考研考博-英语-中央音乐学院考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-中央音乐学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Thecentipedehaspoisonclawsonthefirstsegmentofitsbody（

）todefenditselfandtokillitsprey.

问题1选项

A.andtheseuses

B.alsousesthese

C.thesealsoused

D.andusesthese

【答案】D

【解析】语法题。根据句子结构，可知句子的主语为Thecentipede，谓语是由and连接的两个并列谓语，has和uses为句子的谓语部分。句意：蜈蚣身体的第一节有毒爪，用来自我保护和杀死猎物。选项D符合题意。

2.单选题

Thepatient'sprogresswasveryencouragingashecould（）getoutofbedwithouthelp.

问题1选项

A.nearly

B.hardly

C.merely

D.barely

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项nearly表示“差不多，几乎”，B选项hardly表示“几乎不，简直不，刚刚”，C选项merely表示“仅仅，只不过，只是”，D选项barely表示“仅仅，勉强，几乎不，贫乏的”。根据句意“这位病人的进步让人兴奋”可知，病人可以不需要别人帮忙就能下床走路，空缺处单词应表示肯定。因此，只有A选项最符合原文语境，故本题正确答案为A选项。

3.单选题

Jackisnotverydecisive,andhealwaysfindshimselfina（

）asifhedoesn'tknowwhathereallywantstodo.

问题1选项

A.fantasy

B.dilemma

C.contradiction

D.conflict

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。fantasy“幻想，幻觉”；dilemma“困境，进退两难”；contradiction“矛盾，否认，反驳”；conflict“冲突，斗争”。句意：杰克做事不果敢，他经常进退两难，不知道做什么。选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

Shewaskeento________acause,andhasbecomeanadvocateagainstchildobesity.

问题1选项

A.makeup

B.giveup

C.takeup

D.raiseup

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.makeup组成，编造B.giveup放弃，让出

C.takeup从事，开始工作D.raiseup举起，抬起

【考查点】动词词组辨析。

【解题思路】空格处和下文的“acause（事业）”构成动宾逻辑，bekeentodosth.是固定搭配，意为“热衷于做某事”，表示她热衷于怎么样这项事业。后半句说到“已经成为反对儿童肥胖的倡导者（becomeanadvocate）”，由此可知，这项事业指的是反对儿童肥胖，她应该是从事着反对儿童肥胖的工作并热衷于此。takeup指从事某项工作，因此C选项takeup“从事，开始工作”最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项makeup“组成，编造”指将不同的部分组合在一起或为了欺骗和娱乐而编造故事，不能和“cause（事业）”进行搭配；

B选项giveup“放弃，让出”指停止尝试做某事或拥有某物，与题干语义相矛盾，应该是“从事工作”而不是“放弃工作”；

D选项raiseup“举起，抬起”指把某物举起或移动到更高的水平，侧重于物理意义上的抬高，不能和“cause（事业）”进行搭配。

【句意】她热衷于从事这项事业，并且已经成为反对儿童肥胖的倡导者。

5.单选题

Thetemperatureoftheatmospherebecomescolderaselevationincreases.

问题1选项

A.altitude

B.aptitude

C.latitude

D.longitude

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项altitude“海拔”；B选项aptitude“天资”；C选项latitude“纬度”；D选项longitude“经度”。句意：海拔越高，大气温度越低。划线部分elevation是海拔的意思。因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

A1994WorldBankreportconcludedthat_______girlsinschoolwasprobablythesinglemosteffectiveanti-povertypolicyinthedevelopingworldtoday.

问题1选项

A.enrolling

B.assigning

C.involving

D.consenting

【答案】A

【解析】enrolling招收,参加;assigning指派,分配;involving牵涉,使参与;consenting允许,赞成。句意：世界银行1994年的一份报告得出结论：招收女童入学可能是当今发展中世界最有效的反贫困政策。选项A符合句意。

7.单选题

Undertheguidanceoftheirteacher,thepupilsarebuildingamodelboat（）bysteam.

