考研考博-英语-吉林交通职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-吉林交通职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

It’sharmfultoone'shealthto（

）smokinganddrinking

问题1选项

A.takeon

B.taketo

C.takein

D.takeoff

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。takeon意为“承担，接受”；taketo意为“喜欢，养成……的习惯”；takein意为“吸收，吸入”；takeoff意为“脱掉，起飞”。

句意：吸烟喝酒有害人的身体健康。

2.单选题

Ican’t___whathashappenedtothevegetables,fortheywerefreshlypickedthismorning.

问题1选项

A.figureout

B.drawout

C.lookout

D.workout

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组。A选项figureout“了解，弄清楚”；B选项drawout“拉长”；C选项lookout“留神，小心”；D选项workout“解决出，算出”。句意：我不知道这些蔬菜怎么了，因为它们是今天早上刚摘的。结合句意，A选项正确。

3.单选题

For150yearsscientistshavetriedtodeterminethesolarconstant,theamountofsolarenergythatreachestheEarth.Yet,eveninthemostcloud-freeregionsoftheplanet,thesolarconstantcannotbemeasuredprecisely.Gasmoleculesanddustparticlesintheatmosphereabsorbandscattersunlightandpreventsomewavelengthsofthelightfromeverreachingtheground.

Withtheadventofsatellites,however,scientistshavefinallybeenabletomeasuretheSun’soutputwithoutbeingimpededbytheEarth'satmosphere.SolarMax,asatellitefromtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA),hasbeenmeasuringtheSun'soutputsinceFebruary1980.Althoughamalfunctioninthesatellite’scontrolsystemlimiteditsobservationforafewyears,thesatellitewasrepairedinorbitbyastronautsfromthespaceshuttlein1984.max’sobservationsindicatethatsolarconstantisnotreallyconstantafterall.Thesatellite’sinstrumentshavedetectedfrequent,smallvariationintheSun’senergyoutput,generallyamountingtonomorethan0.05percentoftheSun'smeanenergyoutputandlastingfromafewdaystoafewweeks.ScientistsbelievethesefluctuationscoincidewiththeappearanceanddisappearanceoflargegroupsofsunspotsontheSun’sdisk.SunspotsarerelativelydarkregionsontheSun'ssurfacethathavestrongmagneticfieldsandatemperatureabout2,000degreesFahrenheitcoolerthantherestoftheSun'ssurface.Particularlylargefluctuationsinthesolarconstanthavecoincidedwithsightingsoflargesunspotgroups.In1980,forexample,SolarMax’sinstrumentsregistereda0.3percentdropinthesolarenergyreachingtheEarth.Atthattimeasunspotgroupcoveredabout0.6percentofthesolardisk,anarea20timesthantheEarth'ssurface.

Long-termvariationsinthesolarconstantaremoredifficulttodetermine.AlthoughSolarMax'sdatahaveindicatedaslowandsteadydeclineintheSun'soutput,somescientistshavethoughtthatthesatellite'sagingdetectorsmighthavebecomelesssensitiveovertheyears,thusfalselyindicatingadropinthesolarconstant.Thispossibilitywasdismissed,however,bycomparingSolarMax'sobservationswithdatafromasimilarinstrumentoperatingonNASA’sNimbus7weathersatellitesince1978.

1.Whyisitnotpossibletomeasurethesolarconstantaccuratelywithoutasatellite?

2.WhydidscientiststhinkthatSolarMaxmightbegivingunreliableinformation?

3.Theattempttodescribethesolarconstantcanbestbedescribedas（

）.

4.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?

问题1选项

A.TheEarthistoofarfromtheSun.

B.SomeareasonEarthreceivemoresolarenergythanothers.

C.Thereisnotenoughsunlightduringtheday.

D.TheEarth’satmosphereinterfereswiththesunlight.

问题2选项

A.SolarMaxdidnotworkforthefirstfewyears.

B.ThespaceshuttlecouldnotfixSolarMax'sinstruments.

C.SolarMax'sinstrumentsweregettingold.

D.Nimbus7interferedwithSolarMax’sdetectors.

