考研考博-英语-东北林业大学考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-东北林业大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

FromthebeginningoftheRepublic,Americanshaveenjoyedaccusingthefirstmagistrateofkinglyambition.Sometimesseriouslybutmoreoftenderisively,thepresidentisdenouncedasawould-beking,subvertingtheConstitutionforpersonalends.FromGeneralWashingtontothepresentincumbent,thewielderofpowerhasusuallybeenregardedwithsuspicion,adisagreeablebutnotunhealthystateofaffairsforbothgovernorandgoverned.Fewpresidents,however,havebeenaccusedofwantingtoestablishfamilydynasties,ifonlybecausemostpresidentshavefounditimpossibletoselectasuccessorofanysort,muchlesspromotearelative.ButnowsomethingnewishappeningintheRepublic,andastheChinesesay,weareliving“ininterestingtimes”.

In1960,withtheelectionofthethirty-fifthpresident,thefamousambitionofJosephP.Kennedyseemedatlastfulfilled.Hehimselfhadcomealongwayfromobscuritytogreatwealthandprominence;nowhiseldestsurvivingson,accordingtoprimogeniture,hadgonethefulldistanceandbecomepresident.Itwasatriumphforthepatriarch.Itwasalsoasplendidmomentforatleasthalfthenation.WhatdoubtsonemayhavehadabouttheKennedyswereobscuredbythecharmandintelligenceofJohnF.Kennedy.Heappearedtobebeautifullyontohimself;hewasalsoontous;thereisevenevidencethathewasontothefamily,too.Asaresult,therewerefewintellectualsin1960whowerenotbeguiledbythespectacleofapresidentwhoseemedalwaystobestandingatacertainremovefromhimself,watchingwithamusementhisownperformance.Hewasanironistinaprofessionwheretheprizeusuallygoestotheapparentcomball.Withsuchamanaschiefofstate,allthingswerepossible.Hewould“getAmericamovingagain”.

Butthenmysteriouslythethingwentwrong.Despitefinerhetoricandwisecommentary,despitetheglamorofhispresence,wedidnotmove,andifhistoriansarecorrectwhentheytellusthatpresidentsare“made”intheirfirsteighteenmonthsinoffice,thenonecanassumethattheKennedyadministrationwouldneverhavefulfilledourhopes,muchlesshisown.Kennedywasofcourseill-fatedfromthebeginning.TheBayofPigsusedupmuchofhiscreditinthebankofpublicopinion,whilehisattemptsatsociallegislationwereresolutelyblockedbyamorethanusuallyobstructiveCongress.InforeignaffairshewasoverwhelmedbythemasterfulKhrushchevandnotuntiltheCubanmissilecrisisdidheachievetacticalparitywiththatslygambler.Hisadministration’soneachievementwasthetest-bantreaty,anencouragingfootnotetothecoldwar.

YettodayKennedydeadhasinfinitelymoreforcethanKennedyliving.Thoughhisadministrationwasnotasuccess,hehimselfhasbecomeanexemplarofpoliticalexcellence.Partofthisphenomenonisattributabletotherace’sneedforheroes,evenindeflationarytimes.ButmostlythelegendisthedeliberatecreationoftheKennedyfamilyanditsclients.Wantingtoregainpower,itisnownecessarytoshowthatonceuponatimetherewasindeedaCamelotbesidethePotomac,agoldenageforeverlostunlessasecondKennedyshouldbecomethepresident.Andso,toensuretherestorationofthatlovelytime,thepastmustbetransformed,dullfactstranscended,andthedeadheroextolledinfilms,throughmemorials,andinthepagesofbooks.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,whenmanyconsideredKennedyasapresidentialcandidate,（

）.

2.DuringKennedy’spresidency,the“bankofpublicopinion”

（

）.

3.TheauthorbelievesthattheAmericanpublic’swarinessofitsleader’sambitionforpoweris

（

）.

4.TheauthornotesthatAmericahasnotdevelopedlastingpoliticaldynasties

（

）.

5.FromthedescriptionofJohnF.Kennedyinthisessay,wemightseehimasforeshadowingthemodernpopularityof（

）.