问题1选项

A.towed

B.pressed

C.tossed

D.propelled

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项towed“拖，拉”；B选项pressed“按，压”；C选项tossed“抛，扬起”；D选项propelled“推进，推动”。句意：在老师的指导下，学生们正在制作一艘由蒸汽推动的模型船。本句表示推进船的动力，因此D选项正确。

8.单选题

Theexpression“hastemakeswaste”doesnot（）toreading.

问题1选项

A.affect

B.attend

C.adopt

D.apply

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项affect“影响；感染”；B选项attend“出席；参加”；C选项adopt“采取；接受”；D选项apply“应用；适用”。句意：“欲速则不达”这句话不……于阅读。AC选项不能与to连用，可排除。B选项attendto意为“照顾；照料”，不符合句意，故选D。

9.单选题

Thethievesfledwiththelocalpolicecloseontheir（）.

问题1选项

A.backs

B.necks

C.toes

D.heels

【答案】D

【解析】句意:逃跑的小偷后面紧跟着当地的警察。

考查固定搭配。on（at）one'sheels紧跟某人后面。

10.问答题

Directions:Afteryouhavereadthefollowingpassage,writeoutasummaryinEnglishwhitabout70to90words.PutyoursummaryontheANSWERSHEET.

WhatisSociety?Societyisagroupofhumanbeings,heldtogetherbyagreementforreasonsthataremutuallybeneficialtotheindividualmembers.Societiesoperateasawhole,asacollectivebody,chieflyinwaysthatlookoutforthehighestcommongoodofall.Membershavespecificrolesandresponsibilitieswithinthesociety.Oneofthebestdirectanalogiesiswiththehumanbodyitself.Thecellsareallalive,independently,yettheygrouptogetherandestablishroles,responsibilities,andrelationshipsthatallowagreaterwholetoexistthatismorethanjustthesumoftheparts.Thecellsgainfromthespecificrolestheyplaybecausetheyareallowedtobewhattheyaremoreeffectively.Further,theyaregivenalimitedawarenessofthewholethattheireffortsaidincreating.

Similarly,whenindividualhumanbeingsgrouptogethertoformsocieties,anorganizationiscreatedinwhichthemembersarethecells.Subgroupsofthemembersmayformorgansthroughwhichhigherlevelfunctionscanthenmanifest.Iftherelationshipsareloose,thebodycreatedhaslimitedfunctionalityoverthatofanyindividualmemberbecausethereislittlesynergy.Whentherelationshipsarecloseandfoundedonabasisoflove,thebodythuscreatedhassignificantfunctionalityoverthatoftheindividuals.Whenthegroupissmall,feworganscanbecreatedsothereislimitedcomplexityorfunctionality.Whenthegroupislarge,manyorganscanbecreated,resultinginhighlyincreasedcomplexityandfunctionality.Countries,regions,statescities,andneighborhoodscouldallbeconsideredtobesocietiesascouldteams,groups,andanyotherorganizationsofpeople.Forourpurposeshere,themostimportantsocietyisTheUnitedStatesofAmericasinceitistheoneestablishedtosetuptheNewOrderfortheAges,novusordoseclorum.

Societyismorethanthegovernment,however.Italsoincludesalltheeconomicandsocialinfrastructurenecessarytoprovidepeoplewithwhattheyneed.

【答案】参考范文：Societyisagroupofhumanbeings,heldtogetherbyagreementforreasonsthataremutuallybeneficialtotheindividualmembers.Societiesoperateasawhole,chieflyinwaysthatlookoutforthehighestcommongoodofall.Membershavespecificrolesandresponsibilitieswithinthesociety.Societyismorethanthegovernment,however.Italsoincludestheentireeconomicandsocialinfrastructurenecessarytoprovidepeoplewithwhattheyneed.

11.单选题

Oneofthereasonsforhispopularityinourvillageisthathe（）almosteveryoneeverytimewhenhecomesbackfromthebigcity.