问题3选项

A.ongoingresearcheffort

B.anissuethathasbeenresolved

C.aquestionthatcanneverbeanswered

D.historicallyinteresting,butirrelevanttocontemporaryconcerns

问题4选项

A.Thelaunchingofaweathersatellite.

B.ThecomponentsoftheEarth'satmosphere.

C.Themeasurementofvariationsinthesolarconstant.

D.Theinteractionofsunlightandairpollution.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。定位到“Gasmoleculesanddustparticlesintheatmosphereabsorbandscattersunlightandpreventsomewavelengthsofthelightfromeverreachingtheground.大气中的气体分子和尘埃粒子吸收和散射阳光，阻止某些波长的光到达地面。”可知D项“地球的大气层干扰阳光。”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由本文的最后一段，“AlthoughSolarMax'sdatahaveindicatedaslowandsteadydeclineintheSun'soutput,somescientistshavethoughtthatthesatellite'sagingdetectorsmighthavebecomelesssensitiveovertheyears,thusfalselyindicatingadropinthesolarconstant.尽管SolarMax的数据显示，太阳的产出在缓慢而稳定地下降，但一些科学家认为，随着时间的推移，卫星上老化的探测器可能变得不那么敏感，从而错误地显示出太阳常数的下降。”卫星探测器由于历经时间较长，对太阳常数的敏感度有所下降。可知C项“SolarMax的探测器变老旧了”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。由文章最后一段第一句“Long-termvariationsinthesolarconstantaremoredifficulttodetermine.太阳常数的长期变化更难确定。”可知对太阳常数测量的尝试被认为是持续的一种研究过程，因此科研人员想要测量太阳常数的努力还需要继续。A项符合题意。

4.主旨大意题。本篇文章作者主要阐述的是在科学家研发出太阳卫星后，可以对太阳常数的恒量测出比较精确的值，但是测量的过程中有其他外界因素的干扰，从而导致测量结果不是那么准确。可知C项“测量太阳常数的变化”正确。

4.单选题

Asmodernsciencemovesfaster,twoforcesare______onprofessor:oneisthetimeneededtokeeponwiththeprofession;theotheristhetimeneededtoteach.

问题1选项

A.exerted

B.expired

C.exiled

D.exempted

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项exerted“外露的”；B选项expired“过期的；失效的”；C选项exiled“被流放的；流亡的”；D选项exempted“被免除的”。句意：随着现代科学的快速发展，有两种力量______教授身上：一是继续从事这一职业所需的时间；另一个是教学所需的时间。根据语境，这里指教授受两个方面的因素的影响，这两个方面同时显现出来，A选项exerted“外露的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

Outof（）revenge,hedidhisworsttoblackenhercharacterandruinherreputation.

问题1选项

A.perfect

B.total

C.sheer

D.integral

【答案】C

【解析】句意:纯粹出于报复，他拼命诋毁她的人品，败坏她的名誉。

考查形容词辨析。perfect完美的，纯熟的；total全部的，整个的；sheer全然的，纯粹的，十足的；integral完整的，整体的。因此C项符合句意。

6.单选题

Theproblemofwherewewillraisethefundsfortheschemehasnotyetbeen（）.

问题1选项

A.accessed

B.addressed

C.dealt

D.expressed

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。access“使用；存取；接近”；address“向……致词；从事；忙于；处理”；deal“处理”；express“表达”。句意：我们应该从何处来募集这个计划的资金这个问题还没有得到处理。deal表示处理后面要接介词with，所以选项B符合题意。

7.写作题

Directions:Chooseoneofthetwotopicstodevelopanessayofabout300words.

1.China’sOpportunitiesandChallengeswiththeComingofGlobalization.

2.SomepeoplebelievethattheEarthisbeingdamagedbyhuman,activity.OthersfeelthathumanactivitymakestheEarthabetterplacetolive.Whatisyouropinion?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.

【答案】略

8.单选题

Doeshehavetherightworkexperienceandskills?（）,canhedothejob?

问题1选项

A.Inanotherway

B.Inotherways

C.Inanotherword

D.Inotherwords

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。inanotherway另一方面；inotherways在其他方面；ininotherwords换句话说。inantherword没有这个搭配。空格前后句子意思相似，故D项正确。句意：他有相关的工作经验和技能吗？换言之，他能做这个工作吗？

9.单选题

IntheChinesehousehold,grandparentsandotherrelativesplay（）rolesin

raisingchildren.