问题1选项

A.misgivingswerenullifiedbycharisma

B.hisinexperiencewasnotafactor

C.JosephP.Kennedy’sambitionswerefulfilled

D.theyfounditdifficulttodecidewhetherornottovoteforhim

问题2选项

A.overflowedbecauseoftheBayofPigs

B.constrainedafast-flowingriverofpopularcontentment

C.wasnegativelyaffectedbecauseoftheCongress

D.wasdepletedearly

问题3选项

A.prudent

B.jaundiced

C.indicativeofdisillusionment

D.quixotic

问题4选项

A.becauseofdisenchantmentwiththeKennedypresidency

B.becauseofcongressionaloversight

C.forwantofpresidentialheirs

D.forpragmatic,ratherthanpractical,reasons

问题5选项

A.meta-humorandrecta-analysis

B.populistpoliticalmovements

C.intellectualdisenchantmentwithAmericanpolitics

D.realitytelevisionshows

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:

1.判断推理题。题干中“whenmanyconsideredKennedyasapresidentialcandidate”是指肯尼迪竞选总统一事，因此答案也需要在相关内容处找。第二段中第五句说到“WhatdoubtsonemayhavehadabouttheKennedyswereobscuredbythecharmandintelligenceofJohnF.Kennedy”，约翰•f.肯尼迪的魅力和智慧掩盖了人们对肯尼迪家族的怀疑，也就是A选项“个人魅力抵消了疑虑”表述内容。

第2题:2.事实细节题。题干中关键词“bankofpublicopinion”出现在文章第三段第四句“TheBayofPigsusedupmuchofhiscreditinthebankofpublicopinion”，猪湾事件耗尽了他在公众舆论银行的大部分信用。且前一句最后提到了时间点“fromthebeginning”。由此可知，D选项“提前消耗”正确。

第3题:3.观点态度题。题干中关键在于“美国公众对其领导人的权力野心保持警惕”，这一点在文章第一段第一、二句中做了表述，美国民众对于当权者始终抱有怀疑的态度，或以严肃，或以嘲讽的语气谴责当权者想要颠覆宪法做国王（回到封建时期）。并且作者对此给出了评论“…adisagreeablebutnotunhealthystateofaffairsforbothgovernorandgoverned”，对大家来说，这是一种令人讨厌但并非不健康的状态。对比四个选项，A选项prudent“谨慎的”；B选项jaundiced“有偏见的”；C选项indicativeofdisillusionment“醒悟的象征”；D选项quixotic“空想的”。综合文意及选项可知A选项符合题意。

第4题:4.事实细节题。由选项可知，本题需要找原因。题干中关键信息“Americahasnotdevelopedlastingpoliticaldynasties（美国没有发展出持久的政治王朝）”,出现在文章第一段“Fewpresidents,however,havebeenaccusedofwantingtoestablishfamilydynasties,ifonlybecausemostpresidentshavefounditimpossibletoselectasuccessorofanysort”，可知原因在于大多数总统发现难以选择继任者。因此C选项“因缺少总统继任者”正确。

第5题:5.判断推理题。文章第二段说到“Asaresult,therewerefewintellectualsin1960whowerenotbeguiledbythespectacleofapresident…”，肯尼迪在任时，大多数知识分子都为他着迷。第三段提到幻想破灭“thenonecanassumethattheKennedyadministrationwouldneverhavefulfilledourhopes,muchlesshisown”，肯尼迪政府永远不会实现我们的愿望，更不用说他自己的了。由此可知，知识分子对美国政治不再抱有幻想，也就是C选项的内容。因此C选项正确。

2.单选题

Theremarkable（

）oflifeontheGalapagosIslandsinspiredCharlesDarwinto

establishhistheoryofevolution.