问题1选项

A.asksafter

B.runsfor

C.bringsup

D.takesafter

【答案】A

【解析】askafter探问,问候；runfor竞选；bringup提出；takeafter与…相像。句意：他在我们村里受欢迎的原因之一是,他几乎每次从大城市回来都会问候所有人。选项A符合语境。

12.单选题

Thenegotiationshave（）again,andtherepresentativeshaveallbeencalledback.

问题1选项

A.brokenout

B.brokenoff

C.brokenthrough

D.brokeninto

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组。A:breakout“突然发生，爆发”；B:breakoff“（使）脱离；停止；中断”；C:breakthrough“突破”；D:breakinto“闯进”。句意：谈判又中断了，代表们都被召回了。结合语境，B为正确答案。

13.单选题

OntheafternoonofJuly2,1936,NaziSSleaderHeinrichHimmlerandacoterieofhisseniorofficersparadedonfootthroughthewindingcobblestonestreetsofQuedlinburg,oneofthemostperfectlypreservedmedievalcitiesinallEurope.Himmler’sstaffhadbeenplanningthetriptothesmallcityincentralGermanyforweeks.Theyorderedthestreetstobecleanedandtheoldhousesalongthemainthoroughfarestobepainted.TheydrapedNazibannersfromtherooftopsandgarlandsalongthewalls.TheyrehearsedtheSSband,drilledthelocalchapterofHitlerYouthandarrangedforanSSphotographertorecordtheproceedingsfrombeginningtoend.Nothingofimportancewasoverlooked.

Dressedinashinyblackhelmet,immaculateblackuniformandtallblackboots,Himmlermadehiswayupthecity’sCastleHill.Paleandanemic-looking,withaspindlyframeandaheadoneortwosizestoosmallforhisbody,helookedstrangelyoutofplaceamonghisentourageoftall,athletic-lookingSSmen.HestoppedtoadmireQuedlinburg’ssplendidstonecastle,thenproceededtoitslargemedievalcathedral—theultimateobjectofhispilgrimage.HimmlerdespisedChristianity,areligionthatpreachedcompassionfortheweakandthebrotherhoodofallmenandacceptedaJewasthesonofGod.ButtheQuedlinburgcathedralguardedsomethingofimmenseimportancetohim—thetombofanobscure10th-centuryGermanking,HeinrichI.

Himmlerwasenthralledbyancienthistory,andhewantedallSSmentosharehispassion.Indeed,heregardedthefeudalpastasablueprintforthefuturegloryoftheThirdReich.HeviewedHeinrichIasagreatleaderwhocouldserveasamodelforAdolfHitlerandplannedtotransformthecathedral’sdustytombintoanSSshrine.HimmlerstoodatthefootofthecryptandgaveaspeechexhortinghisofficerstopaycarefulheedtoGermany’sproudancientpast,“Justasatreewithersifitsrootsareremoved,soapeoplefalliftheydonothonortheirancestors,”helaterwarned.

Foryears,scholarsoftheThirdReichhaveridiculedHimmler’sintenseinterestintheGermanpast,dismissingoccasionssuchashisvisittoQuedlinburgasthefoolishnessofafanaticdrunkonpower.EvensomeseniorNazispokedfunathisardorforhistory.AsAlbertSpeer,Hitler’sformerchiefarchitect,jeeredafterthewar,Himmler“washalfschoolmaster,halfcrackpot”.ButHimmlerwasdeadlyseriousaboutreturningtheThirdReichtothelostgoldenageofhisimagination.In1935hefoundedalargeSSresearchinstitute,employingmorethan100GermanscholarstostudythepastandhelptutorSSmeninthewaysoftheirancestors.Withsuchresearch,heintendedtotransformvaststretchesoftheReichintomedievalfiefdomsruledbySSlords,aplanhebeganactingonbeforethewar.Farfrombeingadreamerlostinfantasy,Himmlerwasacareful,methodicalplannerwhoworkeddiligentlytowardthissinisterfutureinmuchthesametirelesswaythathelaboredoncreatingtheconcentrationcampsystemandimplementinga“finalsolution”.Indeed,thesewerethetwinpolesofhisexistence,theyinandyangofhisworld:thesqualid,crowdedcampsandthesunnySSfarmvillages.

