考研考博-英语-南京晓庄学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京晓庄学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Theplotofthenovel（

）theeconomicdevelopmentofthevillage.

问题1选项

A.evolveswith

B.emergesfrom

C.blendswith

D.attachesto

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。evolvewith意为“随……进化”；emergefrom意为“（从……）露出，浮现，产生于”；blendwith意为“与……协调或和谐”；attachto意为“依附，附属与，喜爱”。

句意：小说情节随着村落经济的发展而演变。

2.单选题

Thesedayswehearalotofnonsenseaboutthe“greatclasslesssociety”.Theideathatthe20thcenturyistheageofthecommonmanhasbecomeoneofgreatclichesofourtime.

Thesameoldargumentsareputforwardinevidence.Herearesomeofthem:Monarchyasasystemofgovernmenthascompletelydiscredited.Themonarchiesthatsurvivehavebeendeprivedofallpoliticalpower.Inheritedwealthhasbeensavagelyreducedbytaxationand,intime,thegreatfortuneswilldisappearaltogether.Inanumberofcountriesthevictoryhasbeencomplete.Thepeoplerule;thegreatmillenniumhasbecomeapoliticalreality.Buthasit?Closeexaminationdoesn’tbearouttheclaim.

Itisafallacytosupposethatallmenareequalandthatsocietywillbeleveledoutifyouprovideeverybodywiththesameeducationalopportunities.(Itisdebatablewhetheryoucaneverprovideeveryonewiththesameeducationalopportunities,butthatisanotherquestion.)Thefactisthatnaturedispensesbrainsandabilitywithatotaldisregardfortheprincipleofequality.Theoldrulesofthejungle,“survivalofthefittest”，and“mightisright“arestillwithus.Thespreadofeducationhasdestroyedtheoldclasssystemandcreatedanewone.Rewardsarebasedonmeritfor“aristocracy”read“meritocracy”；inotherrespectssocietyremainsunaltered:theclasssystemisrigidlymaintained

Genuineability,animalcunning,skilltheknackofseizingopportunities,allbringsmaterialrewards.Andwhatisthefirstthingpeopledowhentheybecomerich?Theyusetheirwealthtosecurethebestpossibleopportunitiesfortheirchildren,togivethem“agoodstartinlife”.Forallthelipservicewepaytotheideaofequality.Wedonotconsiderthiswronginthewesternworld.Privateschoolswhichofferunfairadvantagesoverstateschoolsarenotbannedbecauseoneoftheprinciplesinademocracyisthatpeopleshouldbefreetochoosehowtheywilleducatetheirchildren.Inthisway,thenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent:anablechildfromawealthyhomecansucceedfarmorerapidlythanhispoorercounterpart.Wealthisalsousedindiscriminatelytofurtherpoliticalends.Itwouldbealmostimpossibletobecometheleaderofademocracywithoutmassivefinancialbacking.Moneyisaspowerfulaweaponaseveritwas.

Insocietieswhollydedicatedtotheprincipleofsocialequality.Privilegedprivateeducationisforbidden.Butevenherepeoplearerewardedaccordingtotheirabilities.Infact,sogreatistheneedforskilledworkersthattheleastablemaybeneglected.Brightchildrenarecarefullyandexpensivelytrainedtobecomefuturerulers.Intheend,allpoliticalideologiesboildowntothesamething:classdivisionspersistwhetheryouareruledbyafeudalkingoraneducatedpeasant.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,thesameeducationalopportunitiescan’tgetridofinequalitybecause（

）.

3.Whocanobtainmorerapidsuccess?

4.Whydoestheauthorsaythenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent?Because（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,“classdivisions”refersto（

）.

问题1选项

A.Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem.

B.Equalitymeansmoney.

C.Thereisnosuchsocietyasclasslesssociety.

D.Naturecan’tgiveyouaclasslesssociety.

问题2选项

A.theprinciple“survivalofthefittest”exists.

B.natureignoresequalityindispensingbrainsandability.

C.materialrewardsareforgenuineability.

D.peoplehavethefreedomhowtoeducatetheirchildren.

问题3选项

A.Thosewithwealth.

B.Thosewiththebestbrains..

C.Thosewiththebestopportunities.

D.Thosewhohavetheabilitytocatchatopportunities.

问题4选项

A.moneydecideseverything.

B.privateschoolsofferadvantagesoverstateschools.

C.peoplearefreetochoosethewayofeducatingtheirchildren.

D.wealthisusedforpoliticalends.

问题5选项

A.therichandthepoor.

B.differentopportunitiesforpeople.

C.oppressorandtheoppressed.

D.geniusandstupidity.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。A项Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem(20世纪的机会均等并没有破坏阶级制度)能更好概括本文主旨。

2.细节题。作者指出:自然在分配大脑和能力的时候，完全不考虑平等的原则。有智慧能力才能生存，才能获报偿，这已经是不平等，因此即使获同样的受教育的机会，也不可能铲除不平等。

3.细节题。第三段指出:英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。一个来自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其对立面获得成功要快得多得多。因此推测,有钱人能够快速获得成功。

4.细节题。英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。因为有钱,才上得起私立学校。故选A。

5.推断题。作者强调穷人,富人在天赋、教育机会等方面的差异造成即使是同样的教育机会也不可能铲除不平等,因此在作者眼里,真正的阶级分化在于贫富差距。

3.单选题

Howmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblems?Thisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanyways,oursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesameconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners,whenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubstance,andwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluence,theriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearner,thegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployed,andimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwagelevel,theoverwhelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearners,relativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsaretheelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.

Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonth,thosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemployment,eventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffers.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttallies,thereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfull-timework,orelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finally,incometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderly,disabled,anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor,sothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.

Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpoverty,employment,andearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplications,measuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems.

1.Whatdoesthe“labormarketproblems”referto?

2.Theauthorcontraststhe1930'swiththepresentinordertoshowthat（

）.

3.Theauthor'spurposeincitingthosewhoarerepeatedlyunemployedduringayearismostprobablytoshowthat（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,onefactorthatcausesoursocietytooverestimatethedegreeofeconomichardshipisthe（

）.

问题1选项

A.ATheoverallcausesofpoverty

B.Deficienciesinthetrainingoftheworkforce

C.Traderelationshipsamongproducersofgoods

D.Shortageofjobsprovidingadequateincome

问题2选项

A.morepeoplewereemployedinthe1930's

B.socialprogramsaremoreneedednow.

C.unemploymentnowhaslesssevereeffects

D.nowthereisagreaterproportion

问题3选项

A.thereareseveralfactorsthatcausethepaymentoflowwagestosomemembersofthelaborforce

B.unemploymentstatisticscanunderestimatethehardshipthepoorworkerssuffer

C.recurrentunemploymentinthelabormarketcancausehardshipsforindividualworkers

D.amajorityofthosewhoarejoblessatanytimedoesnotsufferseverehardship

问题4选项

A.recurrenceofperiodsofunemploymentforagroupoflow-wageworkers.

B.factthatunemploymentcountsdonotincludethosewhoworkforlowwages

C.establishmentofasystemofrecordkeepingthatmakesitpossibletocompilepovertystatistics

D.prevalenceofsecondaryearnersamonglow-wageworkersandtheunemployed

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】1.语义题。根据关键词“labormarketproblems”定位到第一段第一句“有多少人因为劳动力市场问题而遭受不幸呢?”下文随即指出“Unemploymentdoesnothavethesameconsequencestoday.如今失业不会带来同样的后果。”由此可知，这里的劳动市场问题指的是失业，选项D符合原文。

2.判断推理题。根据下文“不断增加的财富、不止一个收入者的家庭增多、失业人群中中等收入者的优势日益显现，以及社会福利保障的改善，这些都毫无疑问地减轻了失业的后果。”由此可推断，作者是想表达现在的失业问题所带来的影响没有那么严重。选项C正确。

3.作者意图题。根据题干可以定位到第二段的内容，本段的中心句为段落首句“Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.然而，我们的社会统计数据在许多方面低估了与劳动力市场相关的困难程度。”接下来进行举例说明。由此可知，作者提到那些一年内多次失业的人，是为了表明统计数据低估了贫困工人所遭受的苦难，所以选项B正确。

4.判断推理题。原文第一段指出社会统计数据在许多方面夸大了困难的程度，然后在第一段最后一句指出，计算在贫困统计之内的人大部分是年老者、残疾人或者由于家庭负担不能进入劳务市场者，因此这些贫困统计数据根本就不能精确地反映出劳动力市场所存在的问题。由此可推断，之所以会高估经济困难的程度，是因为建立了记录系统，使得编撰贫穷统计数据成为可能，这些数据不一定是真实情况的反映，所以选项C正确。

4.单选题

Ican't（）myeagerwhenIhearofpeoplebeingcrueltoanimals.

问题1选项

A.restrain

B.alleviate

C.deteriorate

D.relieve

【答案】A

【解析】动词词义辨析。restrain"抑制,控制";alleviate"减轻,缓和";deteriorate"恶化,变坏";relieve"解除,减轻"。这里指不能控制自己的情绪,所以选项A正确。

5.写作题

Thepassagecontainstenerrors.Eachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofoneerror.Ineachcase,onlyonewordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassage,trytodetecttheerrorsandwritedownyourcorrectionsontheanswersheet.

【答案】1.【答案】which改为where

2.【答案】as改为than

3.【答案】So改为But

4.【答案】去掉about

5.【答案】you改为they

6.【答案】like改为as

7.【答案】takes改为gives

8.【答案】differ改为distinguish

9.【答案】others改为other

10.【答案】harmful改为harmless

【解析】1.【解题思路】分析句子可知，thereisalotoftalkaboutscience（有很多关于科学的讨论）是做society的定语，而society在从句中是作地点状语，所以要把关系代词which改为关系副词where。

2.【解题思路】根据moreignorant（更无知）可知，此处是比较级，而前后比较的是we和peoplewithcomparableeducation（受过类似教育的人），所以as要改为than。

3.【解题思路】前面说“很多孩子都知道怎么去组建电脑，用电脑写程序”，后面却说“如果要他们去解释物理的原理，他们什么都不知道”，前后逻辑是转折的关系，so表示因果，所以要把so改为but。

4.【解题思路】explain是及物动词，后面可以不用介词直接跟物，所以要把about去掉。

5.【解题思路】这一句的句意是“但是如果你要他们去解释物理的原理，他们一点都不知道”，主句的you应该改为they。

6.【解题思路】该句句意是“对科学的不理解导致了像对人类创造力的忽视这样的事情”，like表示举例，但前面的such只与as连用，表示“比如，诸如”，所以把like改为as。

7.【解题思路】giveriseto是固定搭配，表示“引起，使产生”，所以要把takes改为gives。

8.【解题思路】differ只能和from或者with搭配使用，根据between可知，此处differ使用不当，而distinguish可以和between或者from搭配，所以把differ改为distinguish。

9.【解题思路】others指两者及以上的人，该句是说“两者是截然不同的，能够胜任其中一项工作的人很少能够胜任另外一个工作”，根据thetwo（两者）可知此处others使用不当，所以要将others改为other，theother表示“另一个”。

10.【解题思路】该段第一句的句意是“科学本身或多或少是没有害处的”，第二句用了but转折，说明第二句与第一句有对比，第二句说“但一旦科学能提供技术，它不一定是有害的”，这明显与前句没有构成对比，第二句应该是说“但一旦科学能提供技术，它不一定是没有害处的”，所以要将harmful改为harmless。

6.单选题

Insomecasesthemothermayalsobelimitedintermsof______abilityandemotionalcapacity.

问题1选项

A.intelligent

B.intellectual

C.intelligible

D.intangible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项intelligent“智能的，聪明的”，B项intellectual“智力的”，C项intelligible“可理解的，明了的”，D项intangible“无形的，触摸不到的”。根据关键词emotionalcapacity（情感能力）推测，空格部分是与之对应的“智力”，B项符合。句意：在某些情况下，母亲的智力和情感能力也可能受到限制。因此，该题选择B项正确。

7.单选题

Reductionsinoverseasgovernmentexpendituretookplace,but____andmoregraduallythannowseemsdesirable.

问题1选项

A.reluctantly

B.unwittingly

C.impulsively

D.anxiously

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.reluctantly不情愿地B.unwittingly无意地；茫然地

C.impulsively强制地D.anxiously焦急地

【考查点】句间逻辑

【解题思路】前半句提到“减少海外财政支出”，根据but可知，前后语义存在转折；另外，空格处通过and与moregradually“更加逐渐”并列，后者说明这项措施进行得非常缓慢，因此，A选项reluctantly“不情愿地”符合原句语义逻辑。

【干扰项排除】

B选项unwittingly“无意地；不知不觉地”，原句没有体现，不符合原句语义逻辑；

C选项impulsively“强制地”，原句没有体现，不符合原句语义逻辑；

D选项anxiously“焦急地”，与moregradually“更加逐渐”搭配不合适。

【句意】海外财政支出减少了，但是减得不情愿，并且进行得似乎比现在希望的更加缓慢。

8.翻译题

Thecarrot-and-sticktheoryofmotivation(likeNewtonianphysicaltheory)worksreasonablywellundercertaincircumstances.1.Themeansforsatisfyingman’sphysiologicaland(withinlimits),hissafetyneedscanbeprovidedorwithheldbymanagement.Employmentitselfissuchameansandsoarewages,workingconditionsandbenefits.Bythesemeanstheindividualcanbecontrolledsolongasheisstrugglingforsubsistence.

Butthecarrot-and-sticktheorydoesnotworkatalloncemanhasreachedanadequatesubsistencelevelandismotivatedprimarilybyhigherneeds.Managementcannotprovideamanwithself-respectorwiththerespectofhisfellows,orwiththesatisfactionofneedsforself-fulillment.2.Itcancreatesuchconditionsthatheisencouragedandenabledtoseeksuchsatisfactionsforhimself,oritcanthwarthimbyfailingtocreatethoseconditions.

Butthiscreationofconditionsisnot“control”.Itisnotagooddevicefordirectingbehavior.

Andsomanagementfindsitselfinanoddposition.Thehighstandardoflivingcreatedbyourmoderntechnologicalknow-howprovidesquiteadequatelyforthesatisfactionofphysiologicalandsafelyneeds.Theonlysignificantexceptioniswheremanagementpracticeshavenotcreatedconfidenceina“fairbreak”andthuswheresafetyneedsarethwarted.3.Butbymakingpossible

thesatisfactionoflow-levelneeds,managementhasdepriveditselfoftheabilitytouseasmotivatorsthedevicesonwhichconventionaltheoryhastaughtittorely-rewards,promises,incentives,orthreatsandothercoercivedevices.

4.Thephilosophyofmanagementbydirectionandcontrol—regardlessofwhetheritishardorsoft—isinadequatetomotivatebecausethehumanneedsonwhichthisapproachreliesaretodayunimportantmotivatorsofbehavior.Directionandcontrolareessentiallyuselessinmotivatingpeoplewhoseimportantneedsaresocialandegoistic.Boththehardandthesoftapproachfailtodaybecausetheyaresimplyirrelevanttothesituation.5.People,deprivedofopportunitiestosatisfyatworktheneedswhicharenowimportanttothem,behaveexactlyaswerightpredictwithindolence,passivity,resistancetochange,lackofresponsibility,willingnesstofollowthedemagogue,unreasonabledemandsforeconomicbenefits.Itwouldseemthatwearecaughtinawebofourownweaving.

【答案】1.【参考译文】这是满足人的生理和（在一定限度内）安全需要的手段，可以由管理部门提供，也可以不提供。就业本身就是一种手段，工资、工作条件和福利也是如此。通过这些手段，只要一个人在为生存而挣扎，他就可以被控制。

2.【参考译文】它可以创造这样的条件，鼓励并使他能够为自己寻求这样的满足，也可以通过不创造这些条件来阻挠他。

3.【参考译文】但是，通过满足低层需求，管理者丧失了使用激励器的能力，而传统理论已将其作为奖励、承诺、激励或威胁以及其他强制性手段所依赖的手段。

4.【参考译文】不管是硬还是软，通过方向和控制进行管理的哲学都无法激发人们的积极性，因为如今这种方法所依赖的人类需求已不再是行为的重要推动者。

5.【参考译文】人们被剥夺了在工作中满足现在对他们来说很重要的需求的机会，他们表现得恰如我们所预料的那样，表现为懒惰、消极、抵制变革、缺乏责任感、乐于追随煽动者、对经济利益的不合理要求。

9.单选题

（）newsandcurrentaffairs，Ihardlywatchanytelevision.

问题1选项

A.Asidefrom

B.Regardlessof

C.Inthefaceof

D.Sofaras

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。asidefrom“除……以外”；regardlessof“不管，不顾”；inthefaceof“面对”；sofaras“只要；就……而言”。句意：除了看看新闻和时政，我几乎不看电视。选项A符合题意。

10.翻译题

StandingintherightspotinthisgiganticcityandhillsdrapedwithapartmentcomplexescanremindyouofHongKong,thedensityofhabitationwillrecallTokyoandtheriver-spanningbrawn,repletewithanimmensenewstructureovertheYangtzethatechoestheBrooklynBridge,mightrecallNewYork.

Everywhereonelookshere,therearenewexpressways,newbridgesandtoweringnewhousingcomplexesrising,somanyinfactthatitistheoccasionalglimpseofsomethingold,ratherthanthesightofanythingnew,thattakesone’sbreathaway.

Chinahasbuiltmegacitiesbefore,ofcourse.Thecountry’sricheastaboundswiththem,strungalongthecoastfromTianjininthenorthtoShenzheninthefarsouthlikesomanypearls.ButtheswiftriseofChongqingrepresentsanewdeparture:amajorpushbyBeijingtospreadthefruitsofChina’seconomicboomtothecountry’svastinterior,hometothreeChineseinfour.

Oneafteranother,thebigcitiesoftheinteriorhaveeagerlyenteredtheracetourbanize,withmanyopenlybrandishingtheobjectiveofbecominga“worldcity”withinafewyears.Butwhetherjudgedbyitssize,itsambitionorthescaleoftransformation,Chongqing,withits12millionpeople,remainsinaclassbyitself.

【答案】置身于这座巨大的城市，站在密密麻麻满是公寓楼的山坡上可能会使你想到香港；这里密集的人口会让你想到东京；而那横跨长江两岸、仿效布鲁克林大桥豁然耸立的庞大新建筑物，或许会让你想到纽约。

放眼望去，到处都可以看到新建的高速公路，新架的桥梁和新盖的高耸入云的住宅楼。事实上，这类新建筑实在是太多了，令人目不暇接，以至于让人感到惊讶不已的往往不是什么新的高楼大厦，而是偶然瞥见一座旧建筑。

当然，在此之前中国已经有了一些超大城市，尤其在富裕的东部地区为数不少。这些城市从华北的天津到最南端的深圳，像一串珍珠镶嵌在中国沿海各地。但是重庆的迅速崛起却象征着一种新的开端：这表明北京正在大力推动中国经济繁荣的成果，将其延伸到幅员辽阔的内陆地区，那里是全国四分之三人口的家园。

中国内地的城市一个接一个竞相城镇化，其中很多城市公开炫耀它们的目标，声称要在几年内建成“世界大都市”。但无论从城市大小、追求目标还是改革规模来衡量，拥有1200万人口的重庆仍是独一无二的。

11.翻译题

Icameacrossanoldcountryguidetheotherday.Itlistedallthetradesmenineachvillageinmypartofthecountry,anditwasimpressivetoseethegreatvarietyofserviceswhichwereavailableonone’sowndoorstepinthelateVictoriancountryside.

NowadaysasuperficialtravelerinruralEnglandmightconcludethattheonlyvillagetradesmenstillflourishingwereeithersellingfrozenfoodtotheinhabitantsorsellingantiquestovisitors.Nevertheless,thiswouldreallybeafalseimpression.Admittedlytherehasbeenacontraction(收缩)ofvillagecommerce,butitsvigorisstillremarkable.

Ourlocalgrocer’sshop,forexample,isactuallyexpandinginspiteofthecompetitionfromsupermarketsinthenearesttown.Womensensiblyprefertogothereandexchangethelocalnewswhiledoingtheirshopping,insteadofqueuing(排队)upatasupermarket.Andtheproprietor(店主)knowswellthatpersonalservicehasasubstantialcashvalue.

【答案】有一天，我看到了一本旧的乡村指南。它列出了我所在地区每个村庄的所有商人，看到在维多利亚时代晚期的乡村，人们在自己的家门口就能得到各种各样的服务，令人印象深刻。

如今，一个肤浅的英国农村旅行者可能会得出结论，唯一仍然繁荣的乡村商人要么是向居民出售冷冻食品，要么是向游客出售古董。然而，这确实会是一个错误的印象。诚然，乡村商业已经萎缩，但其活力仍然显著。

例如，我们当地的杂货店，尽管有来自最近的城镇的超市的竞争，但实际上正在扩大。妇女们更愿意去那里，在购物的同时交流当地的新闻，而不是在超市排队。而老板很清楚，个人服务具有相当大的现金价值。

12.单选题

Ihaveneverlaid（）tobeinganexpertinthisfield.

问题1选项

A.reclaim

B.exclamation

C.affirmation

D.claim

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。layclaimto“声称……的权力，自称有知识等”。句意：我从不认为自己是这个领域的专家。结合句意，故D为正确答案。

13.单选题

Ishalltellhimthetruth,______.

问题1选项

A.nomatterwhetherhelikesitornot

B.whetherhelikesitornot

C.nomatterhelikesitornot

D.whetherhewouldlikeitornot

【答案】A

【解析】考查状语从句。句意：不管他喜不喜欢，我都会告诉他真相。nomatter与疑问词who，what，where，when，how，if，whether等连用，意为“无论，不管”，可引导让步状语从句，A选项nomatterwhetherhelikesitornot符合题意。B选项中whether意思为“（表示迟疑或两个可能性之间的选择）是否”，不符合语境；C选项中nomatter意思为“不要紧”，用法错误；D选项中whether用法错误。因此A选项正确。

14.单选题

Appliedresearch,_______tosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.

问题1选项

A.formulated

B.undertaken

C.attained

D.accomplished

【答案】B

【解析】formulated按配方制造;undertaken从事,保证;attained获得;accomplished完成。句意：采用应用研究来解决实际问题具有直接的吸引力,因为它的结果是可以看到和享受的。选项B符合句意,

15.单选题

Insomecountriespreschooleducationinnurseryschoolsorkindergartens（）the1stgrade.

问题1选项

A.leads

B.forwards

C.precedes

D.advances

【答案】C

【解析】考查近义词辨析。A选项leads“领导；通往；指引”；B选项forwards“向前地；按顺序地；迈向成功；进入显著的位置；向将来；提前”；C选项precedes“领先，在……之前；优于，高于；领先，在前面”；D选项advances“提出；使前进；提前”。句意：在一些国家，幼儿园或幼儿园的学前教育先于一年级。因此C选项正确。

16.单选题

Itisnot（

）muchthelanguageasthebackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.

问题1选项

A.that

B.as

C.so

D.very

【答案】C

【解析】句意:这本书的语言不如背景让其难以理解。

固定搭配。notsoas“不如”。由句中关键词“not”与“as”的对应知这里表示一种否定的同级比较，故C项“so”正确。

17.单选题

Theascenttothemountainis（）butanyonewhomakesittothetopisrewardedbyaspectacularview.

问题1选项

A.helpful

B.assiduous

C.arduous

D.unique

【答案】C

【解析】形容词词义辨析。helpful“有帮助的”；assiduous“刻苦的，勤勉的”；arduous“努力的，费力的”；unique“特别的”。句意：登到山顶是艰苦的，但任何成功登顶的人都会欣赏到壮观的景色。选项C符合题意。

18.单选题

Ourvisualperceptiondependsonthereceptionofenergyreflectingorradiatingfromthatwhichwewishtoperceive.Ifoureyescouldreceiveandmeasureinfinitelydelicatesensedata,wecouldperceivetheworldwithinfiniteprecision.Thenaturallimitsofoureyeshave,ofcourse,beenextendedbymechanicalinstruments;telescopesandmicroscopes,forexample,expandourcapabilitiesgreatly.Thereis,however,anultimatelimitbeyondwhichnoinstrumentcantakeus.Thislimitisimposedbyourinabilitytoreceivesensedatasmallerthanthoseconveyedbyanindividualquantumofenergy.Sincethesequantaarebelievedtobeinvisiblepackagesofenergyandsocannotbefurtherrefined,wereachapointbeyondwhichfurtherresolutionoftheworldisnotpossible.Itislikeadrawingachildmightmakebystickinginvisiblediscsofcolorontoacanvas.

Wemightthinkthatwecouldavoidthislimitationbyusingquantawithextremelylongwavelengths:suchquantawouldbesufficientlysensitivetoconveyextremelydelicatesensedata.Andthesequantawouldbeuseful,aslongasweonlywantedtomeasureenergy,butacompletelyaccurateperceptionoftheworldwilldependalsoontheexactmeasurementofthelengthsandpositionsofwhatwewishtoperceive.Forthis,quantaofextremelylongwavelengthsareuseless.Tomeasurealengthaccuratelytowithinamillionthofaninch,wemusthaveameasuregraduateinmillionthsofaninch;ayardstickgraduatedininchesisuseless.Quantawithawavelengthofoneinchwouldbe,inasense,measuresthataregraduatedininches.Quantaofextremelylongwavelengthsareuselessinmeasuringanythingexceptextremelylargedimensions.

Despitethesedifficulties,quantahaveimportanttheoreticalimplicationsforphysics.Itusedtobesupposedthat,intheobservationofnature,theuniversecouldbedividedintotwodistinctpartsaperceivingsubjectandaperceivedobject.Inphysics,subjectandobjectweresupposedtobeentirelydistinct,sothatadescriptionofanypartoftheuniversewouldbeindependentoftheobserver.Thequantumtheory,however,suggestsotherwise,foreveryobservationinvolvesthepassageofacompletequantumfromtheobjecttothesubject,anditnowappearsthatthispassageconstitutesanimportantcouplingbetweenobserverandobserved.Wecannolongermakeasharpdivisionbetweenthetwoinanefforttoobservenatureobjectively.Suchanattemptatobjectivitywoulddistortthecrucialinterrelationshipofobserverandobservedaspartsofasinglewhole.But,evenforscientists,itisonlyintheworldofatomsthatthisnewdevelopmentmakesanyappreciabledifferenceintheexplanationofobservations.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto________.

2.Accordingtothepassage,quantawithanextremelylongwavelengthcannotbeusedtogivecompleteinformationaboutthephysicalworldbecausethey________.

3.Theauthorusestheanalogyofthechild’sdrawing(Para.1)primarilyinorderto________.

4.Theauthorimpliesthatmakingasharpdivisionbetweensubjectandobjectinphysicsis________.

问题1选项

A.discussaproblemthathinderspreciseperceptionoftheworld

B.pointouttheinadequaciesofacceptedunitsofmeasurement

C.compareandcontrastscientifichypothesesabouthowtheworldshouldbemeasuredandobserved

D.suggestthelimitedfunctionofsensoryobservation

问题2选项

A.existindependentlyofsensedata

B.haveaninsignificantamountofenergy

C.cannot,withpresent-dayinstruments,beisolatedfromquantaofshorterwavelength

D.provideaninsufficientlyprecisemeansofmeasuringlengthandposition

问题3选项

A.illustratetheultimatelimitationintheprecisionofsensedataconveyedbyquanta

B.showthesenseofhelplessnessscientistsfeelinthefaceofsignificantobservationalproblems

C.anticipatetheobjectionsofthosescientistswhobelievethatnoinstrumentalaidtoobservationisentirelyreliable

D.exemplifythesimilaritiesbetweenpackagesofenergyandvarietiesofcolor

问题4选项

A.possibleinameasurementofanobject’slengthandposition,butnotinameasurementofitsenergy

B.nolongeranentirelyaccuratewaytodescribeobservationoftheuniverse

C.stilltheoreticallypossibleinthesmall-scaleworldofatomsandelectrons

D.possibleinthecaseofobservationsinvolvingthepassageofacompletequantum

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto________.本文的主要目的是________。

A.discussaproblemthathinderspreciseperceptionoftheworldA.讨论妨碍准确感知世界的问题

B.pointouttheinadequaciesofacceptedunitsofmeasurementB.指出公认计量单位的不足之处

C.compareandcontrastscientifichypothesesabouthowtheworldshouldbemeasuredandobservedC.比较和对照关于应该如何测量和观察世界的科学假设

D.suggestthelimitedfunctionofsensoryobservationD.表明感官观察功能的有限

【答案】A

【考查点】主旨大意题。

【解题思路】第一段提出视觉感知（visualperception）的极限在我们无法接收比单个量子能量传递的更小的感知数据，第二段提出科学家想到了一个办法使用波长极长的量子（quantawithextremelylongwavelengths）也不能突破这种限制，第三段提出量子对物理学有重要的理论意义（importanttheoreticalimplications），也就是研究视觉感知而得来的启示。综上所述，本文在谈论视觉感知受到阻碍引发的一系列问题，因此A选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“指出公认计量单位的不足之处”：文章没有提到计量单位，属于无中生有；

C选项“比较和对照关于应该如何测量和观察世界的科学假设”和D选项“表明感官观察功能的有限”：只是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全。

第2题:【选项释义】

Accordingtothepassage,quantawithanextremelylongwavelengthcannotbeusedtogivecompleteinformationaboutthephysicalworldbecausethey________.根据本文，波长极长的量子不能用来提供关于物质世界的完整信息，因为它们________。

A.existindependentlyofsensedataA.独立于感官数据而存在

B.haveaninsignificantamountofenergyB.没有足够的能量

C.cannot,withpresent-dayinstruments,beisolatedfromquantaofshorterwavelengthC.用现在的仪器不能与较短波长的量子隔离

D.provideaninsufficientlyprecisemeansofmeasuringlengthandpositionD.提供的测量长度和位置的方法不够精确

【答案】D

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干中信息词completeinformation定位到第二段第二、三句，该处讲到“对世界的完全准确的感知（completelyaccurateperceptionoftheworld）还取决于我们想要感知的东西的长度和位置的精确测量（exactmeasurementofthelengthsandpositions）。因此（Forthis），波长极长的量子是无用的。”，可知其原因是它们不能准确测量长度和位置，因此D选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“独立于感官数据而存在”：文中没有提到波长极长的量子独立于感官数据，属于无中生有；

B选项“没有足够的能量”：文中没有提到波长极长的量子能量不足，属于无中生有；

C选项“用现在的仪器不能与较短波长的量子隔离”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。

第3题:【选项释义】

Theauthorusestheanalogyofthechild’sdrawing(Para.1)primarilyinorderto________.作者用孩子的画作类比（第一段）主要是为了________。

A.illustratetheultimatelimitationintheprecisionofsensedataconveyedbyquantaA.说明由量子传递的感官数据的精确度的极限限制

B.showthesenseofhelplessnessscientistsfeelinthefaceof