考研考博-英语-北京交通大学考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北京交通大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

TheUnitedStatescourtsystem,aspartofthefederalSystemofgovernment,ischaracterizedbydualjudicialsystems;therearebothstateandfederal-courts.Eachstatehasitsownsystemofcourts,composedofcivilandcriminaltrialcourts,sometimesintermediatecourtsofappeal,andastateSupremeCourt.Thefederalcourtsystem,consistsofseriesoftrialcourts(calleddistrictcourts)servingrelativelysmallgeographicregions(thereisatleastoneforeverystate),atierofcircuitcourtsofappealthathearappealsfrommanydistrictcourtsinaparticulargeographicregion,andtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.Thetwocourtsystemsaretosomeextentoverlapping,inthatcertainkindsofdisputesmaybeinitiatedineithersystem.Theyarealsotosomeextenthierarchical(等级制度的),forthefederalsystemstandsabovethestatesysteminthatlitigant(personengagedinlawsuits)wholosetheircasesinthestatesupremecourtmayappealtheireasestotheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.

Thus,thetypicalcourtcasebeginsinatrialcourt—acourtofgeneraljurisdiction—inthestateorfederalsystem.Mostcasesgonofurtherthanthetrialcourt;forexample,thecriminaldefendantisconvictedbyatrialandsentencedbythecourtandthecaseend;thepersonalinjurysuitresultsinajudgmentbyatrialcourt(oranout-of-courtsettlementbythepartieswhilethecourtsuitispending)andthepartiesleavethecourtsystem.Butsometimesthelosingpartyatthetrialcourtcaresenoughaboutthecausethatthematterdoesnotendthere.Inthesecases,the“loser”atthetrialcourtmayappealtothenexthighercourt.

21.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

22.Accordingtothepassage,districtcourtsarealsoknownas________.

23.Inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraph,“engagedin”means________.

24.Thepassageindicatedthatlitigantswholosetheircasesinthestatetrialcourtmaytakethemtoa________.

25.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattypicalcourtcasesare________.

问题1选项

A.Civilandcriminaltrialcourts.

B.Typicalcourtcases.

C.ThecourtsystemintheUnitedStates.

D.Theappealcourtprocess.

问题2选项

A.circuitcourts

B.intermediatecourts

C.supremecourts

D.trialcourts

问题3选项

A.committedto

B.attentiveto

C.involvedin

D.absorbedin

问题4选项

A.differentcourtinthesamestate

B.Federaltrialcourt

C.StateSupremeCourt

D.Courtinanotherstate

问题5选项

A.alwaysappealed

B.usuallyresolvedinthedistrictcourts

C.alwaysoverlapping

D.usuallysettledbytheSupremeCourt

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】21.事实细节题。根据第一段第一句TheUnitedStatescourtsystem,aspartofthefederalSystemofgovernment,ischaracterizedbydualjudicialsystems;therearebothstateandfederal-courts.（美国法院制度作为联邦政府制度的一部分，其特点是双重司法制度；州法院和联邦法院同时存在。），后文以此展开，所以C选项“美国的法院系统”正确，A选项“民事和刑事审判法庭”，B选项“典型的法庭案例”和D选项“上诉法院程序”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。

22.事实细节题。根据第一段第三句seriesoftrialcourts(calleddistrictcourts)（一系列的初审法院，也就是地方法院），可知D选项“初审法院”正确。A选项“巡回法院”，B选项“中级法院”和C选项“最高法院”不符合题意。因此D选项正确。

23.语义推测题。engagedin的意思是“从事，参加，参与”。根据第一段最后一句litigant(personengagedinlawsuits)wholosetheircasesinthestatesupremecourtmayappealtheireasestotheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.（在州最高法院败诉的当事人（参与诉讼的人）可以向美国最高法院上诉。），当事人参与诉讼，所以C选项“牵涉进，参与”正确。A选项“决心从事……；致力于”，B选项“留意”和D选项“全神贯注于”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。

24.义推测题。根据第一段最后一句litigant(personengagedinlawsuits)wholosetheircasesinthestatesupremecourtmayappealtheireasestotheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.（在州最高法院败诉的当事人（参与诉讼的人）可以向美国最高法院上诉。），可知C选项“国家最高法院”正确。A选项“同一个州的不同法院”，B选项“联邦初审法院”和D选项“另一个州的法院”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。

25.事实细节题。根据第二段第一句Thus,thetypicalcourtcasebeginsinatrialcourt—acourtofgeneraljurisdiction—inthestateorfederalsystem.（因此，典型的法院案件始于州或联邦体系的初审法院——具有一般管辖权的法院。），可知B选项“通常在地区法院解决”正确，D选项“通常由最高法院解决”错误。A选项“常常提起上诉”和C选项“总是重叠”没有提到。因此B选项正确。

2.单选题

Whenthecommittee（

）todetails,theproposedplanseemedimpractical.