Himmlersetaboutconstructingthisfutureinthreeways.Herecruitedtall,blond-hairedmentotheSSinordertoscientificallyrebreedwhathebelievedwasaprimevalmasterrace.Withthehelpofhisresearchers,heinstructedSSmenandtheirfamiliesinancientGermanreligion,loreandfarmingpractices.Andbeforethewarstarted,hebeganinstallingSSfamiliesin“feudal”villagesofnewlyfabricatedmedieval-stylehouses.HeplannedtocreatethousandsoftheseantiquecoloniesinconqueredlandsacrossEasternEurope.Inthisway,Himmlerhopedtogivebirthtoanewgoldenage,therebyreversingthedeclineofWesterncivilizationandrescuinghumanityfromitsmire.Thiswassocialengineeringinitsmostswaggering,arrogantform—utopianismgonehorriblywrong.ButHimmler,whorosetobecomethesecondmostpowerfulmanintheReichbyearly1945asHitler’shealthfailed,follyintendedtocarryoutthatplanifNaziGermanywonthewar.OnlycrushingdefeatbytheAlliesstoppedhim.

1.Whichofthefollowingexpressionsisclosestinmeaningto“coterie”？

2.WhichofthefollowingphrasesbestdescribeshowHimmlerintendedallSSmentoassimilateGermany’sfeudalpast?

3.Fromthispassage,itisclearthatHimmlerprimarilyintended（

）.

4.ForAlbertSpeerHimmlerwas“halfschoolmaster,halfcrackpot”.Inwhichofthefollowingisthemeaningofthisquoteclosest?

5.Fortheauthor,Himmlerwouldbestbedescribedas（

）.

问题1选项

A.Aselectedgroupofpersonswhoassociatewithoneanotherfrequently.

B.Alargenumberofpersonswithwhomonemightmeetonsocialoccasions.

C.Anindiscriminategroupofpersonswhoassociatewithoneanotheronrareoccasions.

D.Alargenumberofpersonswhoassociatewithoneanothertodiscusspoliticalmatters.

问题2选项

A.Esotericcultandpractices.

B.Eccentricapproach.

C.Catatonicstate.

D.Histrionicdisorder.

问题3选项

A.tobringancientagriculturalpracticesinto20thcenturyGermany

B.toreturntoaprosperouseraduringwhichtheGermanpeoplelivedinidealhappiness

C.toencouragethedevelopmentofmulticulturalisminameltingpotsociety

D.toeliminateallthosewhocouldhavethreatenedhisrisetopower

问题4选项

A.Himmler’spassionforGermany’smedievalpastwasregardedasabsurd.

B.Himmler’spassionforGermany’smedievalpastprovokedintenserivalryamongotherprominentNazileaders.

C.Himmler’spassionforGermany’smedievalpastprovokedwidespreademulationamongstotherprominentNazileaders.

D.OthershadtheprivilegeofstudyingtheaweinspiringbreadthanddepthofHimmler’spassionforGermany’smedievalpast.

问题5选项

A.autopianreformer

B.anincurableromanticlostintime

C.animprobablevisionary

D.alevel-headedpurpose-drivenman

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:1.判断推理题。题干中关键词coterie出现在文章首段首句，acoterieof用来修饰后面的hisseniorofficers，是量词。前面主人公是纳粹党卫军领袖，他与军官们自然是处于同一阵线的。A选项“经常互相交往的一组人”；B选项“一个人在社交场合可能会遇到的许多人”；C选项“无差别的一群人，只会在极少数情况下有往来”；D选项“许多人互相联系讨论政治问题”。军队领袖与他的军官之间自然是属于第一类“经常互相交往的一组人”。