问题1选项

A.incapable

B.indispensable

C.insensible

D.infinite

【答案】B

【解析】句意：在中国家庭里，（外）祖父母和其他亲戚在抚养孩子的过程中充当（）的角色。A选项incapable无能力的；B选项indispensable不可缺少的；绝对必要的；C选项insensible无感觉的；D选项infinite无限的，B选项indispensable符合句意。

10.单选题

Whyshouldanyonebuythelatestvolumeintheever-expandingDictionaryofNational

Biography?Idonotmeanthatitisbad,asthereviewerswillagree.Butitwillcostyou65pounds.Andhaveyougottherestofvolumes?Youneedthebasic22plusthelargelydecennialsupplementstobringthetotalto31.Ofcourse,itwillbeanswered,publicandacademiclibrarieswillwantthenewvolume.Afterall,itadds1068livesofpeoplewhoescapedthenetoftheoriginalcompilers.Yetin10years’timearevisedversionofthewholecaboodle,calledtheNewDictionaryofNationalBiography,willbepublished.Itseditor.ProfessorColinMatthew,tellsmethathewillhaveroomforabout50,0001ives，some13,000morethaninthecurrentDNB.Thisratherputsthe1,068inMissingPersonsintheshade.

WhenDr.NichollswrotetoTheSpectatorin1989askingfornamesofpeoplewhomreadershadlookedupintheDNBandbeendisappointednottofind,shesaysthatshereceivedsome1009000suggestions.(Well,shehadwrittento“otherqualitynewspapers”too.)Assoonashercommitteehadwhittledthenumbersdown,theprofessionalproblemsofaneditorbegan.Contributorsdidn’tfilecopyontime;somewhodidsenttoomuch.50,000wordsinsteadof500isarecord,accordingtoDr.Nicholls.

Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.Criminalsweremayinitialworry.Afterall,theoriginaleditionoftheDNBboasted.Malefactorswhosecrimesexciteapermanentinteresthavereceivedhardlylessattentionthanbenefactors.Mr.JohnGrossclearlyhadsimilaranxieties,forhecomplainsthat,whilethemurdererChristieisin.Crippenisout.OnemightsayinreplythattheinjusticeofthehangingofEvansinsteadofChristies(entryinMissingPersons)notes.ButthenCrippenwasreputedasthefirstmurderertobecaughtbytelegraphy(hehadtriedtoescapebyshiptoAmerica).

ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.TherehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromtheMiddleAges.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.

OfHugoofBuryStEdmunds,a12th-centuryilluminatorwhosedatesofbirthanddeatharenotrecordedhisbiographercomments.“WhetherornotHugewasawall-painter,therecordsofhisactivitiesascarverandmanuscriptpainterattesttohisversatility”.Thentherehadtobemorewomen,too(12percent,againsttheoriginalDBN’s3),suchasRoyStrong’ssubject,theTudorpainterLevinaTeerlinc,ofwhomheremarks,“Hermostcharacteristicfeatureisaheadattachedtoatoosmall,spindlybody.Hertechniqueremainedawkward,thinandoftencursory.”Doesn’tseemtoqualifyherasamemorableartist.YetitmaybebetterthantherecordoftheoriginalDNB,whichincludedlivesofpeoplewhoneverexisted(suchasMerlin)andevenmanagedtogivethankstoJ.W.Clerkeasacontributor.Though,asalatereditionadmitsinashamefacedfootnote,“exceptfortheentryintheListofcontributorsthereisnotraceofJ.W.Clerke”.

1.Thewritersuggeststhatthereisnosenseinbuyingthelatestvolume（

）.

2.OntheissueofwhoshouldbeincludedintheDNB,thewriterseemstosuggestthat（

）.

3.CrippenwasabsentfromtheDNB（

）.

4.Theauthorquotedafewentriesinthelastparagraphto（

）.

5.Throughoutthepassage,thewriter’stonetowardstheDNBwas（

）.