问题1选项

A.classification

B.variety

C.density

D.diversion

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。classification“分类，类别”；variety“多样化”；density“密度”；diversion“转移，消遣”。句意：加拉帕戈斯群岛上生物显著的多样性激发了达尔文去建立自己的进化论。由后半句“激发了达尔文去建立自己的进化论”可推知该岛上的生物是多样的。答案B

3.翻译题

Forthoseplayingthegameofscience,themethodbywhichtheyascertainwhattheybelieveiscrucial.Theyhavetoevaluatedataandargumentsanddecideforthemselvesontheirvalidity.Scientistscommunicatingtoothershavethetaskofconvincingthehearersofthevalidityoftheirstatementsintermsofthedataandtheirexplanationsofthedata.Theyarenotplayingthegamecorrectlyiftheywinsupportbythestrengthoftheirpersonalityorprestige.Intheshortrunscientistsmayfollowanotheronthebasisofprestige,butthiscannotcontinueindefinitely.Itisuptothehearerstoevaluatewhatthescientistssayratherthanacceptitbecausetheysayit.Andtheculminationofthisenterpriseisthedeterminationofwhethertheexplanationsaccountforthedataobserved.Therelationshipbetweenscientificexplanationsanddatahelpstoensuretheintegrityofscientists.Iftheirfindingsareimportant,theycanbesurethattheirtheoriesanddatawillbeexaminedcriticallyandnewevidenceattained.

Itisthesystemofdata-basedexplanationthatdistinguishessciencefromdogma.Scientistshaveboththerightandtheresponsibilitytodecideforthemselves,onthebasisofevidenceathand,thebestexplanationofasetofphenomena.Ontheotherhand,dogma(religious,economic,politicalorsocial)dependsonpronouncementsbyestablishedauthorities.

【答案】【参考译文】

对于那些玩科学游戏的人来说，用什么方法来确定相信什么至关重要。他们必须评估数据和论点，并自己判断其正确性。科学家在与他人交流时，需要让听者相信他们的数据陈述及其对数据解释的正确性。如果他们以自己的个性或威望赢得支持，就没有遵循正确的游戏之道。在短期内，科学家们可能会基于声望而追随另一个科学家，但这种情况不可能无限期地持续下去。听者应该评估科学家所说的，而不是因为他们说了就接受。而这一事业的顶级目标是确定解释到了观测到的数据。科学解释与数据之间的关系有助于确保科学家的完整性。如果他们的发现是重要的，就可以确信他们的理论和数据会得到严格的检验，并获得新的证据。

正是基于数据的解释，系统将科学与教条区分开来。科学家有权利也有责任根据手头的证据，自行做出对一系列现象的最佳解释。另一方面，教条（宗教的、经济的、政治的或社会的）取决于权威的观点。

4.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

北京奥组委(TheBeijingOrganizingCommitteefortheGamesoftheXXIXOlympiad)官方网站讯：2007年6月23日，在八达岭长城举办的“第四届2008北京奥林匹克文化节”开幕式上，所有观众的目光都被长城上的新标识所吸引一一在绿树环绕下，一个令所有中国人兴奋的口号映衬着的长城遒劲而古老的线体。这就是一座长67米，高18米的“同一个世界同一个梦想(OneWorldOneDream)”北京奥运会会徽(Emblem)和北京奥运会主题口号大型景观建筑。在今后的两年多的时间里，每当人们抬头仰望长城巍峨的身姿就会知道，奥运和中国有着怎样的无法割舍的渊源。

【答案】TheBeijingOrganizingCommitteefortheGamesoftheXXIXOlympiadOfficialWebsiteNews:AttheopeningceremonyoftheFourth2008BeijingOlympicCulturalFestival,heldontheBadalingGreatWallonJune23,2007,allaudiencesareattractedtothenewlogoontheGreatWall.Surroundedbygreentrees,thislogoshowspowerfulandantiquelineoftheGreatWallwithanexcitingslogantoallChinesepeople.Thatisalargelandscapearchitecture,67meterslengthand18metershigh,ofBeijingOlympicGamesemblemengravingcharacterswith“OneWorldOneDream”andBeijingOlympicGamesthemeslogan.Overthenextmorethantwoyears,peoplewilllearnaboutthedeepandcloserelationshipbetweenOlympicGamesandChinawhenevertheylookupattoweringfigureoftheGreatWall.