第2题:2.判断推理题。本题关键在于“howHimmlerintendedallSSmentoassimilateGermany’sfeudalpast（希姆莱打算如何让所有党卫军成员同化德国的封建历史）”，相关信息出现在第三段第二句“heregardedthefeudalpastasablueprintforthefuturegloryoftheThirdReich”，他认为过去的封建制度是第三帝国辉煌的未来蓝图。紧跟着第三句说到“...plannedtotransformthecathedral’sdustytombintoanSSshrine”，计划将大教堂布满灰尘的坟墓变成党卫军的圣地。在最后一段第三句中提到“…heinstructedSSmenandtheirfamiliesinancientGermanreligion,loreandfarmingpractices”，他教导党卫军士兵和他们的家人学习古德国的宗教、知识和耕作方法。对比选项可知，A选项“宗教信仰和实践”符合题意。

第3题:3.判断推理题。本题关键在于“Himmlerprimarilyintended（希姆莱主要目的是）”，最后两段说了希姆莱的一些做法及计划，但是关键在于最后一段中第六句说到“Inthisway,Himmlerhopedtogivebirthtoanewgoldenage,therebyreversingthedeclineofWesterncivilizationandrescuinghumanityfromitsmire”，通过这种方式，希姆莱希望创造出一个新的黄金时代，从而扭转西方文明的衰落，将人类从泥潭中拯救出来。因此，希姆莱的主要意图是B选项“复兴德国人曾幸福生活的繁荣时代”。

第4题:4.语义题。AlbertSpeer对于希姆莱的这句评价出现在文章第四段第三句，他人的评价可以认为是“果”，而“因”则要往前面找。本段第一句说到“Foryears,scholarsoftheThirdReichhaveridiculedHimmler’sintenseinterestintheGermanpast,dismissingoccasionssuchashisvisittoQuedlinburgasthefoolishnessofafanaticdrunkonpower.”第三帝国的学者们一直嘲笑希姆莱对德国历史的浓厚兴趣，认为像他访问奎德林堡这样的场合是一个醉心于权力的狂热分子的愚蠢行为。换句话说希姆莱对德国中世纪历史的热爱被认为是荒谬的，A选项符合题意。

第5题:5.观点态度题。作者在第四段对于希姆莱做了这样的评价“Farfrombeingadreamerlostinfantasy,Himmlerwasacareful,methodicalplanner”，说他并不是迷失在幻想中的梦想家，而是细心、有条理的策划者。A选项autopianreformer“一个乌托邦式的改革者”；B选项anincurableromanticlostintime“迷失在时间里的无可救药的浪漫主义者”；C选项animprobablevisionary“一个几乎不可能的空想家”；D选项alevel-headedpurpose-drivenman“头脑冷静、目标明确的人”。综合选项与文意可知D选项正确。

14.翻译题

WhensomeAmericansspeakofthevirtuesofEnglish,theyalmostalwaysbeginbyglorifyingitsenormousvocabulary,whichisatleasttwiceaslargeasthatofanyotherlanguage.Butthisisnotwhatenchantstheforeigner;onthecontrary,thevastreachesofthevocabularynaturallyalarmhim.Thethingthatreallywinshimistheclarityandsimplicityofthelanguage.Weuse,forallourstoreofLatinpolysyllables,agreatmanymoreshortwordsthanlongones,andwearealwaystryingtomakethelongonesshort.Whatwasoncepuniligrionisnowpun;whatwasgasolineonlyyesterdayisalreadygas.NootherEuropeanlanguagehassomanythree-letterwords,norsomanyfour-wordsayings.“Firstcome,firstserved”—thatistypicallyEnglish,foritisbold,plain,andshort.

【答案】当一些美国人谈及英语的优点时，几乎总是一开始就赞美其词汇量之庞大，英语的词汇比任何其他语言的词汇至少多一倍。然而，吸引外国人的并不是词汇量大，相反，浩瀚的词汇很容易令外国人担忧。真正赢得外国人的是英语简练和淳朴的特征。尽管英语中有大量的源于拉丁文的多音节词，但我们却更多地使用短语，少用长词。而且，我们总是努力把长词缩短。以前使用puniligrion，现在缩短成了pun；昨天还是gasoline，今天已成为gas。欧洲没有任何一种其他语言有这么多由三个字母构成的单词，也没有如此多由四个单词构成的语言。“Firstcomes,firstserved（先到先供应）”便是典型的英语，因为它一目了然、朴实无华、短小精悍。

15.单选题

Long-termwateravailabilityislargelydeterminedbytheaverageconditionsinariverbasin,butitisoftenextremeeventsthatcauseacutewaterinsecurity.