问题1选项

A.becauseitisnotworththeprice

B.becauseithasfewerentriesthanbefore

C.unlessonehasallthevolumesinhiscollection

D.unlessanexpandedDNBwillcomeoutshortly

问题2选项

A.theeditorshadclearrulestofollow

B.thereweretoomanycriminalsintheentries.

C.theeditorsclearlyfavoredbenefactors.

D.theeditorswereirrationalintheirchoices

问题3选项

A.becauseheescapedtotheU.s

B.becausedeathsentencehadbeenabolished

C.forreasonsnotclarified

D.becauseoftheeditor’smistake

问题4选项

A.illustratesomefeaturesoftheDNB

B.giveemphasistohisargument

C.impressthereaderwithitscontent

D.highlightthepeopleintheMiddleAge

问题5选项

A.complimentary

B.supportive

C.sarcastic

D.bitter

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.语义理解题。作者在第一段提到“人们为什么要购买不断增补的《全国名人传记辞典》的最新一卷？我并不是像那些评论家一样认为这本辞典不好。但是，它的价格高达65英镑，而且，你买了其他卷册了吗？你需要22卷基础册，加上每两年出版的增订卷，要买齐整套书就要买31册。”这里的含义是，这本辞典每两年都要出版增补卷，除非你全部都买了，否则购买最新一卷就没有意思。所以C选项‘除非你收藏了所有的书’正确。A“不值得它的售价”也是原因之一，却不是主要原因。B“相比之前的版本，它收录的词条更少。”与文章意思不符。C“除非增订版名人传记缩短出版时间”在文章中没有提及。

2.语义理解题。文章第三段开头提到了“Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.关于选录谁的问题，这是读者提出的问题，并且他们还将提出这样的问题。”，“罪犯的入选让人担心...”，但是Crippen却没有当作值得一提的人物收录其中；第四段，作者提到‘ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.TherehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromtheMiddleAges.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.值得被收入的人选被意外地没有收录，却有很多中世纪生平不详的艺术家和建筑家。‘因此作者想表达的是编辑在选录人选上没有合理的根据，D选项正确。

3.细节判断题。作者在第三段举出Crippen的例子，正是为了说明Crippen应该收录进名人传记，然后却没有。作者自己也没有找出原因。所以C选项符合题意。

4.语义理解题。作者在最后一段提到了辞典中包括的几个生平不详，而且是他认为被莫名其妙地收录辞典的人，用以说明他在第四段提到观点，编辑在收录人选时没有合理的根据。所以B选项符合题意。

5.作者观点题。作者全文都在批评名人传记一书，所以A选项“赞美”，B选项“支持”，D选项“充满仇恨的”排除，选项C“讽刺的”符合题意。

11.翻译题

“失落之城”马丘比丘坐落在秘鲁热带山地森林，直到1911年才被美国探险家海勒姆·宾厄姆发现。马丘比丘海拔2430米，为热带森林所包围。它可能是印加帝国全盛时期最辉煌的城市建筑，那巨大的城墙和梯田好像是在连绵的悬崖绝壁上自然形成的一样。古城矗立在安第斯山脉东边的斜坡上，环绕着亚马孙河上游的盆地。马丘比丘废墟是世界上最美最神秘的古代遗址之一。早在15世纪初期，印加人就在那里建起数百座石建筑，传说和神话表明马丘比丘曾是一个圣地。古城废墟有宫殿、洗浴室、寺庙、贮藏室和大约150间房子，皆保存完好。这些建筑均用山顶的灰色花岗岩雕筑而成，是建筑学和美学的奇迹。

【答案】MachuPicchu,alostcitylocatedinPeru'stropicalmountainforests,wasn'tdiscoveredbyAmericanexplorerHiramBinghamuntil1911.Itstands2,430mabovesea-level,andsurroundedbytropicalforests.ItwasprobablythemostgloriousurbanbuildinginthezenithofIncaEmpire;itsgiantwallsandterracesseemlikebeencutnaturallyinthecontinuousrockcliffs.Theancientcity,ontheeasternslopesoftheAndes,surroundsthebasininupperAmazonRiver.