问题1选项

A.gotdown

B.setabout

C.wentoff

D.cameup

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组getdowndosth./doingsth.“开始认真注意（或对待）某事”。句意：当委员会着手讨论所提出的计划的细节时，发现该计划似乎并不实际。结合句意可知A选项正确。

3.单选题

Takingadvantageofhispopularityintheopinionpolls,thePrimeMinisterhasdecidedtocalla________electionfornextmonth.

问题1选项

A.convincing

B.magnetic

C.snap

D.clean-cut

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“convincing”，意为“令人信服的；有说服力的”；B选项“magnetic”，意为“地磁的；有磁性的；有吸引力的”；C选项“snap”，意为“突然的”，snapelection是个短语，意为“提前选举；临时选举”；D选项“clean-cut”，意为“（尤指男人）外表整洁的，优雅高尚的；轮廓分明的”。句意：首相利用他在民意调查中的声望，决定在下个月__提前__举行选举。本句表示“首相想趁着自己在民意调查中富有声望，于是提前进行选举，来获取优势地位”。因此C选项符合题意。

4.单选题

Herremarkablesuccessasarockstarispartlyduetoherabilityto（）themedia.

问题1选项

A.mandate

B.meditate

C.manifest

D.manipulate

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。mandate“授权，托管”；meditate“考虑，计划，企图”；manifest“证明，表示”；manipulate“操作，巧妙处理”。句意：她作为一个摇滚明星取得的杰出成就在于她有能力巧妙处理媒体。选项D符合题意。

5.单选题

Birdmigrationisoneofthemostinterestingyetleastunderstoodnaturalphenomena.Everyfallbirdsfromnorthernlatitudesflyingroupstothewarmersouthernlatitudesandthenreturnnorthinthespring.Scientistsagreeonthemainreasonsformigration:tofollowthefoodsupplyandtoavoidharshclimateconditions.Forexample,insectsdisappearduringthecoldmonths,promptinginsect-dependentbirdstoflysouthtowarmareaswhereinsectsbreed.Nosimilarconsensushasemerged,however,abouthowbirdsareabletonavigate.Despitemanyrecentexperiments,birdexpertsstilldonotknowhowbirdsarriveatthesamedestinationeveryyearandthenfindtheirwaybackhomeinthespring.

Somehavesuggestedthatbirdsfindtheirwaybyfollowinglandmarks,suchasriversandmountainranges.Experimentshaveconfirmedthatsomespeciesdofollowsuchtopographicfeatures.Butthatmethodcannotexplainhowsomebirdstravelatnight.Otherstudiesshowthatsomenocturnalbirdsnavigatebythestars.Butthatexplanationcannotexplaindaytimemigrationortravelwhentheskiesarecloudy.

ThemostpopularexplanationcurrentlyisthatbirdsareguidedbyEarth’smagneticpoles.Themechanismbywhichthatworkshasnotyetbeenproved.Onetheorypointstothefactthatsomebirds’brainscontainmagnetite,anaturallyoccurringmagneticcompoundconsistingofironoxide.Magnetite

hasbeenfoundinmanyanimals,includingbirds.Withmagnetsembeddedintheirbrains,birdswouldbeabletosensethemagneticfieldsoftheNorthandSouthPoles.

Arecentexperimentwithhomingpigeonsprovidedsomeevidencethatmagnetitedoesplayacrucialroleinmigration.Homingpigeonsareknowntohavetheabilitytoreturntotheirhomesafterbeingtakenhundredsofmilesaway.Researchersfoundthattheycouldtrainhomingpigeonstorecognizechangesinamagneticfield.Whenasurroundingmagneticfieldwasnormal,thebirdswouldgatheratoneendofacage.Butwhenthefield’spolaritywasaltered,theyhoppedtotheotherend,suggestingthattheyweredetectingandrespondingtochangesinthemagneticfield.