问题1选项

A.occasional

B.constant

C.urgent

D.serious

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.occasional偶尔的，偶然的B.constant连续发生的，不断的

C.urgent紧急的，紧迫的D.serious严重的，有危险的

【答案】D

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】acute的意思为“十分严重的”，这里指极端事件让水变得非常不安全，有严重的安全问题，serious与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。

【句意】长期来说，水资源的可用性在很大程度上取决于流域的平均条件，但往往是极端事件导致严重的在水安全方面的问题。

16.单选题

Youmayneverexperienceanearthquakeoravolcaniceruptioninyourlife,butyouwill（）changesintheland.

问题1选项

A.adapt

B.adopt

C.witness

D.define

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项adapt“适应，改编”；B选项adopt“采取，接受”；C选项witness“目击，见证”；D选项define“定义，规定”。句意：在你的生命中你可能从来没有经历过地震或火山爆发，但是你将见证这片土地的变化。选项C符合语境。

17.单选题

Theanotherofthebookhasshownhisremarkablekeen（）intohumannature.

问题1选项

A.intellect

B.insight

C.perception

D.understanding

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。intellect智力，理解力；insight洞察力；perception知觉，感觉，也有洞察力的意思，但通常与of搭配；understanding理解力。选项中,只有insight后接介词into，所以本题选B。句意：这本书的另一篇展现了他非凡的对人性敏锐的洞察力。

18.单选题

Hesatthereswiggingbeerandsmoking.

问题1选项

A.sucking

B.lapping

C.Gulping

D.sipping

【答案】D

【解析】考查同义动词辨析。A选项sucking“吸，吮吸”；B选项lapping“舔，折叠”；C选项“狼吞虎咽地吃，大口地吸”；D选项sipping“啜饮”。句意：他坐在那里大口喝啤酒，抽烟。Swigging“大口喝，痛饮，畅饮”，D选项与该词意思最相近，因此D选项正确。

19.单选题

Weareinaglobalhealthcrisis,anditgrowsworsebytheyear,astheWorldHealthOrganizationhaswarnedthatby2030almosthalftheworld'spopulationwillbeoverweightorobeseifcurrenttrendscontinue.Therearealready124millionobesechildren,amorethantenfoldincreaseinfourdecades,andmorethanamillionoftheseliveintheUK,whichhastheworstobesityratesinwesternEurope.Fourinfivewillgrowuptobeobeseadults;andtheleaderoftheUK'spaediatricbodywarnsthatthiswillcostthem10to20yearsofhealthylife.

Thisisasocialproblem,bothincauseandconsequence,asconcurredbySimonStevens,thechiefexecutiveoftheUK'sNationalHealthService,whosecautioningthatobesitycouldbankruptthehealthservicecomesacrossastheplacard-wieldingstanceofaroadsideprophetofdoom—yetthegovernment'sresponsehasbeenasmodestandinadequateasthesefiguresareshocking.Medicalexpertsdescribeitschildhoodobesitystrategyasweak,embarrassingandeveninsulting.Thoughitinheritedataxonsugarydrinks,itrowedbackfromrestrictionsonprice-cuttingpromotionsandjunkfoodmarketingoradvertising,leavingitsstrategytorelyheavilyonmeasuressuchasschoolactivityprogrammes.

Campaignershadwarnedthatwouldnotbeenough;nowresearchprovestheywereright-evenwhensuchinitiativestacklebothdietandexercise,andmakeeffortstoreachouttofamilies.ChildreninschoolsinEngland'sWestMidlandsweregivenayearofextraphysicalactivitysessions,ahealthyeatingprogrammeandcookeryworkshopswiththeirparents,allofwhichfailedtohaveanysignificanteffectonchildren'sweight.