TheruinsofMachuPicchuareoneofthemostbeautifulandmysteriousancientsitesintheworld.WhiletheIncapeopleerectedhundredsofstonestructurestherefromtheearly1400's,legendsandmythsindicatethatMachuPicchuwasasacredplace.Theruinshavepalaces,baths,temples,storageroomsandsome150houses,allinaremarkablestateofpreservation.Thesestructures,carvedfromthegraygraniteofthemountaintop,arewondersofbotharchitecturalandaestheticgenius.

12.单选题

Hebuiltalargefencebecauseheheardhisneighborwasgoingto（）onhisproperty.

问题1选项

A.apposite

B.execrable

C.utilitarian

D.impinge

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。impingeon“影响；撞击；侵犯”。句意为：因为听说邻居将会侵犯自己的财产，所以他修建了一个大的围栏。根据句意可知D选项正确。

13.单选题

Agoodleadermusthavecharactertraitsthatinspireotherstoaccepthisleadership.Hemustdisplaycourage,intelligence,and（

）.

问题1选项

A.wisdom

B.bravery

C.shrewdness

D.integrity

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。wisdom“智慧”；bravery“勇敢，勇气”；shrewdness“精明，机灵”；integrity“完整，正直”。句意：一个好领导必须有激励他人接受自己领导的特质。他必须表现出自己的勇气，智慧和正直。由courage,intelligence可排除A、B项。C项不符合题意，故D项正确。

14.单选题

Thewordsofhisoldteacherlefta______impressiononhismind.Heisstillinfluencedbythem.

问题1选项

A.lasting

B.liberal

C.long

D.lively

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项lasting“持久的；永恒的”；B选项liberal“开明的；大方的”；C选项long“长时间的”；D选项lively“活跃热情的；充满趣味的”。句意：他以前的老师的话给他留下了______印象。他仍然受到他们的影响。根据语境，很长的时间以后他都受老师言语的影响，lastingimpression为固定短语，A选项lasting“持久的；永恒的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

15.单选题

Practitionersoflawandmedicineareesteemedinmanycountrieswhichseemstoindicatethat（

）dependsonprofessionortitle.

问题1选项

A.prestige

B.superiority

C.privilege

D.merit

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。prestige“声望；声誉”；superiority“优越；优越性”；privilege“特权；优待”；merit“优点；价值”。句意：法律和医生从业者在许多国家都受到尊敬，这似乎说明声望取决于职业和头衔。选项A符合题意。

16.单选题

TheNovember17-daycoalstrike,whichwasterminatedDecember7,broughtaboutageneralbusinessandproductionparalysisatthecloseoftheyear.

问题1选项

A.worsened

B.discontinued

C.denounced

D.hindered

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.worsened变得更糟，恶化B.discontinued停止，终止

C.denounced谴责，指责D.hindered阻碍，妨碍

【答案】B

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】terminated的意思为“（使）停止，结束”，指的是罢工进行了17天后才结束，discontinued与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】去年12月7日结束的17天煤矿罢工，在年底造成了企业和生产的全面瘫痪。

17.单选题

Wheninhisrebelliousyears,thatiswhenhewassixteenoreighteen,FrankAnderson（

）goingaroundwithastrangesetofpeopleandstayingoutverylate.

问题1选项

A.tookto

B.tookon

C.tookup

D.tookin

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项taketo“（尤指短时间接触后）喜欢上，喜爱，养成（做……）的习惯”；B选项takeon“承担，接受，呈现”；C选项takeup“占用，开始从事”；D选项takein“接受，吸收，收留，欺骗”。此句是描写FrankAnderson叛逆期的行为习惯，因此选A。句意：在他叛逆的岁月里，也就是他十六或十八岁的时候，弗兰克•安德森喜欢和一群奇怪的人在一起，而且在外面待得很晚。

18.单选题

Thereisnodoubtthatdishonestor（）acquisitionofinformationisusuallyoverwhelmingevidencethatinformationwasconfidentialandnotpartofthedefendant’sskillandknowledge.