Anothertheoryhasbeenofferedtoexplainthissensitivitytomagneticpoles,atheorythatdrawsuponquantummechanics,whichisthestudyofhowparticlesmoveinsideanatom.Itreliesonthefactthatelectronscomeinpairsthatorbitthenucleusofanatom.Thetwoelectronsspininoppositedirections,creatingtwomagnetsthatneutralizeeachother.Butwhenmoleculessplitandreactwithothermoleculestoformcompounds,theelectronpairsmaynolongerspininoppositedirections.Instead,theymayrepeleachother,aswhentwonorthendsofmagnetsarepressedtogether.Theelectronsstruggletochangedirectioninordertoachieveastablestateinwhichthetwoelectronsagainneutralizeeachother,givingoffnomagneticfield.

Thetheoryisthatthesedisturbedelectronpairsarecreatedinbirdswhentheyareexposedtochangesinlight.ThebirdscansensetheeffortsoftheelectronsintryingtoreachaconditionofstabilitybecauseoftheslightchangesinthepulloftheNorthandSouthPoles.Inthisway,thebirdscandetectthedirectionofthepoleswhiletheyareinflight.

Inoneexperimenttoconfirmthiseffect,agroupofEuropeanrobinsweretrickedbyartificiallighttobelievethatitwastimeforspringmigration.Thebirdsbecameeagertoflynorth.Thechangesinlighttriggeredtheelectron-pairmovementdescribedabove,exposingtherobinstothemagneticfieldaccompanyingtheelectronpairs.Thebirdsbecamedisorientedandflewinalldirections.Thesimulatedmagneticfieldsweremuchtooweaktobedetectedbythebirds’naturalmagnetite,suggestingtotheexperimentersthattheelectronpairs,notthemagnetite,wereresponsibleforthebirds’confusedflying.

Thecurrentview,therefore,isthatlightplaysanimportantroleinguidingbirdmigration.Thismaybewhybirdsturntheirheadsfromsidetosidebeforeflyingoff.Theireyesarecollectingthesurroundinglight,whichinturnallowsthemtoprocessandanalyzetheexistingmagneticfieldsandtokeepthemselvespointedintherightdirection.

1.AccordingtoParagraph1,insectsinfluencebirdmigrationinwhichofthefollowingways?

2.AccordingtoParagraph3,birdscandetectthemagneticfieldsoftheNorthandSouthPolesbecause（

）.

3.TheauthordiscusseshomingpigeonsinParagraph4inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretheoriesabouthowbirdsnavigateexcept:

5.Accordingtothepassage,theauthormentionsallofthefollowingaboutelectronsexcept:

问题1选项

A.Insectsgenerateamagneticfieldthatbirdscandetect.

B.Insectsprovideafoodsupplythatexistsonlyinwarmclimates.

C.Birdsfollowthepathstakenbyflyinginsects.

D.Birdsknowwhentomigratebyasuddenincreaseininsectpopulation.

问题2选项

A.theysensethemotionofelectronpairs

B.theycanlocatethepolesbyfollowinglandmarks

C.theyingestmetalparticlesthatareattractedbythepoles

D.theyhavemagnetiteintheirbrains

问题3选项

A.provideanexampleofhowhumanscantrainbirds

B.describeanexperimentshowingtheimportanceofmagnetite

C.showthathomingpigeonsreturnhomebyfollowinglandmarks

D.reporthomingpigeons,behaviorinsideacage

问题4选项

A.Theyfollowlandmarkslikeriversandmountains.

B.Theyareguidedbytheirpositionrelativetothestars.

C.Theyfeelvibrationsinnerveendingsintheirbrains.

D.Theyrespondtochangesinlight.

问题5选项

A.Changesinlightcauseelectronpairstochangethedirectionoftheirspin.

B.Magnetitecontainselectronsthatrepeleachother.

C.Electronsthatspininoppositedirectionsneutralizeeachother.