Thecausesoftheobesityepidemicaremultipleandcomplex,asthelandmarkForesightreportproducedoveradecadeagounderscored:weliveinanobesogenicenvironment,andsomemoresothanothers(morethantwiceasmanychildrenindeprivedareasareobeseasinaffluentareas).TVsandsmartphonesinbedroomsandrelianceoncarsplaytheirpart;sotoodofooddeserts,wherefruitandvegetablesareexpensiveorinaccessible,whichleavesthemoreeconomicallystrappedsectorofthepopulationchoosingtofillahungrychildwithdonutsratherthanapples.

Butonefactorleapsout:greed.TheproblemisnotgluttonybyagenerationofAugustusGloopsbuttheavariceoftheWillyWonkaswhopressjunkfoodonconsumers,thenprofesssurpriseattheresults.Thetacticsofbigfoodare,astheglobalhealthorganisationVitalStrategiespointsoutinitsreportFoolMeTwice,strikinglysimilartothoseofbigtobaccoovertheyears.Butbigfoodhastheadvantagethateveryoneneedstoeat,whilenooneneedstosmoke,andthatabiscuitdoesnotdamagehealthasacigarettedoes,obesitynotwithstanding.Thus,thesecompaniestellusthatweshouldnotrestrictindividualfreedom;thatitisuptopeopletoshowself-discipline;andthattheirproductsarefineasoccasionalindulgences-nevermindthattheypresentfamily-sizepacksasiftheyaresuitableforindividuals,northathighlyprocessedfoods,packedwithsaltandsugar,tendtobecheapertoproduce,storeanddeliver—aswellasbeinghabit-forming.

Othercountrieshavebeenfarbolderintacklingtheindustry,insteadofrelyingonvoluntaryaction.InLatinAmerica,governmentshaveforcedcompaniestoremovecartooncharacters-naturallyaninstantappealtoyoungchildren—fromcerealboxes,imposedjunkfoodtaxesandorderedschooltuckshopstoreplacehigh-salt/sugarproductswithfruitandvegetables.Tougherrulesreshapeconsumerperceptionsanddecisionsandindoingso,theycanalsopushcompaniesintochangingproducts.

Abanonjunkfoodadvertisingbeforethe9p.m.watershedislongoverdue.Itshouldbesupplementedbyabanonpromotionsandpricecutsfor“sharing”bagsofchocolates,asActiononSugarurgedlastmonth,andthesugartaxondrinkscouldbeextendedtofoodproducts,withtherevenuechannelledintoinitiativesmakingfreshproducemoreaffordableandattractivetoconsumers.Thegovernment'sfailuretoforcechangemeansthattherestofuswillpaytheprice—inillhealthandhighertaxes—asbigfoodrakesintheprofits.

1.Findingsandstudiesdemonstratethat（

）.

2.Whodoestheauthorbelievetobeprimarilyresponsibleforfailingtostopobesity?

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTinferredinthepassage

（

）.

4.Which"chainofevents"isindicatedinthepassage?

5.Companypolicytomanufacturefamily-sizepacksofunhealthyfoodwhilestatingthatitistheconsumerwhoisresponsibleforlimitingwhattheyeatisanexampleof（

）.

问题1选项

A.theobesityproblemislargelyaEuropeanone

B.unhealthychildrenhaveunhealthyparents

C.therearemoreobesechildreninlowersocio-economicareas

D.peoplenowaredyingyounger

问题2选项

A.Parents.

B.Advertisers.

C.Government.

D.Manufacturers.

问题3选项

A.therearemoreobesechildrenthanadults

B.obesitywilldrainfundsfromgovernmentresources

C.corporationsdonotcareaboutobesity

D.lackofphysicalactivitycontributestoobesity

问题4选项

A.Newgovernmentlawsconsumersbuydifferentitemsmanufacturerschangeproducts.

