油工人和石油设备制造业的雇员正在被……。根据逻辑，公司受到压力时，有可能进行裁员，因此这些雇佣员工可能被解雇。因此选B。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

【句意】美国的石油公司已经开始感受到压力。炼油工人和石油设备制造业的雇员正在被解雇。

15.不定项选择题

Whenyouchooseafreezer,rememberit’sprobablygoingtobewithyouforalongtime.Nosinglestyleorsizeisbest,soit’simportanttoknowwhichfreezerisrightforyourneeds.

First,decideifyouwantanuprightorchestmodel.Uprightsaremoreconvenient.Theirstoragespaceismoreaccessibleandtheytakeuplessfloorarea.However,chestmodelsaremoreenergy-efficientbecauselesscoldairescapeswhentheyareopen.

Ifyou’rebuyinganupright,you’llhavetochoosebetweenfrostlessormanualdefrost.Chestfreezersarealwaysmanual.Frostlessfreezersautomaticallydefrostatpresetintervalsandremovethewater.Manualmodelsmustbedefrostedbyhandeveryfewmonthsorwheneverfrostaccumulatestoaboutaquarterofaninch.

Tohelpyourfreezerreacharipeoldage,trytofindaspotthat’scool,dry,andawayfromdrafts.Draftsandheatwillraisethefreezer’scabinettemperatureandmakeitworkhardertokeepcool.Thatmeanswastedenergyandashortenedcompressorlife.

Dryairisimportantbecausehighhumiditycancausethefreezertorustoutsideandfrostupinside.Withpropercare,afreezercanserveyoufor15yearsormore.

Frostlessmodelsrequirelesscarethanmanualdefrostfreezers.Theinteriorofafrostlessunitshouldbewashedperiodicallywithwarmwaterandbakingsodaoramildsoap,rinsed,anddried.

Togetthemostfromyourfreezer,checkregularlytomakesureit’sprovidingatruezero-degreetemperature.

Keepthefreezeratleastthree-quartersfull.Theemptieritgets,themoreenergyiswaswasted.Ifmorethanthreepoundsoffoodpercubicfootofstoragespaceisaddedevery24hours,theresultinghighorlowtemperaturescandamagethefood.

1.WhichisNOTthedifferencebetweenuprightmodelfreezerandchestmodelfreezer?

2.Theunderlinedword“manual”inthethirdparagraphmeans（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,choosingthebestplaceforyourfreezermeans（

）.

4.WhichisNOTmentionedaboutthefactorswhichcaninfluencethelifespanoffreezers?

5.Whichstatementbestdescribesthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Anuprightmodeltakeslessroomontheground.

B.Anuprightfreezeriseasierforpeopletoputinandtakeoutfood.

C.Achestfreezerismoreeffectivethananuprightone.

D.Achestmodelneedmanualdefrostwhileanuprightoneneedn’t.

问题2选项

A.man-made

B.automatic

C.usinghands

D.everlasting

问题3选项

A.puttingitinanunheatedgarageifpossible

B.tryingtokeepitawayfromheat,drafts,andhumidity

C.locatingitnearasinkifitisamanual-defrostmodel

D.locatingitascloseaspossibletothekitchendoor

问题4选项

A.Humidity

B.Propercare

C.Theamountofstorage

D.Surroundingtemperature

问题5选项

A.Itdiscussestheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoffreezers.

B.Ittellsthemosteconomicalwaystouseafreezer.

C.Itexplainshowtodefrostamanual-defrostfreezer.

D.Itoffersadviceaboutchoosingandcaringforafreezer.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。题干：立式冰柜和箱式冰柜的区别是什么？A选项“立式冰柜占的空间更小。”；B选项“直立式冰箱更便于人们放入和取出食物。”；C选项“箱式冰箱比立式冰箱更有效。”；D选项“箱式冰柜需要人工除霜，而立式冰柜则不需要。”。第二段第二句话：Uprightsaremoreconvenient.Theirstoragespaceismoreaccessibleandtheytakeuplessfloorarea.However,chestmodelsaremoreenergy-efficient…（立式冰箱比较方便。它们的存储空间更方便，占用的面积更少。然而，箱式冰柜更节能……），由此可以看出A、B、C正确；虽然前面半句正确但是文章没有提到立式冰柜不需要除霜，所以答案选D。

第2题:事实细节题。A“人造的”；B选项“自动的”；C选项“使用手的”；D选项“永恒的”。定位到文章第三段第一句Ifyou’rebuyinganupright,you’llhavetochoosebetweenfrostlessormanualdefrost（如果你要买直筒式的，你必须在无霜和（）除霜之间做出选择。）这里根据句意是说有两种冰箱做选择，有些冰箱是无霜冰箱，既然是做选择也就是另一些是有霜的，这些有霜冰箱不能自动除霜就需要手动来除霜。所以这里答案选C，其他选项不符合题意。

第3题:事实细节题。题干：根据文章，为你的冰箱选择最好的地方意味着……A选项“如果可能的话，把它放在没有暖气的车库里”；B选项“尽量让它远离热量，气流和湿度”；C选项“如果它是手动除霜型，就把它放在水槽附近”；D选项“把它放在离厨房门越近越好”。根据题干定位到第四段第一句话…trytofindaspotthat’scool,dry,andawayfromdrafts（……找一个凉爽、干燥、远离穿堂风的地方），B选项是这句话的同意替换，所以答案选B选项。文章没有建议把冰箱放在某个具体的地方，所以答案A、C、D都不能选。

第4题:事实细节题。题干：影响冰箱寿命的因素有哪些没有提到？A选项“湿度”；B选项“适当的维护”；C选项“存储的数量”；D选项