D.Thenucleusofanatomisorbitedbyelectronpairs.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.文章第一段第三句提到鸟类迁徙的主要原因是为了获取食物和躲避不利的气候，并举了昆虫的例子来说明食物对鸟类的迁徙有重大作用。选项B符合题意。

2.文章第三段最后一句提到鸟类的大脑里有磁体，所以它们可以感应南极跟北极的磁极磁场。选项D符合题意。

3.文章第四段第一句提到了关于信鸽的实验，主要说明了磁性在迁徙过程中起到了重要的作用。选项B符合题意。

4.文章第二段第一句somehavesuggestedthatbirdsfindtheirwaybyfollowinglandmarks,suchasriversandmountainranges，排除选项A；第二段第四句otherstudiesshowthatsomenocturnalbirdsnavigatebystars,排除选项B；第六段第一句thetheoryisthatthesedisturbedelectronpairsarecreatedinbirdswhentheyareexposedtochangesinlight,排除D选项。选项C符合题意。

5.文章第五段第二句electronscomeinpairsthatorbitthenucleusofanatom，排除选项D；第五段第三句Thetwoelectronsspininoppositedirections,creatingtwomagnetsthatneutralizeeachother，排除选项C；第六段第一句thetheoryisthatthesedisturbedelectronpairsarecreatedinbirdswhentheyareexposedtochangesinlight，排除选项A。选项B符合题意。

6.单选题

Criticsofearlyschoolingciteresearchthatquestionswhether4-year-oldchildrenarereadytotakeonformallearning.Educatorsfindthat（1）toddlersaremorelikelytosucceedduringtheirschoolcareers.（2）theiryoungercounterpartsaremorelikelyto（3）.Kindergartenchildrenwhoturnfiveduringthe（4）halfoftheyearseemtobeatadisadvantagewhenit（5）physical,emotional,social,andintellectualdevelopment.Additionally,childrenwhoarenearlysixwhentheyenterkindergarten（6）toreceivebettergradesandscorehigheronachievement（7）throughouttheirschoolingexperience（8）dothosewhobeginkindergartenhavingjustturnedfive.Beingbrightandverballyskillfulandbeingreadyforschooldonotseemtobethe（9）thing.Itiseasytoconfusethesuperficialpoiseandsophisticationofmanyoftoday'schildren（10）innermaturity.Indeed,evidencesuggeststhatearlyschoolingboomerangs.Youngsters（11）parentspushthemtoattainacademicsuccessinpreschoolarelesscreative,have（12）anxietyabouttests,and,bytheendofkindergarten,falltomaintaintheirinitialacademicadvantage（13）theirless-pressuredpeers.

Manypsychologistsandeducatorsremainskepticalofapproachesthatplace4-year-oldsinaformaleducationalsetting.Theyquestion（14）environmentalenrichmentcansignificantlyalterthebuilt-indevelopmentaltimetableofachildrearedinanon-disadvantagedhome.Theydonotdeny,however,the（15）ofday-carecentersandnurseryschoolsthatprovideahomelikeenvironmentandallowchildren（16）freedomtoplay,developattheirown（17）,andevolvetheirsocialskills.Buttheypointoutthatmanyofthethingschildrenoncedidinfirstgradearenow（18）oftheminkindergarten,andtheyworrylestmoreandmorewillnowbeaskedof4-year-olds.Thesepsychologistsandeducatorsbelievewearedrivingyoungchildrentoo（19）andtherebydeprivingthemoftheir（20）