问题1选项

A.blatant

B.surreptitious

C.suspicious

D.conspicuous

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。blatant“喧嚣的，炫耀的”；surreptitious“秘密的”；suspicious“可疑的”；conspicuous“显而易见的”。句意：毫无疑问，不诚实或秘密获取的信息通常是压倒性的证据，表明这种信息是机密的，不属于辩护人员技能和知识的一部分。选项B符合题意。

19.翻译题

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ThehealthprofilesofmanyracialandethnicminoritiesreflectthesocialinequalityevidentintheUnitedStates.(46)ThepooreconomicandenvironmentalconditionsofgroupssuchasAfricanAmericans,Hispanics,andNativeAmericansaremanifestedinhighmorbidityandmortalityratesforthesegroups.Itistruethatsomeafflictions,suchassingle-cellanemiaamongBlacks,haveacleargenericbasis.Butinmostinstances,environmentalfactorscontributetothedifferentialratesofdiseaseanddeath.

Inmanyrespects,themortalityratesforAfricanAmericansaredistressing.ComparedwithWhites,Blackshavehigherdeathratesfromheartdisease,pneumonia,diabetes,andcancer.ThedeathratefromstrokeistwiceashighamongAfricanAmericans.(47)SuchepidemiologicalfindingsreflectinpartthefactthatahighproportionofBlacksarefoundamongthenation’slowerclass.AccordingtotheNationalCenterofHealthStatistics,Whitescanexpecttolive77.7years.Incontrast,lifeexpectancyforBlacksis72.3years(Arias2004).

Asnotedearlier,infantmortalityisregardedasaprimaryindicatorofhealthcare.ThereisasignificantgapintheUnitedStatesbetweentheinfantmortalityratesofAfricanAmericansandWhites.Generally,therateofinfantdeathismorethantwiceashighamongBlacks.AfricanAmericansaccountfor15percentofalllivebirthsinthenationbut29percentofinfantdeaths.PertoRicansandNativeAmericanshavemortalityratesthatarelowerthanAfricanAmericans’buthigherthanWhites’(MacDormanetal.2005).

Themedicalestablishmentisnotexemptfromracism.(48)Unfortunately,themediaoftenfocusonobviousformsofracism,suchashatecrimes,whileoverlookingmoreinsidiousformsinsocialinstitutionslikethemedicalestablishment.Onereviewofmorethan100studiesconductedoverthelastdecadeconcludedthatminoritiesreceiveinferiorcareevenwhentheyareinsured.(49)Despitehavingaccesstocare,Blacks,Latinos,andAmericanIndiansaretreatedunequallyasaresultofracialprejudiceanddifferencesintheequalityofvarioushealthcareplans.Furthermore,nationalclinicalstudieshaveshownthatevenallowingfordifferencesinincomeandinsurancecoverage,racialandethnicminoritiesarelesslikelythanothergroupstoreceivebothstandardhealthcareandlife-savingtreatmentforconditionssuchasHIVinfection(CaesarandWilliams2002;Smedleyetal.2002;Steyerbergetal.2005).

Drawingontheconflictperspective,sociologistHowardWaitzkin(1986)suggeststhatracialtensionsalsocontributetothemedicalproblemsofBlacks.Inhisview,thestressthatresultsfromracialprejudiceanddiscriminationhelpstoexplainthehigherratesofhypertensionfoundamongAfricanAmericans(andHispanics)comparedtoWhites.(50)Hypertension—twiceascommoninBlacksasinWhites—isbelievedtobeacriticalfactorinBlacks’highmortalityratesfromheartdisease,kidneydisease,andstroke(MorehouseMedicalTreatmentandEffectivenessCenter1999).

SomeMexicanAmericansandmanyotherLatinosadheretoculturalbeliefsthatmakethemlesslikelytousetheestablishedmedicalsystem.TheymayinterprettheirillnessaccordingtotraditionalLatinofolkmedicine,orcuranderismo—aformofholistichealthcareandhealing.

【答案】【参考译文】

46.非洲裔、西班牙裔和美洲土著等群体的经济和环境条件恶劣表现在这些群体有很高的发病率和死亡率。

47.这样的流行病学调查结果在一定程度上反映了这样一个事实，即在美国的底层人群中，黑人比例较高。

48.不幸的是，媒体往往关注的是明显的种族主义形式，如仇恨犯罪，而忽视了社会机构中存在的更隐蔽的形式，如医疗机构。

49.尽管有医疗保障，黑人、拉丁裔和美洲印第安人在不同的医疗保险计划的平等程度上受到种族歧视和差异的影响。

50.黑人的高血压发病率是白人的两倍，这被认为是黑人患心脏病、肾病和中风高死亡率的关键因素。

20.单选题

InEngland,alongastretchofthenortheastcoastwhichgentlycurvesfromNorthumberlandtotheestuaryoftheriverTees,therewasaspot,typicalofmanyonthatcoast,whereseacoalwascollectedrichlyandeffortlessly.Thiscoalwasacoarsepowder,cleanandbrilliant.Itseemedtobearlittleresemblancetothelarge,filthylumpsputontothefire.Althoughitwascoal,itwasperfectlycleananditwassilentlydepositedathightideinaglitteringcarpetakilometerlongforthelocalcommunitytogatherup.

Thegearneededforsea-coalingexpeditionswasacuriousandtraditionallyprovenassortmentwhichnevervariedfromcommunitytocommunityalongtheentirenortheastcoastline.Sackswereessentialtoputthecoalin,andstringtotietheneckofeachsackwhenitisfull.Awoodenrakewasusedtoscrapethecoalfromthebeach.Theonlyalternativetotherakewasaflatpieceofboardheldinthehand.Aflat,boardshoveltolifttherakedcoalintothebags,completedtheportablehardware.

Butthemostcrucialitemofequipmentwasabicycle,aspecialkindofrustystriped-downmodelwhichwasthesymbolofthesea-coalingcraft.Alady’sbikewasnogoodbecauseitlackedacrossbar,andthatwasanessentialelementintransportingseacoal.Onefullsackcouldbeslungthroughthetriangularframeofaman’sbike,anotheroverthecrossbarand,sometimes,evenathirdontopofthat.Thebeautyofthemetalbaragainstthefull,wetsacksforcedexcesswateroutofthecoalwhileitwasbeingwheeledhome.Onagoodday,thepathtothebeachwasgenerallyadoublesnail-trackofwaterthathadbeenforcedfromeachendofatrailofcoalsacks.

1.Itcanbeinferredthatbetweenthetwotypesofcoal,seacoal（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,certainequipmentwasusedbecause（）.

3.Tocarrythreesacksofcoalonabicycle,itwasnecessaryto.

4.Byusingthebicycle,（）.

问题1选项

A.couldburnbetter

B.mightbecheaper

C.wasmorefinely-grained

D.cameinbigpieces

问题2选项

A.ithadprovedtobepractical

B.itcouldbemadebycommunities

C.peopletherewereverytraditional

D.thecommunitieshadcurioushabits

问题3选项

A.putoneofthemonthesaddle

B.balancethemallonthecrossbar

C.removetheexcessliquid

D.balancetwoonthecrossbar

问题4选项

A.coalcouldbemovedeasilyoverthesand

B.thecollectorscouldsellmorecoal

C.excessliquidcouldberemoved

D.thecollectorscouldridehome

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

【解析】1.根据第一段二三句“Thiscoalwasacoarsepowder,cleanandbrilliant.Itseemedtobearlittleresemblancetothelarge,filthylumpsputontothefire.”海运煤是一种粗糙的粉末,干净又有光泽。它似乎与放在火上的又大又脏的块状物体没有什么相似之处。由此可知,选项C符合原文。

2.根据第二段的第一句“Thegearneededforsea-coalingexpeditionswasacuriousandtraditionallyprovenmixturewhichnevervariedfromcommunitytocommunityalongtheentirenorth-eastcoastline.”可知选项B明显错误;人们用这些设备的原因并不是因为他们很传统或者有奇怪的习惯,而是因为这些设备很实用。所以选项A正确。

3.根据第三段的第三句“Onefullsackcouldbeslungthroughthetriangularformatofaman’sbike,anotheroverthecrossbarand,sometimes,evenathirdontopofthat.”一个装满了的袋子可以挂在男式自行车的三角形支架上,另一个袋子可以挂在横梁上,有时甚至可以在上面放上第三个袋子。由此推断,要想放三个袋子,需要保持其他两个袋子的平衡。选项D正确。