5.单选题

TheBritishpublicwasslowlyeasedintotheknowledgethatwhathadbeenseenasafairytalemarriagehasbeen[A]deeplymiserable.Aseparationwasannouncedin1992.Onthattelevisionprogramin1995Dianahintedthatthe[B]princessmightneverbecomeking.Asforherselfshewouldliketobe[C]“kingofpeople’shearts”.Theput-uponrealqueenhad[D]hadenough.

问题1选项

A.deeply

B.princess

C.“kingofpeople’shearts”

D.had

【答案】B

【解析】考查混用词语。B选项处指的是PrinceCharles，应把princess改为prince。

6.翻译题

Heisaformerscientistwhotransitionedtoindustrymanyyearsagoandthenontoaseniormanagementposition.

【答案】他曾是一名科学家，多年前转行到工业界，然后担任高级管理职位。

7.单选题

Evidence,reference,andfootnotesbythethousandtestifytoascrupulousresearcherwhodoesconsiderablejusticetoafullrangeofdifferenttheoreticalandpoliticalpositions.

问题1选项

A.trustworthy

B.intelligent

C.diligent

D.meticulous

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“可靠的，信赖的”；B选项“智慧的，聪明的”；C选项“勤勉的，用功的”；D选项“一丝不苟的，小心翼翼的”；题干中scrupulous“小心的，一丝不苟的”，句意：数以千计的证据、参考文献和脚注证明了一位一丝不苟的研究人员，他对各种不同的理论和政治立场都做出了相当公正的评价。因此D选项最符合题意。

8.单选题

AstheclimateintheMiddleEastchangedbeginningaround7000B.C”conditionsemergedthatledtoamorecomplexandadvancedformofcivilizationinbothEgyptandoftheTigrisandEuphratesriversinMesopotamiabecamedrier,producingriver-sidelandsthatwerebothhabitableandfertile,andattractingsettlersarmedwiththenewlydevelopedtechniqueofagriculture.Thismigrationwasfurtherencouragedbythegradualtransformationoftheonce-hospitablegrasslandsoftheseregionsintodeserts.Humanpopulationbecameincreasinglyconcentratedintopocketsofsettlementscatteredalongthebanksofthegreatrivers.

Theriversprofoundlyshapedthewayoflifealongtheirbanks.InMesopotamia,themanagementofwaterinconditionsofunpredictabledrought,flood,andstormbecamethecentraleconomicandsocialchallenge.Villagersbeganearlytobuildsimpleearthworks,dikes,canals,andditchestocontrolthewatersandreducetheopposingdangersofdroughtduringthedryseason(usuallythespring)andfloodingattheharvesttime.

Sucheffortsrequiredadegreeofcooperationamongalargenumberofpeoplethathadnotpreviouslyexisted.Theindividualvillage,containingonlyadozenorsohousesandfamilies,waseconomicallyvulnerable;butwhenseveralvillages,probablyunderthedirectionsofacouncilofelders,learnedtosharetheirhumanresourcesinthebuildingofcoordinatednetworkofwater-controlsystems,thesafety,stability,andprosperityofallimproved.Inthisnewcooperation,theseedsofthegreatMesopotamiancivilizationswerebeingsown.

Technologicalandmathematicalinvention,too,werestimulatedbylifealongtherivers.Newdeviceswerefirstdevelopedhereforuseinirrigationsystems.Similarly,theearliestmethodsofmeasurementandcomputationandthefirstdevelopmentsingeometrywerestimulatedbytheneedtokeeptrackoflandholdingsandboundariesinfieldsthatwereperiodicallyinundated.

Theliversservedashighroadsofearliestcommerce.Tradersusedboatsmadeofbundlesofrushestotransportgrains,fruits,fibers,andtextilesfromonevillagetoanother,transformingtheriversintothecentralspinesofnascentcommercialkingdoms.Tradeexpandedsurprisinglywidely;wehaveevidencesuggestingthat,evenbeforetheestablishmentofthefirstEgyptiandynasty,goodswerebeingexchangedbetweenvillagersinEgyptandothersasfarasIran.

Similardevelopmentswereoccurringatmuchthesametimealongthegreatrivervalleysinotherpartsoftheworldforexample,alongtheIndusinIndiaandHwangHoinChina.Thehistoryofearlycivilizationhasbeenshapedtoaremarkabledegreebytherelationshipofhumansandrivers.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistoexplain（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingsocialeffectsdidtheunpredictabilityofwatersuppliesinMesopotamiahave?

3.Theearliestgeometersweresupportedprimarilyby（）.

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheemergenceofcomplexcivilizationsintheMiddleEastwasdependentuponthepreviousdevelopmentof（）.

5.TheauthorreferstoemergingcivilizationsinIndiaandChinaprimarilyinordertoemphasize（）.

问题1选项

A.howclimaticchangesledtothefoundingoftheearliestrecordedcities

B.theinfluenceofriverlifeonthegrowthofearlycivilizations

C.someoftherecentfindingsofresearchersintoearlyhumanhistory

D.thesimilaritiesanddifferencesamongseveralancientsocieties

问题2选项

A.Itledtowarfareoverwaterrightsamongrivalvillages.

B.Itencouragedcooperationinthecreationofwatermanagementsystems.

C.Itdrovefarmerstosettleinfertilegrasslandsfarfromtheuncontrollablerivers.

D.Ithadtheactualeffectofincreasingthepopulationthere.

问题3选项

A.mechanicalartisans

B.tradersandmerchants

C.farmlaborers

D.landowners

问题4选项

A.basictechniquesofagriculture

B.symbolicsystemsforwritingandmathematicalcomputation

C.toolsforconstructinghousesquicklyandeasily

D.amethodforstoringandtransferringwealth

问题5选项

A.theimportanceofwatertransportationinthegrowthofearlytrade

B.therelativelyadvancedpositionenjoyedbytheMiddleEastspreadtootherplaces

C.therapiditywithwhichsocialsystemsdevelopedintheMiddleEastspreadtootherplaces

D.thecrucialroleplayedbyriversinthedevelopmentofhumanculturesaroundtheworld

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍河流对于文明和发展的作用。因此B项“河流生命对于早期文明发展的影响”符合本文主旨大意。

2.判断推理题。题干问的是:下列哪项是美索不达米亚中供水的不可预测性所产生的社会影响?第三段指出:Sucheffortsrequiredadegreeofcooperationamongalargenumberofpeoplethathadnotpreviouslyexisted.Theindividualvillage,containingonlyadozenorsohousesandfamilies,waseconomicallyvulnerable;butwhenseveralvillages,probablyunderthedirectionsofacouncilofelders,learnedtosharetheirhumanresourcesinthebuildingofcoordinatednetworkofwater-controlsystems,thesafety,stability,andprosperityofallimproved.Inthisnewcooperation,theseedsofthegreatMesopotamiancivilizationswerebeingsown(这种努力需要大量人员的前所未有的合作。只有十几户家庭的小村庄容易受到经济冲击，但是在年长村民的指导下，这些村庄可能会学着在建立协调的水治理系统中进行人力资源共享，这吋候乡村的安全和稳定性以及繁荣度都得到了提升。在新的合作下，美索不达米亚的文明之种正被播散开来)。故选B“它激发了水资源管理体系创新的相互合作”。

3.细节事实题。通过题干关键词geometers定位至第四段:Similarly,theearliestmethodsofmeasurementandcomputationandthefirstdevelopmentsingeometrywerestimulatedbytheneedtokeeptrackoflandholdingsandboundariesinfieldsthatwereperiodicallyinundated(同样，早期的测量和估算方法，以及几何学的初期发展，都是因为需要记录土地的所有权和记录被周期性淹没的土地边界范围而刺激发展的。因此，最初几何学主要是为了记录土地的所有权和实际情况而发展的)。故选D“土地所有者”。

4.判断推理题。题干为:中东地区的复杂文明的出现主要依赖于之前的哪项的发展？第一段指出:AstheclimateintheMiddleEastchanged...JedtoamorecomplexandadvancedfromofcivilizationinbothEuphratesriversinMesopotamiabecamedrier,producingriver-sidelandsthatwerebothhabitableandfertile,andattractingsettlersarmedwiththenewlydevelopedtechniqueofagriculture(随着中东地区的气候变化，出现的状况导致了复杂和先进的文明形式。……当美索不达米亚的幼发拉底河变得更干旱后，产生了宜居且肥沃的河岸土地，并且吸引了拥有先进农业技术的移民。即中东地区的先进文明的发展有依靠农业技术的支持),故选A“基本的农业技术”。

5.作者意图题。题干为:作者谈及印度和中国的文明出现主要是为了强调什么？根据题干定位至最后一段:Similardevelopmentswereoccurringatmuchthesametimealongthegreatrivervalleysinotherpartsoftheworld—forexample,alongtheIndusinIndiaandHwangHoinChina(同吋，世界其他地方也有沿大河而居所产生的类似的发展，比如：印度西北部河流，中国的黄河)。因此,文章中谈及印度和中国，是为了说明河流同样在这些国家的发展中起到的作用,因此D项“在世界各地人类文化的发展中，河流发挥关键的作用”正确。

9.不定项选择题

ConcernfortheenvironmentintheUSextendsbackintothenineteenthcentury,whennatureloversandsportsenthusiastsfirstsoughtprotectionforareasofnaturalbeautyorsignificance.Butitwasnotuntilthelate1960sthatenvironmentalconcernsenteredthemainstreamofAmericanpoliticaldebate.BythenmanyAmericanshadcometotheconclusionthatmoredevelopmentwasnotnecessarilydesirable,especiallyifitmeantmorepollutedair,dyinglakesandrivers,andalandscapestrewnwithunsightlywaste,andcrowdedwithsprawlingconstructionprojects.InMayof1970,severalenvironmentalgroupsstagedthefirstEarthDaycelebration,designedtoheightenpublicawarenessofenvironmentalproblems.Thesuccessofthatinitialeffortledtoitbecomingaregularannualevent.

Duringthe1950sand1960s,industrialandvehiclepollutionlevelshadbecomeaseriousthreattopublichealth,sotheenvironmentalmovementofthisperiodfocusedheavilyonrestoringandensuringthecleanlinessofbasicairandwatersupplies.Rapidlyexpandingdevelopmentpressureswerealsospurringeffortstopreserveuniquelandsandthreatenedwildlifehabitatsandtoprotecttheendangeredspeciessupportedbythembeforetheyvanishedintoextinction.Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheenvironmentalprotectionmovementwassosuccessfulbecauseofitsgrassrootssupport,groupsofactivistsinhundredsoftownsthattooktheinitiativeincleaninguptheirowncommunities.Duringthe1970s,thislocalactivismreinforcedsupportforthepassageofkeylawsatthenationallevel,suchastheCleanWaterAct,CleanAirAct,EndangeredSpeciesAct,andNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct,whichtogetherhaveconstitutedthefoundationforenvironmentalstandardsintheUSeversince.

Inadditiontothisnationallegislation,theyearafterthefirstEarthDay,byexecutiveorder,PresidentNixonestablishedtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA);anorganizationdedicatedtorestoringandprotectingtheenvironment.[A]TheEPAspearheadedmanycontemporaryeffortstoprotecttheenvironment,butitwasnotworkingalone.[B]ItwasalliedwithawidevarietyofdistinctlydifferentandseparateorganizationstomanythousandsofsmallerspecialInterestgroupsandevenindividualsworkingatthelocallevel.[C]TheEPAhasnowbecomeoneofthegovernment’slargestandmostinfluentialregulatoryagencies.Throughitsowneffortsandincooperationwithotherorganizations,ithasearnedalargemeasureofcreditforprotectingandrestoringthequalityoftheenvironmentintheUnitedStates.[D]

Althoughonemightassumethatthecauseofenvironmentprotectionwouldengenderuniversalsupport,itdoeshaveitsdetractors.Onecriticismthathasbeenleveledagainstthemovementistheclaimthatitspredictionsaboutthedireconsequencesofenvironmentaldamagehaveoftenbeeninerror.Environmentalistscounterthisassertionbypointingoutthattheirwarningshaveoftenbroughtaboutchangesonthepartofthepublic,thegovernmentandprivateindustry,andthatthesechangespreventedthepredictionsfrombeingrealized.However,justasitisoftenverydifficulttogaugetheimpactofhumanactivityonsomethingascomplexastheenvironment.Itisequallydifficulttodeterminewhichsideisrightinthisdebate.Becauseenvironmentalissuescoversuchawiderangeofconcerns,thisisaquestionthatmustbeconsideredonacasebycasebasis.Thesevoicesofdissenthavedemonstratedtoenvironmentaliststheneedtoapplyquantitativemethodsinassessingtheextentofthedestructiontheyhavewitnessed,orthedegreetowhichtheirworkhasbeenmanifestedinactualimprovementoftheenvironment.

Howevervocalthecriticsofenvironmentalprotectioneffortsmaybe,giventheveryconsiderablebodyofenvironmentallegislationthatexists,itissafetoassumethattheirviewsdonotrepresentthemajorityopinion.Privateadvocacygroups,theEPS,statelegislaturesandCongresshaveworkedtogethertoenactnumerouslawsregardingairandwaterquality,landuseandwastemanagement.Thatshouldbeevidenceenoughofthebroadextentofthepopularsupportthatunderliesthemovement.

13.Onwhichofthefollowingdoesthepassagemainlyfocus?

14.Accordingtoparagraph2,whywastheenvironmentalprotectionmovementsowidelysuccessful?

15.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingaccuratelydescribeshowtheEPAhelpedtheenvironmentalmovement?

16.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatwasacommoncriticismoftheenvironmentalmovement?

17.Accordingtothepassage,whateffectdidthecriticismoftheenvironmentalmovementhave?

18.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheitalicizedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

19.Theworddireinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

20.LookatthefoursquaresmarkedA,B,C,andDthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

ThankstotheadditionalhelpofenvironmentallyconsciouspoliticalfiguresinthemoldofTeddyRoosevelt,whonearlyacenturybeforeestablishedthefirstnationalparksintheUSA,themovementgainedmomentum.

Wherewouldthefollowingmostlikelyfitinthepassage(A,B,C,orD)?

21.Theworddissentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

问题1选项

A.EarthDay’simpactontheenvironmentalmovement.

B.Howtoprotecttheenvironmentoftheplanet.

C.Theenvironmentalprotectionmovementandhowitbegan.

D.ThesuccessoftheEPAinprotectingnaturalresources.

问题2选项

A.Itprotectedplantsandanimalspeoplecaredabout.

B.Itfunctionedwellatthelocallevel.

C.Itvotedunsympatheticpoliticiansoutofoffice.

D.Itforcedratificationofimportantnationallaws.

问题3选项

A.Itcoordinatedactionatthelocalandnationallevels.

B.Itobtainedpresidentialsupport.

C.Ittookoverfromlocalorganizationstoexpediteaction.

D.Itprovidedfundingtolocalorganizations.

问题4选项

A.Itsuggestedmeasuresthatwouldharmtheeconomy.

B.Itspredictionscouldnotbepreventedthroughpracticalaction.

C.Thatitlackedthesupportneededtomakeanyrealprogress.

D.Theenvironmentaldamageitclaimedwasnotseen.

问题5选项

A.Itcausedtheenvironmentaliststochangetheirmethods.

B.Itdecreasedfederalassistanceforenvironmentalprotection.

C.ItdiminishedpopularsupportfortheEPA.

D.Itrevitalizedsupportfortheenvironmentalprotectionmovement.

问题6选项

A.Criticsofthemovementweresuccessfulindissuadingmanyenvironmentalistsfromsupportingsomeofthemoredrasticmeasuresthathadbeensuggestedbyquestioningthequantitativemethodstheyemployed.

B.Opponentsoftheenvironmentalprotectionmovementsucceededingettingtheactiviststotakeanother,moreobjective,approachtosubstantiatingtheirclaims.

C.Peoplewhodisagreedwiththeenvironmentalistseventuallywereabletopersuademanythatthemethodsemployedbytheenvironmentalmovementwereinvalidandtheirconclusionincorrect.

D.Membersofenvironmentalgroupswerereluctanttoemployquantitativemethodsinassessingenvironmentaldamagebecausetheyfelttheresultsmightnotsubstantiatetheirclaims.

问题7选项

A.unrealized

B.possible

C.grave

D.imaginary

问题8选项

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

问题9选项

A.opposition

B.support

C.indifference

D.ambivalence

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:A

第6题:B

第7题:C

第8题:C

第9题:A

【解析】13.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。文章首先介绍了地球日环保活动的起源，接着介绍了不同人群在环保运动中对环境保护做出的努力和取得的成果，说明本文的主要内容是介绍环保运动的起源和发展。因此C选项“环保运动及其开始的过程”正确。A选项“地球日对环保运动的影响”，D选项“环保局在保护自然资源方面的成功”都只是文章的一个方面，不能概括文章的全部内容，所以A，D错误。B选项“如何保护地球的环境”表述太过宽泛，所以B错误。

14.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第三句Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheenvironmentalprotectionmovementwassosuccessfulbecauseofitsgrassrootssupport,groupsofactivistsinhundredsoftownsthattooktheinitiativeincleaninguptheirowncommunities.（人们普遍认为，环境保护运动之所以如此成功，是因为它得到了基层的支持，数百个城镇的活动人士团体主动清理了自己的社区。），说明环保运动取得广泛成功的原因是得到了基层的支持。因此B选项“在地方层面运作良好”正确。A选项“保护了人们关心的植物和动物”，D选项“迫使重要的国家法律得到批准”是环境运动的成果，而不是取得成功的原因，所以A，D错误。C选项“把不近人情的政客赶下台”在文中没有提及，所以C错误。

15.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第三句ItwasalliedwithawidevarietyofdistinctlydifferentandseparateorganizationstomanythousandsofsmallerspecialInterestgroupsandevenindividualsworkingatthelocallevel.（它与各种截然不同的独立组织结盟，与成千上万的小型特殊利益集团甚至是在地方层面工作的个人结盟。），说明环保局是通过和其他地方组织合作，协调国家和地方的行动来帮助环保运动的。因此A选项“协调了地方和国家层面的行动”正确。B选项“获得了总统的支持”，原文说的是总统通过行政命令成立了环保局，并不是它对于环保运动的做法，所以B错误。C选项“接手地方组织加快行动”，原文说的是和其他地方组织合作，没有说接手地方组织，所以C错误。D选项“向地方组织提供资金”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。

16.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段第二句Onecriticismthathasbeenleveledagainstthemovementistheclaimthatitspredictionsaboutthedireconsequencesofenvironmentaldamagehaveoftenbeeninerror.（对该运动提出的一个批评是，它对环境破坏可怕后果的预测往往是错误的。），说明有人批评环保运动预测的环境破坏后果都没有出现。因此D选项“没有看到它宣称的环境破坏”正确。A选项“提出了一些会损害经济的措施”在文中没有提及，所以A错误。B选项“预测无法通过实际行动来防止”，原文提到了环保运动提出的警告带来了变化，而这些变化使得预测不会实现，所以B错误。C选项“缺乏取得任何实际进展所需的支持”，原文提到了它得到了国家层面关键法律和政府的支持，所以C错误。

17.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段最后一句Thesevoicesofdissenthavedemonstratedtoenvironmentaliststheneedtoapplyquantitativemethodsinassessingtheextentofthedestructiontheyhavewitnessed,orthedegreetowhichtheirworkhasbeenmanifestedinactualimprovementoftheenvironment.（这些不同的声音向环保主义者表明，有必要使用定量方法来评估他们所目睹的破坏程度，或他们的工作在实际改善环境方面所体现的程度。），说明对环保运动的批评促使环保主义者改变了进行环保运动的方法。因此A选项“使环保主义者改变了他们的方法”正确。B选项“减少了联邦政府对环境保护的援助”，C选项“减少了民众对环保局的支持”，D选项“重振了人们对环保运动的支持”在文中均没有提及，所以B，C，D错误。

18.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到