问题1选项

A.older

B.taller

C.stronger

D.smarter

问题2选项

A.Since

B.Nowthat

C.Thereby

D.Whereas

问题3选项

A.fall

B.fail

C.flee

D.fear

问题4选项

A.late

B.later

C.latest

D.latter

问题5选项

A.liesin

B.dealswith

C.comesto

D.callsfor

问题6选项

A.help

B.want

C.tend

D.prefer

问题7选项

A.tests

B.trials

C.performance

D.competition

问题8选项

A.that

B.which

C.then

D.than

问题9选项

A.easy

B.hard

C.same

D.similar

问题10选项

A.for

B.against

C.with

D.towards

问题11选项

A.and

B.with

C.those

D.whose

问题12选项

A.much

B.more

C.many

D.most

问题13选项

A.to

B.against

C.over

D.than

问题14选项

A.how

B.that

C.why

D.whether

问题15选项

A.value

B.power

C.consideration

D.responsibility

问题16选项

A.possible

B.reasonable

C.imaginable

D.considerable

问题17选项

A.way

B.case

C.pace

D.means

问题18选项

A.thought

B.reminded

C.expected

D.regarded

问题19选项

A.well

B.hard

C.badly

D.directly

问题20选项

A.memory

B.childhood

C.ambitions

D.simplicity

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:C

第6题:C

第7题:A

第8题:D

第9题:C

第10题:C

第11题:D

第12题:B

第13题:C

第14题:D

第15题:A

第16题:D

第17题:C

第18题:C

第19题:B

第20题:B

【解析】1.根据下文“theiryoungercounterparts”可以推测出，填空处应该填入“older”，选项A符合原文。

2.根据下文的“seemtobeatadisadvantage”可以推测，年幼的学龄前儿童相比年长的学龄前儿童处于劣势，所以前后形成对比，选项D符合原文语境。

3.填空处与上文的“succeed”相对应，应填入success的反义词“fail”，所以选项B正确。

4.late迟的，晚的，最近的；later后来，更迟的；latest最新的；latter后者的，较后的。根据原文可知，这里指后半年满5岁的幼儿园儿童，选项B符合句意。

5.liein在于；dealwith处理；comesto谈到，达到；callfor要求，需要。whenitcomesto指涉及，谈到。句意：幼儿园的孩子如果在下半年才满五岁，在身体、情感、社交和智力发展方面就会处于劣势。选项C符合语境。

6.根据句意：接近6岁的孩子进入幼儿园时，往往会获得更好的成绩。tendto表示趋向，易于...，符合原文句意，所以选项C正确。

7.根据原文可知，这里指成就测试的得分也更高。所以选项A符合原文。

8.根据句意，这里是将刚满5岁和刚满6岁进入幼儿园的孩子进行比较，只有选D表示比较，所以正确。

9.句意：聪明、语言能力强和准备好上学似乎不是同一件事。句中有两个being，作者是将两件事进行对比，说明二者不是同一件事。

10.confusewith混淆，这里指我们很容易把如今孩子们表面上的沉着和老练与内心的成熟混为一谈。选项C符合原文句意。

11.“whose”在这里引导定于从句，相当于“Youngsters’parents”。句意：父母强迫孩子在学前班取得学业上的成功会导致孩子缺乏创造力。选项D符合句意。

12.根据句意，这里指考试的时候会更焦虑，所以选项B正确。

13.maintainadvantageoversb.为固定搭配，意为“对...保持优势”。选项C正确。

14.句意：他们质疑，丰富的环境是否能显著改变一个在没有缺点的家庭中长大的孩子固定的发展轨迹。whether引导疑问句，意为“是否”。选项D正确。

15.根据原文句意可知，这里指他们并不否认日托中心和幼儿园的价值。选项A符合语境。

16.句意：它们提供一个像家一样的环境，给孩子足够的自由玩耍。选项D符合原文句意。

17.atone’sownpace为固定搭配，意为“按自己的节奏”。选项C正确。

18.根据下文：他们担心现在会有越来越多的孩子在4岁的时候就被要求这样做。由此可以推断，上文指的是：孩子们在一年级时做的许多事情，现在在幼儿园就被期望去做。选项C更符合句意。

19.根据句子结构可知，too在这里后面应接形容词，首先排除选项C和D；再根据句意可知，选项B符合原文句意，所以正确。句意：心理学家和教育家认为我们对小孩太严厉了。

20.根据句意可知，这路指剥夺了孩子们的童年。选项B符合句意。选项D虽符合句意，但不符合语法结构，所以不正确。

7.单选题

“Youtrytogetsomesleep.I’ll______thepatient’sbreakfast”,saidthenurse.

问题1选项

A.seeto

B.stickto

C.getto

D.leadto

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.seeto注意，负责B.stickto坚持

C.getto到达，开始，接触到D.leadto导致，通向

【考查点】词组辨析。

【解题思路】根据句意“我来______病人的早餐”可知，空格处填入seeto表示“负责”符合句意，所以该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】护士说：“你试着睡一会儿。我来负责病人的早餐。”

8.单选题

Everyoneintheauditoriumwasweepingbythetimehefinishedhis（）tale.

问题1选项

A.sympathetic

B.pathetic

C.synthetic

D.interesting

【答案】B

【解析】sympathetic同情的；pathetic悲惨的；synthetic综合的，人造的；interesting有趣的。根据句意可知，观众们都哭了，说明这是一个悲惨的故事。选项B更符合语境。

9.单选题

Thejobsofwildlifetechniciansandbiologistseemed（

）tohim,butonedayhediscoveredtheirdifference.

问题1选项

A.identical

B.vertical

C.parallel

D.specific

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。identical意为“相同的，同一的”；vertical意为“垂直的，竖立的”；parallel意为“平行的”；specific意为“明确的”。

句意：野生动物技术人员和生物学家的工作对他来说似乎是一样的，但有一天他发现了它们的不同之处。

10.单选题

Afarmermustlearnthekindsofcropsbest（）thesoilsonhisfarm.

问题1选项

A.accustomedto

B.committedto

C.appliedto

D.suitedto

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A项accustomto“习惯于”，B项committo“把……投入，交付”，C项applyto“适用于，应用于”，D项suitto“适合于”。句意：农民必须了解最适合他农场土壤的作物种类。四个选项中，只有suitto最合适；因此，该题D项正确。

11.翻译题

Operaisexpensive:thatmuchisinevitable.Butexpensivethingsarenotinevitablytheprovinceoftherichunlessweabdicatesociety’spowerofchoice.Wecanchoosetomakeopera,andotherexpensiveformsofculture,accessibletothosewhocannotindividuallypayforit.Thequestionis:whyshouldwe?Nobodydeniestheimperativesoffood,shelter,defense,healthandeducation.Buteveninaprehistoriccave,mankindstretchedoutahandnotjusttoeat.drinkorfight,butalsotodraw.Theimpulsetowardsculture,thedesiretoexpressandexploretheworldthroughimaginationandrepresentationisfundamental.InEurope,thisdesirehasfoundfulfillmentinthemasterpiecesofourmusic,art,literatureandtheatre.Thesemasterpiecesarethetouchstonesforallourefforts;theyarethetouchstonesforthepossibilitiestowhichhumanthoughtandimaginationmayaspire;theycarrythemostprofoundmessagesthatcanbesentfromonehumantoanother.

【答案】听戏剧无疑是昂贵的消费。但除非我们放弃社会赋予的选择权，否则昂贵的东西也并非富人专属。我们可以选择让那些无支付能力的人享有戏剧及其他形式的昂贵文化。但问题是，我们为什么要那样做？谁都不会否认，食物、居住、安全、健康和教育是必不可少的。但即使是在史前的洞穴里，人类伸出手来也并不只是为了吃、喝或打斗，也可能是为了涂涂画画。文化冲动，即通过想象和表征来表达、探索世界的欲望，是人类的基本特点。在欧洲，这种渴望已经在音乐、绘画、文学和戏剧的杰作中得以实现。这些杰作是衡量我们一切努力的标准，也是人类思想和想象力可能达到的高度。它们包含着人与人之间能够传递的最深刻的信息。

12.不定项选择题

Mostofushaveseenadogstaringat,sometimessnarlingat,andapproachingareflectionofitself.Formostanimals,seeingtheirownimageinamirroractsasasocialstimulus.Butdoesthedogrecognizeitself,ordoesthereflectionsimplysignalapotentialcompanionorthreat?Thisquestionisofinterestforanumberofreasons.Apartfromcuriosityaboutthelevelofanimals’understanding,researchonself-recognitioninanimalhasseveralbenefits.Itprovidessomeinsightintotheevolutionarysignificanceofthisskillofself-recognitionandintothelevelandkindsofcognitivecompetencethattheskillrequires.Suchresearchalsoindicatesthekindsoflearningexperiencesthatdeterminethedevelopmentofself-recognition.Inaddition,workwithanimalsfosterstheuseoftechniquesthatarenotdependentonverbalresponsesandthatmaythereforebesuitableforusewithpreverbalchildren.

Theevidenceindicatesthatdogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.Inaseriesofcleverexperiments,however,Galluphasshownthatthechimpanzeedoeshavethiscapacity.Gallupexposedchimpanzeesinasmallcagetoafull-lengthmirrorfortenconsecutivedays.Itwasobservedthatoverthisperiodoftimethenumberofself-directedresponsesincreased.Thesebehaviorsincludedgroomingpartsofthebodywhilewatchingtheresults,guidingfingersinthemirror,andpickingatteethwiththeaidofthemirror.Describingonechimp,Gallupsaid,“Margeusedthemirrortoplaywithandinspectthebottomofherfeet;shealsolookedatherselfupsidedowninthemirrorwhilesuspendedbyherfeetfromthetopofthecage;shewasalsoobservedtostuffceleryleavesuphernoseusingthemirrorforpurposesofvisuallyguidingthestemsintoeachnostril.”

Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofself-recognition.Thechimpswereanesthetizedandmarkswereplacedovertheireyebrowsandbehindtheirears,areasthechimpscouldnotdirectlyobserve.Themirrorwastemporarilyremovedfromthecage,andbaselinedataregardingtheirattemptstotouchtheseareaswererecorded.Thedataclearlysuggestthatchimpsdorecognizethemselves,orareself-aware,fortheirattemptstotouchthemarksincreasedwhentheyviewedthemselves.Citingfurtherevidenceforthisargument,Gallupnotedthatchimpanzeeswithnopriormirrorexperiencedidnotdirectbehaviortothemarkswhentheywerefirstexposedtothemirror;thatis,theotherchimpanzeesappearedtohaverememberedwhattheylookedlikeandtohaverespondedtothemarksbecausetheynoticedchangesintheirappearance.

1.Theideathispassagediscussesiswhether（）.

2.ThefirstsentenceofParagraph2(“Theevidenceindicates...”)maybeinterpretedtomeanthatnearlyallanimalshave（）.

3.Theword“prior”(inlastparagraph)canbestbereplacedby（）.

4.Thewritersofthispassageprobably（）.

5.Theauthor’spurposeinthispassageisto（）.

问题1选项

A.dogsrecognizethemselvesinminors

B.thegroomingpracticesofchimpscanbealtered

C.nonhumanshaveaself-concept

D.chimpschangetheirbehaviorwhenamirrorispresent

问题2选项

A.someself-concept

B.noself-concept

C.anawarenessoftheusesofmirrors

D.afearofmirrors

问题3选项

A.“important”

B.“rich”

C.“former”

D.“temporary”

问题4选项

A.preferdogstochimps

B.havedonemoreresearchwithchimpsthandogs

C.enjoyedtheexperienceinvolvedinworkingwithanimals

D.wanttoseemoreresearchinnonhumanself-awareness

问题5选项

A.comparedogbehaviortochimpbehavior

B.defendanidea

C.explorerecentresearchnononhumanself-awareness

D.evaluateahypothesis

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段第五句“Apartfromcuriosityaboutthelevelofanimals’understanding,researchonself-recognitioninanimalhasseveralbenefits.除了对动物认知水平的好奇，对动物自我认知的研究还有很多好处。”是文章讨论的观点，可知C项“非人类有自我意识”与原文相符。A项“狗认出镜子中的自己”；B项“黑猩猩梳毛的习惯可以改变”；D项“黑猩猩在有镜子时会改变自己的行为”。因此C选项正确。

第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段第一句“Theevidenceindicatesthatdogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.该证据表明，狗和几乎所有其他非人类动物都不认识自己。”可知B项“没有自我意识”与原文相符。A项“一些自我意识”；C项“对镜子使用的认识”；D项“害怕镜子”。因此B选项正确。

第3题:词汇题。单词prior的意思是“较早的；先前的”，因此C项“先前的”正确。A项“重要的”；B项“富有的；丰富的”；D项“暂时的”。因此C选项正确。

第4题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章最后一段第一句“Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofself-recognition.然后，研究人员设计了一个进一步的自我认知测试。”和全文围绕“动物是否有自我意识”来叙述可知作者“想看到更多关于非人类自我意识的研究”，D选项符合题意。A项“相比黑猩猩更喜欢狗”；B项“对黑猩猩的研究多于对狗的研究”；C项“喜欢与动物打交道的经历”。因此D选项正确。

第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段第三句“Butdoesthedogrecognizeitself,ordoesthereflectionsimplysignalapotentialcompanionorthreat?但是，狗能认出自己吗？还是说，反射只是一个潜在的同伴或威胁的信号？”和全文围绕“动物是否有自我意识”来叙述可知D项“评估一种假设”与原文相符。A项“比较狗和黑猩猩的行为”；B项“维护一个观点”；C项“探索有关非人类自我意识的最近研究”。因此D选项正确。

13.单选题

By（

）

computation,heestimatedthattherepairsonthehousewouldcosthimathousanddollars.

问题1选项

A.coarse

B.rude

C.average

D.general

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。coarse“粗糙的”；rude“粗鲁的”；average“平均的，普通的”；general“一般的，普通的”。句意：通过粗略计算，他估计修理好这个房子需要花费一千美元。选项A符合题意。

14.单选题

Beforetheconferencebegan,Chairmanmadeafew______remarks.

问题1选项

A.preparatory

B.preventive

C.preliminary

D.provocative

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项preparatory“预备的”，B项preventive“预防性的，防备的”，C项preliminary“初步的，开始的”，D项provocative“刺激的，挑拨的”。根据关键信息Beforetheconferencebegan“在会议开始前”可知，空格部分填入C项符合语境。句意：会议开始前，主席说了几句开场白。因此，该题选择C项正确。

15.填空题

Thesituationcomedy(orsitcom)dependsonaudience________withrecurringcharactersandconditionstoexplorelifeinthehome,workplace,orsomeothercommonlocation.(familiar)

【答案】familiarity

【解析】【考查点】名词。

【解题思路】根据动词短语dependson，可知audience________为名词短语，familiarity的意思为“熟悉”，符合语境，指的是观众对情景喜剧的反应需要看他们对情景喜剧中的角色和环境有多熟悉。

【句意】情景喜剧要看观众对反复出现的角色和用来探索家庭、工作场所及其他常见场所的生活环境有多熟悉。

16.单选题

Therenownedpsychologistvolunteeredtotakepartinasmall（）tophotographwildanimalsintherainforest.

问题1选项

A.expenditure

B.expertise

C.exposition

D.expedition

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项expenditure“支出；经费”；B选项expertise“专门知识；专家的意见”；C选项exposition“博览会；阐述；展览会”；D选项expedition“远征；探险队；迅速”。句意：这位著名的心理学家自愿加入一个小探险队去拍摄热带雨林的野生动物。根据句意，D选项正确。

17.单选题

Signsystemsingeneralare______:iconicorconventional.

问题1选项

A.twotypes

B.oftwotypes

C.thetwotypes

D.ofthetwotypes

【答案】B

【解析】考查语法。“beof+名词”可用来说明句子主语在度量，大小，颜色，类别等方面的特征，这类名词有age,size,height,weight,shape,type,kind等，排除A项和C项，D项多了定冠词the,因此B项符合题意。句意：符号系统一般有两种类型：标志性的或传统的。因此B项正确。

18.单选题

ThesummersessioninGeorgetownUniversitywasareallywonderfuloccasionwhichwewill（

）formanyyearstocome.

问题1选项

A.discount

B.acquit

C.cherish

D.blur

【答案】C

【解析】考察动词词义辨析。discount“打折扣”；acquit“无罪释放”；cherish“珍惜”；blur“使……模糊不清”。句意：乔治敦大学暑期班是个很棒的场合，我们将在今后的许多年里都会珍惜它。选项C符合题意。

19.单选题

Ifprofitandmoneyareyourfirst（

）,andcommitmenttopeopleyourleastconcern,youhavefailededucation.

问题1选项

A.potentiality

B.priority

C.superiority

D.responsibility

【答案】B

【解析】potentiality潜力，可能性；priority优先权，优先考虑的事；superiority优越，优势；responsibility责任，职责，义务。句意：如果利润和金钱是你最优先考虑的事，而对他人的承诺是你最不关心的，那么你的教育就是失败的。选项B符合句意。

20.不定项选择题

Thehumanbrainishardwiredtomapoursurroundings.Thistraitiscalledspatialmemory—ourabilitytoremembercertainlocationsandwhereobjectsareinrelationtooneanother.NewfindingspublishedtodayinScientificReportssuggestthatonemajorfeatureofourspatialrecallisefficientlylocatinghigh-calorie,energy-richfood.Thestudy’sauthorsbelievehumanspatialmemoryensuredthatourhunter-gathererancestorscouldprioritizethelocationofreliablenutrition,givingthemanevolutionarylegup.

Inthestudy,researchersatWageningenUniversity&Researchobserved512participantsfollowafixedpaththrougharoomwhereeithereightfoodsamplesoreightfood-scentedcottonpadswereplacedindifferentlocations.Whentheyarrivedatasample,theparticipantswouldtastethefoodorsmellthecottonandratehowmuchtheylikedit.Fourofthefoodsampleswerehigh-calorie,includingbrowniesandpotatochips,andtheotherfour,includingcherrytomatoesandapples,werelowincalories—dietfoods,youmightcallthem.

Afterthetastetest,theparticipantswereaskedtoidentifythelocationofeachsampleonamapoftheroom.Theywerenearly30percentmoreaccurateat