B.Manufacturersincreasesugarcontentmorechildrenbuyproductslifespanisshortened.

C.Regularexerciseprogramlearningtocookownfoodreductioninobesity.

D.Televisionadvertisingisregulatedmanufacturersloserevenueproductcostsdecrease.

问题5选项

A.analogy

B.rhetoric

C.hypocrisy

D.sophistry

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:1.推理判断题。文章第四段第二句提到weliveinanobesogenicenvironment,andsomemoresothanothers(morethantwiceasmanychildrenindeprivedareasareobeseasinaffluentareas)贫困地区的肥胖人数是富裕地区的两倍，选项C“经济不发达地区的肥胖人数更多”符合题意。

第2题:2.推理判断题。文章倒数第二段提到其他国家的政府采取措施强制广告商、生产商对那些容易发胖的食物进行改良，比如拉美的一些国家。文章最后一段提到，如果政府不采取措施制止，最后买单的还是民众。由此可知，之所以在阻止肥胖上没有成功，是政府没有采取相应的措施。选项C符合题意。

第3题:3.判断推理题。文章第二段第一句话提到thechiefexecutiveoftheUK'sNationalHealthService,whosecautioningthatobesitycouldbankruptthehealthservice肥胖问题会使得医疗服务破产，因此选项B可以排除；文章第五段提到一些食品公司用各种手段吸引消费者，并没有考虑食物是否会导致他们肥胖，因此选项C可以排除；文章第三段提到ChildreninschoolsinEngland'sWestMidlandsweregivenayearofextraphysicalactivitysessions学校为学生们增加了一年的体育锻炼课程，说明缺乏运动也是导致肥胖的一个原因，因此选项D可以排除。综上，选项A符合题意。

第4题:4.判断推理题。文章最后一段提到禁止在早上九点之前播放垃圾食品广告这个方法已经过时，而是应该对那些含糖分高的垃圾食品从推广到税收都采取相关措施。如果政府在这些方面无法调控的话，最终买单的是民众——健康受损，税也要纳更多。选项A“新政策实施；消费者购买东西的种类增加；生产商改变生产”符合题意。

第5题:5.判断推理题。文章第五段后半部分提到那些食品公司一方面说食物摄取的多少看个人自律程度，另一方面又将包装家庭分量的食物卖给个人，也不管这些食物是高盐，高糖分（Thus,thesecompaniestellusthatweshouldnotrestrictindividualfreedom;thatitisuptopeopletoshowself-discipline;andthattheirproductsarefineasoccasionalindulgences-nevermindthattheypresentfamily-sizepacksasiftheyaresuitableforindividuals,northathighlyprocessedfoods,packedwithsaltandsugar,tendtobecheapertoproduce,storeanddeliver-aswellasbeinghabit-forming）。由此可知，这是在诡辩。选项D符合题意。

20.单选题

Iignoredanoldwomanwhoaskedmeformoneyinthestreetyesterdayandit’sbeenonmy（

）eversince.

问题1选项

A.morality

B.conscience

C.morale

D.rationale

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定用法。onmyconscience“我的良心受谴责”。句意：我无视了一个在街上向我借钱的老妇人，这让我的良心很不安。选项B符合题意。

21.单选题

Thepublicisvery（

）aboutthegovernment’splansforataxcut.

问题1选项

A.susceptible

B.dubious

C.suspicious

D.deliberate

【答案】B

【解析】意:公众不太相信政府的减税计划。

形容词辨析。Susceptible易受影响的;dubious可疑的，怀疑的,后接about;suspicious可疑的，多疑的,后接of;deliberate故意的。因此无论从句意还是从搭配上,B项正确。

22.单选题

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckdifferentpopulationsmakesthisoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;otherexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.

Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshave“density-dependent”growthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshave“density-independent”growthparameters,withvital,ratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents;theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.

Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronethingnopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,deathandmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages,iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly).Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.Yet,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.

Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthe“signal”ecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whilethedensity-independenteffectsacttoproduce“noise”inthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdes