考研考博-英语-北京化工大学考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北京化工大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Agoodteachermustknowhowto_____hisideas.

问题1选项

A.convey

B.display

C.consult

D.confront

【答案】A

【解析】convey传达，表达；display显示，陈列；consult查阅，商量；confront面对，遭遇。句意：一个好老师必须知道如何表达他的想法。选项A符合句意。

2.单选题

Theseeffectsresultinnutrientimbalancesinplants,______reducingplantgrowth.

问题1选项

A.consecutively

B.subsequently

C.consequently

D.consistently

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词辨析。A项consecutively“连续地”，B项subsequently“随后，其后”，C项consequently“因此，结果”，D项consistently“一贯地”。根据关键词nutrientimbalancesinplants（植物的营养失衡）和reducingplantgrowth（减少了植物的生长）可知，前后是因果关系，所以C项符合。句意：这些影响导致植物营养失衡，从而降低植物生长。因此，该题选择C项正确。

3.不定项选择题

Whathappensifpeopledonottakeintoaccountthecultureofthecountriestheyaredealingwith?Herearesomeexamples.

Mr.Byrdwashiredbyawell-knownAmericancorporationtobeits“maninRiyadh”,SaudiArabia.HewenttothehomeofaSaudi,Mr.Fouad,totrytointeresthiminparticipatinginalocaljointventurewithhiscompany.Asthiswasafirstmeeting,themen’sconversationbeganwith“Howareyoudoing?How’syourfamily?Andhowisyourfather?”thatmadeMr.Byrdalittleimpatient.Mr.Byrd,familiarwiththeseobligatoryformalitiesofgreeting,answered“Fine,myfather,yes,well,heisfine.IsawhimafewmonthsagoduringChristmaswhenwetookhimoutofthenursinghomeforafewdays.”

Fromthatpointeverythingfrozeup.Mr.Byrd’smissionwascompletelyderailedbecausewhileMr.Fouadremainedgraciousenough,hewasobviouslyuninterestedindoinganybusinesswithMr.Byrd.

TheAmericanwasatalossanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.Infacttheproblemwithhimisthathedidnotunderstandthefamilycultureinthispartoftheworld.ItwouldhavebeeninconceivablefortheSauditohaveplacedhisfatherinthecareofstrangers.Mr.FouadthusfeltthathecouldnottrustMr.Byrdasabusinesspartner.

Anotherexample,JimTurnerwasattendingaconferenceinLyon.ThiswasnothisfirsttriptoFrance,andhewaspleasedsomeoftheFrenchcolleagueshe’dmetpreviouslyrememberedhim.Oneeveningtheyinvitedhimalongfordinner.Shortlyafterthefoodwasserved,theybeganjokingaboutthequalityofthefood.Thatsurprisedhim.Hethoughtthefoodwasreallyrathergoodandsaidso,expectingthediscussiontocontinue.Buttohisgreatdiscomfort,theythenmadesomejokeabout“foodandAmericans”andchangedthesubject.Hefeltsomewhatexcludedanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.

Interpretation:TheFrenchtakegreatprideintheirfoodandwineandforeignersshouldbeveryprudentaboutpassingjudgmentonthequalityofthefood.Inthiscase,theFrenchmenobviouslythoughtthatthefoodattherestaurantdidnotwarrantsuchpraise,andintheirview,theAmericanrevealedhislackoftaste.

1.Mr.ByrdtriedtopersuadeMr.Fouadto________.

2.TheconversationbetweenMr.ByrdandMr.Fouad________.

3.Mr.Byrd’sproblemliesinthathe________.

4.JimTurnerpraisedthefoodbecause________.

5.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethatwhendoingbusinessabroad________.

问题1选项

A.joinhiscompanyasthelegaladviser

B.investinhiscompanyasalocalpartner

C.workinhiscompanyasthelocalmanager

D.cooperatewithhiscompanyasthelocaldealer

问题2选项

A.beganwithsmalltalk

B.wentdirectlytobusiness

C.deepenedtheirfriendship

D.endedupinaquarrel

问题3选项

A.wasnotfamiliarwithSaudiArabianwayoftalking

B.wasnotgoodattheartoftalkingwithastranger

C.didnotknowMr.Fouad’spersonalityandinterests

D.didnotrealizetheimportanceoffamilyinSaudiArabia

问题4选项

A.hetriedtopleasethehosts

B.itwassociallynecessary

C.hetrulyenjoyedthefood

D.itwaspartofthetablemanners

问题5选项

A.sincerityisthekeytosuccess

B.itisessentialtounderstandculturaldifferences

C.oneshouldbecarefulinmakingjudgment

D.itisnecessarytocreateawin-winsituation

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由题干人名Mr.Byrd和Mr.Fouad定位到文章第二段第二句HewenttothehomeofaSaudi,Mr.Fouad,totrytointeresthiminparticipatinginalocaljointventurewithhiscompany.（他（指Mr.Byrd）到一个叫Mr.Fouad的沙特人的家里，试图吸引他，让他对与自己公司一起在当地建立一家合资公司产生兴趣）。由此可知Mr.Byrd去的目的是让Mr.Fouad成为自己公司的地区合伙人，所以答案选B选项“投资自己公司成为地区合伙人”，而不是A选项“做该公司地区法律顾问”，C选项“成为该公司地区经理”或者D选项“与他合作，说服他成为地区经销商”。

第2题:事实细节题。由conversation我们可以对应到文中提到的两个人之间的谈话内容，即第二段第三句Asthiswasafirstmeeting,themen’sconversationbeganwith“Howareyoudoing?How’syourfamily?Andhowisyourfather?”thatmadeMr.Byrdalittleimpatient.（在第一次会面的时候，两人之间的谈话是以“你最近怎么样？你家人怎么样？你爸爸近来可好？”，这些对话使得拜德先生变得有点不耐烦。）从这句话可知，两人的对话没有开门见山直接谈生意而是从一些日常小事开始的，所以B选项“直入主题”错误，A选项“从无关紧要的对话开始”正确。我们再定位到第三段第二句话Mr.Byrd’smissionwascompletelyderailedbecausewhileMr.Fouadremainedgraciousenough,hewasobviouslyuninterestedindoinganybusinesswithMr.Byrd.（拜德先生的任务完全失败了因为尽管福德先生仍然保持着风度，但是很显然他对和拜德先生做生意这件事已经没有任何兴趣了）。从这句话我们可以知道这次谈话失败了，福德先生对拜德先生不是很满意，所以并没有增加他们之间的友谊，因而C选项“加深了他们之间的友谊”排除，而且从remaingracious这个短语来看，福德先生保持着风度的，所以D选项“以争吵结束”错误。

第3题:事实细节题。根据题干我们定位到第三段第三、四句话TheAmericanwasatalossanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.Infacttheproblemwithhimisthathedidnotunderstandthefamilycultureinthispartoftheworld.（这个美国人非常迷茫，不知道那里做错了。事实上问题在于他并不理解这个地区的家庭文化），由此我们答案选D选项“没有意识到家庭对于沙特人的重要性”。A选项“不熟悉沙特阿拉伯人的谈话方式”；B选项“不善于和陌生人谈话”；C选项“不知道福德先生的性格和兴趣”；这三点文章中都没有提及，所以答案选D。

第4题:事实细节题。由题干我们可以定位到第四段第六句话Hethoughtthefoodwasreallyrathergoodandsaidso（他觉得食物非常不错而且也是这样说的），由此可知Jim夸赞食物的原因是因为他真心觉得好吃，并不是A选项“为了取悦主人”；B选项“为了社交需求”；D选项“或者是出于餐桌礼仪”。所以答案应该选C选项“他真的觉得食物好吃”。

第5题:主旨大意题。从conclude（总结）这个词可知，这道题是选贴近文章主题的。A选项“真诚是成功的关键”，B选项“了解文化差异是必要的”，C选项“一个人应该谨慎地作出判断”，D选项“营造双赢环境是非常必要的”。整篇文章主要是讲了两个例子，都是关于主人公因为没有注意到文化差异，一个造成生意没谈成，一个造成不能融入集体。和真诚、谨慎，还有双赢这三个话题没有关系，所以答案要选择B。

4.翻译题

Whilebankstrytoavoiddrowningintroubledassets—badloans—borrowersandlendersalikearequestioninghowbankgotintothecurrentfinancialmess.Manyobserversblamesubprimemortgagelending.Unlikeprimemortgagesubprimeloansaremadetohigh-riskborrowers—thosewithbadcredithistories,excessivedebt,inadequateincomeorotherindicatorsthattheywillnotrepaythelender.Inreturnforriskierloans,borrowerspayhigherinterestrates.1.Asthehousingmarkettumbled,delinquenciesskyrocketedonmillionsofsubprimeloans.Whereasabout6percentofmortgagewereuncollectablefrom2000to2005,thereafterdelinquenciesincreasednearing30percentby2008.Lendersextendedtoomuchcredittoweakborrowers.

Reportsindicatethatthesubprimecrisiscanbetracedtooverlyrelaxedcreditstandards.Onestudyfoundthatmanyloanapplicationslistedfraudulentinformation.Someborrowers,takingadvantageoflaxlendingpracticestolivebeyondtheirmeans,liedabouttheirincomeandassetsinordertosecureloans.2.Othermisinformationcanbeattributedtomortgagebrokerseagertogetotherwiseunqualifiedborrowersapprovedforloans.Somelenderswentsofarastohavearelativeposeasaborrower’sfakeemployerandfalsityW-2formstogainapproval.3.Theseproblemswerecompoundedfurtherbythosewithinthebankingandfinancesystemwhoknewthatrampantfraudwasoccurringbutlookedtheotherway,aslongasprofitskeptrollingin.

4.Nowstuckwithuncollectableloans,unsellableforeclosedpropertiesandbigfinanciallosses,theindustryistighteningcreditstandardsandlendingpractices.Federalbankexaminers,forexample,areinsistingthatloanofficersusegreatercautionandjudgmenttoidentifycredit-worthyborrowersandavoidweakloans.Lendersareswitchingtoindependentrealestateappraiserswhohavenodirectcontactwithloanofficers,togetaccurateratherthaninflatedpropertyappraisals.5.Alongwitheliminatingloanswithzeroorverylowdownpayments,homeequitylendingisshrinkingashomevaluescontinuetofall.Lendersarealsoreducingcreditcardlimit.Withadirelessonlearned,itappearsthattighterstandardsareherefortheforeseeablefuture.

【答案】1.随着房地产市场的暴跌，数百万次级贷款的拖欠率飙升。从2000年到2005年，约有6%的抵押贷款无法收回，而此后到2008年，拖欠率上升了近30个百分点。

2.其他的虚假信息可以归因于抵押贷款经纪人急于让不合格的借款人获得贷款。一些贷款机构，甚至让亲戚冒充借款人的假雇主并提供虚假的报税表格，以获得贷款批准。

3.银行和金融系统内部的人知道存在着猖獗的欺诈行为，但只要利润源源不断地涌入，他们就视而不见，而这进一步加剧了这些问题。

4.现在，由于无法收回的贷款、无法出售的止赎房产和巨大的金融损失，银行业正在收紧信贷标准和放贷操作。

5.随着零首付或极低首付贷款的取消，房屋净值贷款随着房屋价值的继续下跌而萎缩。

5.单选题

Ifyouwanttogetintothattunnel,youfirsthaveto______awayalltherocks.

问题1选项

A.haul

B.transfer

C.repel

D.dispose

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项haul“（用力）拖，拉；费力前进；强迫（某人）接受申斥；（用卡车）运；（帆船）突然改变航道”；B选项transfer“转让；转接；移交；转移（地方）；（使）换乘；转存，转录；调动（工作）；传染，传播；使（运动员）转队；把（钱）转到另一账户，机构上”；C选项repel“击退；抵制；使厌恶；使不愉快”；D选项dispose“处理；安排；决定；击败；杀死”。haulaway“搬运开；拖走；驶开；拽开”句意：如果你想进入隧道，你首先得把所有的岩石都拖走。因此A选项正确。

6.翻译题

WhatIwishforallstudentsissomereleasefromthegrimgripofthefuture.Iwishthemachancetoenjoyeachsegmentoftheireducationasanexperienceinitselfandnotasatiresomerequirementinpreparationforthenextstep.Iwishthemtherighttoexperiment,totripandfall,tolearnthatdefeatisaseducationalasvictoryandisnottheendoftheworld.

Mywish,ofcourse,isnative.OneofthefewrightsthatAmericadoesnotproclaimistherighttofail.Achievementisthenationalgod,worshippedinourmedia—themillion-dollarathlete,thewealthyexecutiveandglorifiedinourpraiseofpossessions.Inthepresenceofsuchapotentstatereligion,theyoungaregrowingupold.

【答案】我希望所有的学生稍微摆脱未来的无情控制。我希望他们有机会把自己每一阶段的教育纯粹当成一种经历来享受，而不是作为一种为下一步做准备的令人厌倦的需要。我希望他们有权利去尝试、跌倒、懂得失败如同胜利一样具有教育意义和失败并不是世界的末日。

当然，我的希望是天真的。失败的权利是美国人不赞扬的几个权利之一。成就是民族之神，在我们的媒体中受到崇拜——如身价百万的运动员，富有的主管人员一样——在我们对财富的赞美中得到荣耀。年轻人就是在这样一种强有力的民族信仰熏陶下长大的。

7.单选题

Language,cultureandpersonalitymaybeconsidered（

）ofeachotherIthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.

问题1选项

A.indistinctly

B.separately

C.irrelevantly

D.independently

【答案】D

【解析】考察副词词义辨析。indistinctly“不清楚地，模糊地”；separately“分开地，与from”；irrelevantly“不恰当地，不相关地”;independently“独立地，分开地”。句意：语言、文化、性格彼此都是独立的，实际上他们之间密不可分。选项D符合题意。

8.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingEnglishintoChinese.

Historically,economistshavesaidthatwell-beingisasimplefunctionofincome.However,ithasbeanfoundthatoncewealthreachesasubsistencelevel,itseffectivenessasageneratorofwell-beingisgreatlydiminished.ThisparadoxhasbeenreferredtoastheEasterinparadox.Thismeansthataspirationsincreasewithincome;afterbasicneedsaremet;relativeratherthanabsoluteincomelevelsinfluencewell-being.Happinesseconomistshopetochangethewaygovernmentsviewwell-beingandhowtomosteffectivelygovernandallocateresourcesgiventhisparadox.However,otherresearchsuggeststhatnoparadoxexists,andhappinessislinearlyrelatedtothelogarithmofabsolute(real,PPP-adjusted)income,withlittleornorelativeincomecomponent.

Moneycorrelateswithhappiness,buttheratediminisheswithmoremoney.In2010,twoeconomistsfoundthathigherearnersgenerallyreportedbetterlifesatisfaction,butpeople’sday-to-dayemotionalwell-beingonlyrosewithearningsuntilathresholdannualincomeof$75,000.Otherfactorshavebeensuggestedasmakingpeoplehappierthanmoney.Onestudy,whencorrectedforsocialstatus,showednocorrelationbetweenincomeandhappiness.

【答案】从历史上看，经济学家曾说过经济收入能影响幸福指数。然而有研究发现，当财富达到基本的生活水平，它对幸福指数的影响力就会极大地减少。这个悖论被称为伊斯特林悖论。这意味着愿望随着收入而增加；在基本需求得到满足之后；收入水平对幸福的影响是相对的，而不是绝对的了。鉴于这一悖论，幸福经济学家希望改变政府看待幸福的方式，以及如何最有效地管理和分配资源。然而，其他研究表明这种悖论不存在，幸福指数与绝对（实际的，根据购买力平价调整后的）收入的对数成线性相关，与收入的构成没有什么关系。

金钱与幸福相关，但随着金钱的增加，这一比率会下降。2010年，两位经济学家发现，高收入者总体上表现出更好的生活满意度，但是只有当年收入达到75000美元后，人们日常的情感幸福才会随着收入的增加而增加。其他因素比金钱更能使人快乐。一项针对社会地位的研究表明，收入和幸福之间没有相关性。

9.问答题

Wheneveryouseeanoldfilm,youcan'thelpbeingstruckbytheappearanceofthewomentakingpart.

Theirhairstylesandmake-uplookdate:theirskirtslookeithertoolongortooshort;

A

B

theirgeneralappearanceis,infact,slightlyludicrous.

C

D

【答案】试题答案：B;dated

【解析】考查形容词辨析。由“theirskirtslookeithertoolongortooshort”可知此处指的是不好的，look表示“看起来”的意思，后面接形容词，dated意为“过时的”。

10.填空题

TheFoodandDrugAdministrationonFridayproposedtwoimportantrules_1_atpreventingthecontaminationofproduceandprocessedfoods.The_2_rulerepresentaseachangeinthewaytheagencypolicesfood,aprocessthatcurrently_3_takingactionaftercontaminationhasbeenidentified.

Changesincluderequirementsforbetterrecordkeeping,contingency（应急的）plansforhandlingoutbreaksandmeasuresthatwouldpreventthespreadofcontaminationinthefirstplace.Whilefoodproducerswouldhavelatitudein4howtoexecutetherules,farmerswouldhavetoensurethatwaterusedinirrigationmeetcertainstandardsandfood_5_needtofindwaystokeepfreshthatmaycontainbacteriafromcominginto_6_withfoodthathasbeencooked.Newsafetymeasuresmightincluderequiringthatfarmworkerswashtheirhands,_7__portabletoiletsinfieldsandensuringthatfoodsshouldbecookedattemperatureshighenoughtokillbacteria.

Whetherconsumerswill_8_bearsomeoftheexpensesofthenewruleswasunclear,theagencyestimatedthattheproposalswouldcostfoodproducerstensofthousandsofdollarsayear.PresidentObamarequested$220millioninhis2013_9_,butDr.MargaretHamburg,commissioneroftheF.D.A,said“resourcesremainanongoingconcern.”Nonetheless,agencyofficialswere_10_thatthenewruleswouldprotectconsumersbetter.

【答案】1.A2.N3.H4.F5.M6.D7.G8.O9.C10.I

【解析】1.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：美国食品和药物管理局在周五提出了两项重要规定，__防止生产和加工食品的污染。从选项中的动词可以判断aim针对、目的在于符合句意，aimat为固定搭配。

2.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入形容词。由上文内容“proposedtwoimportantrules”可判断空格部分“The__rule”。从选项中的形容词可以判断proposed被提议的、建议的符合句意。

3.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：这项规定标志着该机构监管食品的方式发生了巨大变化，目前这一过程__在确定污染后采取行动。从选项中的动词可以判断involve包含符合句意，involvedoingsth包含。

4.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：食品生产商可以自由__如何执行这些规定。从选项中的动词可以判断determine决定符合句意。

5.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入名词。由上文内容“Whilefoodproducerswouldhave……”可判断空格部分“food__”。句意为：食品__需要找到保持新鲜的方法。从选项中的名词可以判断producers生产者、制造者符合句意。

6.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：食品生产商需要找到保持新鲜的方法，防止可能含有细菌的食品__煮熟的食品。从选项中的动词可以判断contact接触符合题意，comeintocontactwith和……接触、接触到。

7.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：新的安全措施可能包括要求农场工人洗手，在田地里__便携的洗手间，确保食物在足够高的温度下烹饪以杀死细菌。从选项中的动词可以判断install安装符合句意。

8.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入副词。句意为：消费者__是否会承担新规定的部分费用尚不清楚。从选项中的动词可以判断ultimately最后、最终符合句意。

9.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入名词。句意为：奥巴马总统在2013年的__中要求2.2亿美元。这里提到金额，因此从选项中的名词可以判断budget预算符合句意。

10.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入形容词。由Nonetheless尽管如此可以判断空格部分需要填入一个与前文相反的态度，从选项中的动词可以判断optimistic乐观的符合句意。

11.单选题

Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫学家)MarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshockstiog24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock

Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.

Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon’tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.

Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成条件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtoskillthem.

1.Laudenslager'sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnoffthe

electricity（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto（）.

33.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat（）.

4.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder'sexperiment

wasthat（）.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals（）.

问题1选项

A.wasstrengthened

B.wasnotaffected

C.wasaltered

D.wasweakened

问题2选项

A.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

B.turnofftheelectricity

C.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations

D.becomeabnormallysuspicious

问题3选项

A.theydislikeditstaste

B.itaffectedtheirimmunesystem

C.itledtostomachpains

D.theyassociateditwithstomachaches

问题4选项

A.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharin

B.thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothem

C.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind

D.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning

问题5选项

A.canbeweakenedbyconditioning

B.canbesuppressedbydruginfections

C.canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharin

D.canbealteredbyelectricshocks

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段倒数第二句指出:Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity(Laudenslager发现，无助老鼠（不能关掉电流的老鼠）的免疫功能被削弱至低于正常水平，但是，对于那些能切断电流的老鼠的免疫功能则不会受到影响)。因此B项“不受影响”正确。

2.细节事实题。第二段第三句指出:Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol(但是，如果动物有（老鼠）面对过控制不了的情况，那么，以后即使在自己能够控制的情况下，其反应也是消极的)，因此C项“在可控制的情况下，表现得消极”正确。

3.细节事实题。第三段指出:Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener(将糖精与胃疼关联后，老鼠很快学会避免糖精)。因此，选D项“他们与胃疼有关联”。

4.判断推理题。第三段举例是为了证明该段中心句，即:...howthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponse...(思想是如何改变/影响免疫系统)，故选C项“它们的免疫系统被其思想改变了”。

5.判断推理题。第三段中Ader的实验说明通过各种具体手段使动物形成某

种条件反射就能削弱其免疫功能。因此，A项“条件反射可能减弱免疫系统”正确。

12.单选题

Insomewaystheyareamarketers’dream.Theyhavebillionsofdollarsindiscretionaryincome—andspendmostofit.Althoughtheirindividualpurchasesaresmall，theybuyregularly,oftenresponsetopeerpressure.Theyareheavilyinfluencedbythehoursoftelevisionadvertisingtheyseeeachweek.And，asaresultoftoday’ssmallerfamilies,andtheincreaseinthenumberoftwo-incomehouseholds,theyhavemoretosayaboutfamilydecisionsthaneverbefore.

“They”arechildren,ofcourse,agroupwhosespendinghabitsareattractingtheattentionofmoreandmoremarketers.Onerecentstudyestimatesthat:thethirtymillionU.S.children4to12yearsoldreceiveabout$4.7billionannuallyfromallowances,giftsandoddjobs.Ofthatamount,theyspendatotalof$4.2billioneachyearonsnacks($1.4billion),toysandgames($1.1billion),moviesandsports($771million),videogames($766million),andgifts($164million),engaginginsome280independentpurchasestransactionsannually.Childrenthirteentonineteenaccountforevengreateryearlyexpenditures:$30.5billionoftheirownmoney.

Butchildren’sfinancialmuscledoesnotendthere.Researchersestimatethatchildrendirectlyinfluencemore-than$40billioninadultpurchaseseachyear.ANickeldeonUSAToday/YankelovichYouthMonitorstudyfoundthatchildrenareextremelyawareofbrandandhaveconsiderableinputintotheirparents，selectionofapparel,cereal,snacks,cars,televisionsandpersonalcomputers.Manychildrenareinvolvedinactualhouseholdpurchasing,especiallyfood；inarecentTeenageResearchstudy,halftheteengirlssurveyedreportedshoppingforgroceriesatleastonceaweek.Recognizingthisindirectpurchasingpowerthatchildrenhave，agrowingnumberofmarketersareapproachingtheyouthdirectly.TheNationalDairyBoard,forexample,nowairsmilkcommercialswithyouthappeal,andProcter&GamblehasdevelopedCrestforKidstoothpaste.

Howdidchildrenacquiresuchbuyingclout?Researcherspointtoseveralfactors.Asthenumberofworkingcouplesandsingle-parenthouseholdsincreased,manyparentsshiftedcertainhouseholdresponsibilitiesontochildren’sshoulders.Thrustintoadultroles,childrenhaveendedupwithmoreinfluenceoverthefamily’spurchases,andtheyalsotendtospendincreasedamountsofmoneythemselves.Inaddition,manyolder,professionalcoupleshavefewerchildren.Theseparentscanaffordtolavishmoreontheirchildren,includingextraspendingmoneyforsuchitemsasFisher-PriceToys’$225children’scamcorderandtheMyFirstSonylineofelectronicsgearforchildren.Thebandwagoneffectisyetanotherfactor.Whenonemarketerbeginstofocusonchildren,competitorsfollowsuit,encouragingevenmorechildren’spurchases.McDonald’sCorp.,forexample,hasaimedadvertisementsforitshamburgers,mealkits,andpartiesatchildrenforyears；nowHardee’sFoodSystems,Inc,andWendy’sInternationalInc,aredoingthesame.

Astutemarketersrealizethatchildrenactuallyrepresentthreemarkets:currentconsumers,influentialconsumers,andfuturebuyers.Becausechildrenaresteadilydevelopingbrandawareness,andproductpreferencesthatsomedaywilltranslateintopurchasingdecisions,evencompaniesnotsellingyouthproductspersearebeginningtopayattentiontoselldirectlytochildren,realizingthat,outtheresomewhere,tomorrow’sbig-ticketcustomerisplayingvideogamestoday.

1.Thetopicofthisselectionis（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthisselection?

3.Fromthestatementthatchildren“havebillionsofdollarsindiscretionaryincome—andspendmostofit”，wecaninferthatchildren（）.

4.Abouttheirbuyingbehaviors,wecaninferthatchildrenare（）.

5.Wecaninferthatmarketersbelievechildrenwhodevelop“brandawareness”whentheyareyoungwill（）.

问题1选项

A.marketingproducts

B.children’sspendingpatterns

C.doingsurveysofchildren

D.thebandwagoneffect

问题2选项

A.Childrenhavemoretosayaboutfamilypurchasedecisionsthaneverbefore.

B.Childrenareimportantmembersofsociety.

C.Childrenhaveagooddealofpowerasbuyersandconsumers.

D.Marketersareovercomingtheirlackofinterestinsellingtochildren.

问题3选项

A.havenosenseofvalueregardingmoney

B.shouldnotbegivensomuchmoneybytheirparents

C.misusethefinancialpowerplacedintheirhands

D.donotsavemuchoftheirownmoney

问题4选项

A.notinfluencedmuchbyadvertising

B.verymuchinfluencedbytheirfriends

C.notinfluencedbymilkcommercialswithyouthappeal

D.carefulaboutspendingonhamburgersandotherfastfoods

问题5选项

A.rejectthosebrandswhenbecomeadults

B.purchasevideogamesfortheirchildren

C.remainloyaltothosebrandsintoadulthood

D.spendtheirmoneywiselyandthoughtfullyasadults

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:文章第一二段提到儿童群体虽然不大，但是他们有一定的购买能力；之后引用了一些儿童带来的花费的数据来进一步说明儿童是个很大的消费群体。最后提到儿童代表着三个市场。从这些可知全文都是在讲儿童的消费问题。所以选项B符合题意。

第2题:文章主要探讨儿童消费问题。出于很多原因，儿童已经是一个具有很强购买力的消费者。选项C符合题意。

第3题:文章第一段提到孩子们有很多零花钱自己处理，但是他们容易受到电视广告的影响（Theyareheavilyinfluencedbythehoursoftelevisionadvertisingtheyseeeachweek），说明他们的钱被乱用了，选项C符合题意。

第4题:文章第一段提到虽然儿童的购买力不强，但是他们会受同伴的影响（Althoughtheirindividualpurchasesaresmall，theybuyregularly,oftenresponsetopeerpressure）。选项B符合题意。

第5题:文章最后一段提到商家们认为儿童代表三个市场：currentconsumers,influentialconsumers,andfuturebuyers。孩子们的品牌意识和产品偏好正稳定发展，总有一天会形成购买力。选项C符合题意。

13.单选题

______isthecenterofourplanetarysystemwasadifficultconcepttograspintheMiddleAges.

问题1选项

A.Thatthesunandnottheearth

B.Beingthesunandnottheearth

C.Itisthesunandnottheearth

D.Thesunandnottheearth

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查主语从句。句意：在中世纪，行星系的中心是太阳而不是地球，这是一个很难理解的概念。句子开头到planetarysystem是主语从句，意思是“行星系的中心是太阳而不是地球”，其中横线部分充当主语从句的主语。that引导的主语从句在句首时，that不能省略，A选项Thatthesunandnottheearth符合题意，其余选项用法错误。因此A选项正确。

14.单选题

China,theeconomicpowerhousewithapopulationofmorethanonebillionpeople,isoftenatthe（）ofthenewsagenda.

问题1选项

A.forefront

B.edge

C.brink

D.border

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项forefront“前沿；最前线”；B选项edge“边缘”；C选项brink“边缘”；D选项border“边界；边境”。句意：中国，这个拥有超过10亿人口的经济强国，经常出现在新闻议程的……。B选项edge一般是用来形容比较窄的边缘。C选项brink一般是指悬崖峭壁的边缘。D选项border边界通常用来形容两国之间的边界线与临界点。而根据关键词newsagenda“新闻议程”，中国经常能够占据新闻议程的最前沿。因此A选项符合题意。

15.单选题

Theovercrowdedlivingconditions（）aheavystrainonthefamily.

问题1选项

A.set

B.put

C.made

D.pressed

【答案】B

【解析】putaheavystrainonsb.为惯用搭配,指对某人来说是一个沉重的负担。这里指：过度拥挤的生活条件给这个家庭造成了沉重的负担。

16.单选题

Thisisadifficultjob,ifyoutryyourbest,youwilllearnhowtodoit（）.

问题1选项

A.ontime

B.behindtime

C.attimes

D.intime

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。ontime“准时”；behindtime“迟到”；attimes“有时偶尔”；intime“及时”。本句意为“这是一份困难的工作，但只要你尽力，你就能很快学会的”，intime符合句意，表达“及时”的意思。因此选项D正确。

17.翻译题

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese.

Anaestheticsense,aninstinctforbeauty,isoneoftheuniversalattributesofhumanbeings.

（1）Whileatitslowestlevelaestheticappreciationismerelyofanthropologicalorsociologicalinterest,atitshighestlevel,perhaps,itduplicatesartisticcreationandexistsonthesameplane.Butcertainlythat“plane”ismulti-dimensional.

Manypossiblereasonswhyhumanbeingsareresponsivetobeautyandneedartintheirlivescanandhavebeenadduced.（2）

Myowntheoryisthatartconcentratesandchannelsemotionsandexperiencesthatwouldotherwisebeinchoateandunformedinthepsyche;thatistosay,itbringsintosharpfocusandgivesformtoshadowypromptings,conflictingemotions,