4.根据第三段倒数第二句“Thebeautyofthemetalbaragainstthefull,wetsacksforcedexcesswateroutofthecoalwhileitwasbeingwheeledhome.”在（用自行车）运回海运煤的过程中,那根漂亮的金属杆上放着装得很满的湿袋子,将多余的水份从海运煤中挤了出来。选项C符合原文。

21.单选题

Manygreatinventionsareinitiallygreetedwithridiculeanddisbelief.Theinventionoftheairplanewasnoexception.AlthoughmanypeoplewhoheardaboutthefirstpoweredflightonDecember17,1903wereexcitedandimpressed,othersreactedwithpealsoflaughter.Theideaofflyinganaircraftwasrepulsivetosomepeople.SuchpeoplecalledWilburandOrvilleWright,theinventorsofthefirstflyingmachine,impulsivefools.Negativereactions,however,didnotstoptheWrights.Impelledbytheirdesiretosucceed,theycontinuedtheirexperimentsinaviation.

OrvilleandWilburWrighthadalwayshadacompellinginterestinaeronauticsandmechanics.Asyoungboystheyearnedmoneybymakingandsellingkitesandmechanicaltoys.Later,theydesignedanewspaper-foldingmachine,builtaprintingpress,andoperatedabicycle-repairshop.In1896,whentheyreadaboutthedeathofOttoLilienthal,thebrothers’interestinflightgrewintoacompulsion.

Lilienthal,apioneerinhang-gliding,hadcontrolledhisglidersbyshiftinghisbodyinthedesireddirection.ThisideawasrepellenttotheWrightbrothers,however,andtheysearchedformoreefficientmethodstocontrolthebalanceofairbornevehicles.In1990and1901,theWrightstestednumerousglidersanddevelopedcontroltechniques.Thebrothers’inabilitytoobtainenoughliftpowerfortheglidersalmostledthemtoabandontheirefforts.

Afterfurtherstudy,theWrightbrothersconcludedthatthepublishedtablesofairpressureoncurvedsurfacesmustbewrong.Theysetupawindtunnelandbeganaseriesofexperimentswithmodelwings.Becauseoftheirefforts,theoldtableswererepealedintimeandreplacedbythefirstreliablefiguresforairpressureoncurvedsurfaces.Thiswork,inturn,madeitpossibleforthebrotherstodesignamachinethatwouldfly.In1903theWrightsbuilttheirfirstairplane,whichcostlessthan$1,000.

Theyevendesignedandbuilttheirownsourceofpropulsion―alightweightgasolineengine.WhentheystartedtheengineonDecember17,theairplanepulsatedwildlybeforetakingoff.Theplanemanagedtostayaloftfor12seconds,however,anditflew120feet.

By1905,theWrightshadperfectedthefirstairplanethatcouldturn,circle,andremainairborneforhalfanhouratatime.Othershadflowninballoonsandhanggliders,buttheWrightbrotherswerethefirsttobuildafull-sizemachinethatcouldflyunderitsownpower.Asthecontributorsofoneofthemostoutstandingengineeringachievementsinhistory,theWrightbrothersareaccuratelycalledthefathersofaviation.

1.Theideaofflyinganaircraftwas（

）tosomepeople.

2.SomepeoplethoughtthattheWrightbrothershad（

）.

3.TheWrights’interestinflightgrewintoa（

）.

4.Lilienthal’sideaaboutcontrollingairbornevehicleswas

（

）

theWrights.

5.Theoldtableswere（

）andreplacedbythefirstreliablefiguresforairpressureoncurvedsurfaces.

问题1选项

A.boring

B.distasteful

C.exciting

D.needless

E.answernotavailable

问题2选项

A.actedwithoutthinking

B.beennegativelyinfluenced

C.beentoocautious

D.beenmistaken

E.actedinanegativeway

问题3选项

A.financialempire

B.plan

C.needtoact

D.foolishthought

E.answernotavailable

问题4选项

A.provenwrongby

B.oppositetotheideasof

C.dislikedby

D.acceptedby

E.improvedby

问题5选项

A