考研考博-英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Mr.ObamaisthefirstpresidentsinceRichardM.Nixontobe______andelectedwhilelivinginacityneighborhood.

问题1选项

A.appointed

B.nominated

C.represented

D.positioned

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项appointed“任命；约定；命令；受权处置的”；B选项nominated“提名……为候选人；任命的”；C选项represented“代表；表现；描写”；D选项positioned“放置；确定……的位置”。句意：奥巴马是自理查德•M•尼克松（RichardM.Nixon）以来，第一位居住在城市社区并被提名和选举的总统。根据句意，C项以及D项都可排除，A项appointed的意思是“任命；委任”，指不经过选择的官方委任，也可排除。B选项nominated通常指为某一公职的候选人，因此B选项正确。

2.单选题

Weneedachairman（

）

.

问题1选项

A.forwhomeveryonehasconfidence

B.inwhomeveryonehasconfidence

C.whoeveryonehasconfidenceof

D.whomeveryonehasconfidenceon

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查语法结构。本题考查的是定语从句的运用。haveconfidenceinsb/sth对某人或某事有信心。根据句子意思排除选项A、C和D。另外，空格部分填入的定语从句中，关系代词是充当从句的宾语，所以用whom，句意为：我们需要一个人人都对他有信心的主席。所以选项B是正确答案。

3.单选题

Heatisnothingmorethantheenergyofatomsinmotion;so,ifyoucanslowdownatoms,youarecoolingthem（

）.

问题1选项

A.ineffect

B.nextto

C.atrandom

D.inhand

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项ineffect“实际上；生效”；B选项nextto“几乎，差不多；紧挨着”；C选项atrandom“胡乱地；随便地；任意地”；D选项inhand“在手头；在进行中；在控制中”。句意：热只不过是原子运动的能量；所以，如果你能使原子慢下来，你······是在给它们降温。由句意判断可知，此处“实际上你是在给它们降温”与前半句“热只不过是原子运动的能量”逻辑通顺。因此A选项正确。

4.翻译题

Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Thereisnomoredifference,butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinaryperson.,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygradedweights.Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceinother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.

【答案】科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动的必要方式的表达；它只是对所有现象进行推理并给予精确和准确解释的方式。科研人员与普通人在思考方面的差别与下面的差别类似：如面包师或屠夫用普通的秤来秤量商品，而化学家用精密的天平和砝码来进行复杂的分析。关键不是使用的秤和天平在构造原理和工作方式上有什么差别，而是后者是一个更精密的仪器，当然测量结果就更准确。

5.单选题

Amtrak（美国铁路客运公司）wasexperiencingadownswinginridership（客运量）alongthelinescomprisingitsrailsystem.OfmajorconcerntoAmtrakanditsadvertisingagencyDDBNeedham,werethelong-distancewesternrouteswhereridershiphadbeendecliningsignificantly.Atonetime,trainsweretheonlypracticalwaytocrossthevastareasofthewest.Trainswerefast,veryluxurious,andquiteconvenientcomparedtootherformsoftransportationexistingatthetime.However,timeschangeandtheautomobilebecameAmerica'sstandardofconvenience.Also,airtravelhadeasilyestablisheditselfasthefastestmethodoftravelinggreatdistances.Therefore,thetaskforDDBNeedhamwastoencourageconsumerstoconsiderotheraspectsoftraintravelinordertochangetheirattitudesandincreasethelikelihoodthattrainswouldbeconsideredfortravelinthewest.

Twoportionsofthetotalmarketweretargeted:1）anxiousfliers—thoseconcernedwithsafety,relaxation,andcleanlinessand2）travel-lovers—thoseviewingthemselvesasrelaxed,casual,andinterestedinthetravelexperienceaspartoftheirvacation.Theagencythendevelopedacampaignthatfocusedontravelexperiencessuchasfreedom,escape,relaxation,andenjoymentofthegreatwesternoutdoors.Itstressedexperiencesgainedbyusingthetrainsandportrayedwesterntraintripsaswonderfuladventures.

Advertisementsshowedpicturesofthebeautifulscenerythatcouldbeenjoyedalongsomeofthemorefamouswesternroutesandemphasizedtheromanticnamesofsomeofthesetrains(EmpireBuilder,etc.)Theseadswerestrategicallyplacedamongfamily-orientedTVshowsandprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericainordertomosteffectivelyreachtargetaudiences.Resultswereimpressive.TheEmpireBuilder,whichwasfocusedoninonead,enjoyeda15percentincreaseinprofitsonitsChicagotoSeattleroute.

1.What'stheauthorspurposeinwritingthispassage?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthedropinAmtrakridershipwasduetothefactthat（）.

3.Toencourageconsumerstotravelbytrain,DDBNeedhamemphasized（）.

4.Thetrainadswereplacedamongfamily-orientedTVprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericabecause（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,theEmpireBuilderenjoyedanincreaseinridershipandprofits

because（）.

问题1选项

A.Toshowtheinabilityoftrainstocompetewithplaneswithrespecttospeedandconvenience

B.TostresstheinfluenceoftheautomobileonAmerica'sstandardofconvenience

C.Toemphasizethefunctionoftravelagenciesinmarketpromotion

D.Toillustratetheimportantroleofpersuasivecommunicationinchangingconsumerattitudes

问题2选项

A.trainswerenotsuitableforshortdistancepassengertransportation

B.trainswerenotthefastestandmostconvenientformoftransportation

C.trainswerenotasfastandconvenientastheyusedtobe

D.trainscouldnotcompetewithplanesintermsofluxuryandconvenience

问题3选项

A.thefreedomandconvenienceprovidedontrains

B.thepracticalaspectsoftraintravel

C.theadventurousaspectsoftraintrips

D.thesafetyandcleanlinessoftraintrips

问题4选项

A.theycouldfocusonmeaningfultravelexperiences

B.theycouldincreasetheeffectivenessoftheTVprograms

C.theirprofitscouldbeincreasedbysome15percent

D.mosttravel-loversandnervousflierswerebelievedtobeamongtheaudiences

问题5选项

A.theattractivenessofitsnameandroutewaseffectivelyadvertised

B.itprovidedanexcitingtravelexperience

C.itspassengerscouldenjoythegreatwesternoutdoors

D.itwaswidelyadvertisedinnewspapersandmagazinesinChicagoandSeattle

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:1.作者意图题。本文主要讲述了美国铁路客运公司为应对飞机和汽车的竞争所采取的应对策略，Amtrak将焦急的飞行者和旅游爱好者视为目标群体，然后对其进行广告的投放，最终取得一定效果。故作者的意图是强调广告的劝说性功能在改变消费者态度方面的作用。故D项正确。

2.推理判断题。由第一段“However,timeschangeandtheautomobilebecameAmerica'sstandardofconvenience.Also,airtravelhadeasilyestablisheditselfasthefastestmethodoftravelinggreatdistances.然而，时代变了，汽车成为了美国方便的标准。而且，航空旅行很容易就成为长途旅行最快的方法。”可知美国铁路客运量下降主要是由于汽车和飞机的出现，火车不再是最快且最方便的交通方式。故B项正确。

3.细节事实题。由第二段“Itstressedexperiencesgainedbyusingthetrainsandportrayedwesterntraintripsaswonderfuladventures.它强调了乘坐火车所获得的体验，并将西方火车旅行描述为美妙的冒险。”可知DDBNeedham强调火车旅行的冒险性。故C项正确。

4.细节事实题。由最后一段“Theseadswerestrategicallyplacedamongfamily-orientedTVshowsandprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericainordertomosteffectivelyreachtargetaudiences.这些广告被战略性地放置在以家庭为导向的涉及自然和美国的电视节目中，以便最有效地触及目标观众。”可知这些广告投放主要是为了能让目标观众看到，而前面已经提及目标观众是travel-lovers和fliers。故D项正确。

5.推理判断题。由最后一段“Advertisementsshowedpicturesofthebeautifulscenerythatcouldbeenjoyedalongsomeofthemorefamouswesternroutesandemphasizedtheromanticnamesofsomeofthesetrains(EmpireBuilder,etc.)广告展示了一些更著名的西部路线沿线可以欣赏的美丽风景的图片，并强调了这些火车的浪漫名字（帝国建造者等）。”可知帝国建造者号列车的客流量上升是源于列车的名字和广告中宣称的路线和风景。故A项正确。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

第5题:

6.单选题

Islifetodaymoredangerousthanitusedtobe?Itcertainlyseemsthatway.Withtheradiationemittedbyourhouses,thearsenic(砷)inthewaterandthetoxicrayscomingoutofcellphones,itisn’treallysafetosleep,drinkortalk.

LastweektheentireMetrosysteminWashingtonhadtoclosedownbecausesomeonemightbeblownontothetracksduringahurricane.ThisweekchildreninWashingtonwerenotallowedtogotoschoolforawholedaybecausestreetswereblockedbyfallentreesandpowerlines,andtrafficlightsatsomeintersectionsweren’tworking.Apreviousgenerationmighthavewalkedaroundthefallentreesandlookedbothwaysbeforecrossingthestreet,butthechildrenofthisgenerationclearlyliveinamuchmoredangerousworld,andweneedtoprotectthem.

AfterSept.11,2001,thousandsofpeoplesworeoffairplanesandbegandrivingcars.Infact,theoddsofbeingkilledinaterroristincidentin2002wereonein9million.Inthatsameyear,theoddsofdyinginatrafficaccidentwereaboutonein7,000.

Bytakingtheprecautionofnotflying,manypeopledied.

Therearesomeclearpsychologicalexplanationsforsomeofthis.It’safactthatpeoplefearman-madedisasters(terrorism)farmorethantheyfearnaturaldisasters(hurricanes),andtheyaremoreafraidofthingstheydonotcontrol,whichiswhydrivingacardoesfeelsaferthanflyinginanairplane.Also,althoughIhavenoproof,I’llhazardaguessthatpeoplearedisproportionatelyfrightenedbythingstheyreadaboutinthenewspaper.Bycontrast,theyaredisproportionatelywillingtodiscounttheevidenceoftheirownexperience.Ifyoulookaroundyourneighborhood,you’llnoticethatthewaterisclean—whichitwouldn’tnecessarilyhavebeen100yearsago—andthatthefoodisn’trottenorstale.

LifeisfarsaferfortheaverageAmericanthaniteverhastojustaboutanybodyatanyothertimeinhumanhistory—andmaybethatexplainstheludicrousprecautionsthatcityofficialsandfederalbureaucratsandeveryoneelsefeelsobligatedtotakenowadaystosatisfythepublic’sdemands.Nowthatwe’veeliminatedmostofthethingsthatthehumanraceoncefeared,we’vejustinventednewonestoreplacethem.

1.ChildrenarenotallowedtogotoschoolforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT______.

2.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatthepreviousgeneration______.

3.Whichistheacceptedpsychologicalexplanationforpeople’sfearasmentionedinthepassage?

4.Itisindicatedinthepassagethatinthepast______.

5．Theauthorbelievesthat______.

问题1选项

A.fallentrees

B.fallenpowerlines

C.acominghurricane

D.brokentrafficlights

问题2选项

A.knewbetterhowtoavoiddanger

B.waslessfussyaboutdangers

C.livedinamoredangerousworld

D.wasbetteratprotectingthemselves

问题3选项

A.Peoplearemoreafraidofthingstheydonotknowthanthingstheyarefamiliarwith.

B.Peoplearemoreafraidofdangersreportedinnewspapersthanthosetheyexperience.

C.Peoplearemoreafraidofflyinginanairplanethanridingatrain.

D.Peoplearemoreafraidofterroristdisastersthannaturaldisasters.

问题4选项

A.lifewasmoreenjoyable

B.waterwaslesscleanandfresh

C.foodswereofbettertasteandquality

D.streetsweresaferforchildrentocross

问题5选项

A.peopleareoverreactingtodangersnowadays

B.peoplehavegoodreasontofearthedangerstoday

C.lifeisfullofdangers,especiallyafterthe9.11attacks

D.childrenshouldbebetterprotectedagainstdangers

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.客观细节题。A选项“倒下的树木”，B选项“掉落的电线”，由原文becausestreetswereblockedbyfallentrees（因为街道被倒下的树木和电线堵塞了）可知，A,B选项是华盛顿的孩子们不能去上学的原因，排除A,B。D选项“交通灯坏了”，由原文andtrafficlightsatsomeintersectionsweren’tworking.（一些十字路口的交通灯也不能工作。）可知，D选项是华盛顿的孩子们不能去上学的原因，排除D。C选项“即将到来的飓风”，由原文可知，飓风已经发生了，所以本题选C。

2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Apreviousgenerationmighthavewalkedaroundthefallentreesandlookedbothwaysbeforecrossingthestreet,butthechildrenofthisgenerationclearlyliveinamuchmoredangerousworld,andweneedtoprotectthem.（上一代可能会在过马路前绕着倒下的树走，左右张望，但这一代的孩子显然生活在一个更加危险的世界里，我们需要保护他们。），说明上一代人更懂得如何在面对危险时保护自己。因此D选项“在保护自己方面做得更好”正确。A选项“更知道如何避免危险”，B选项“对危险不那么挑剔”在文中没有提及，所以A,B错误。C选项“生活在一个更危险的世界里”，由原文可知，是这一代的孩子生活在更危险的世界里，所以C错误。

3.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第五段第一、二句Therearesomeclearpsychologicalexplanationsforsomeofthis…andtheyaremoreafraidofthingstheydonotcontrol（对此有一些明确的心理学解释……人们更害怕自己无法控制的东西），说明对恐惧的公认心理学解释是人们更害怕未知的无法控制的东西。因此A选项“人们更害怕他们不知道的东西，而不是他们熟悉的东西。”正确。B选项“人们更害怕报纸上报道的危险，而不是他们所经历的。”，C选项“比起坐火车，人们更害怕坐飞机。”，D选项“比起自然灾害，人们更害怕恐怖主意灾难。”都是具体的事例，而不是心理学解释，所以B,C,D错误。

4.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章倒数第二段最后一句Ifyoulookaroundyourneighborhood,you’llnoticethatthewaterisclean—whichitwouldn’tnecessarilyhavebeen100yearsago—andthatthefoodisn’trottenorstale.（如果环顾你的社区，你会注意到水是干净的——这在100年前不一定是干净的，而且食物也没有腐烂或变质。），说明过去的水质没有现在的好。因此B选项“水没有那么干净”正确。A选项“生活更令人愉快”，C选项“食物的味道和质量都更好”和原文的意思相反，所以A,C错误。D选项“对孩子来说街道更安全”，由原文LifeisfarsaferfortheaverageAmericanthaniteverhastojustaboutanybodyatanyothertimeinhumanhistory（普通美国人的生活比人类历史上任何时候的任何人都要安全得多），现在的生活比过去更安全，所以D错误。

5.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段第一句maybethatexplainstheludicrousprecautionsthatcityofficialsandfederalbureaucratsandeveryoneelsefeelsobligatedtotakenowadaystosatisfythepublic’sdemands.（也许这就解释了为什么城市官员、联邦官员和其他所有人都觉得有义务采取可笑的预防措施来满足公众的需求。），说明作者认为这些预防措施是可笑的，也就是说人们面对危险的反应过激了。因此A选项“现在的人对危险反应过激了”正确。B选项“人们有充分的理由害怕今天的危险”，C选项“生活中充满了危险，特别是在9.11事件之后”，由原文Nowthatwe’veeliminatedmostofthethingsthatthehumanraceoncefeared,we’vejustinventednewonestoreplacethem.（现在我们已经消除了大多数人曾经害怕的东西，我们只是发明了新的东西来取代它们。）可知，现在的生活中没有那么多危险，所以B,C错误。D选项“儿童应该得到更好的保护，以避免危险的发生”不符合题意，所以D错误。

7.填空题

NextmonththereisanimportantscientificconferenceinBerlinthatIhaveagreedto（1）.I’mscheduledtoleaveBeijingonthe12thand（2）onthe18th.I’vebeenaskedtogivea20-（3）presentationexplainingourcurrentresearch.Ilook（4）tothisconference,（5）willgivemean（6）tomeetotherresearchersinmyfield.TheonlythingthatI’m（7）aboutismyspokenEnglish,especiallywhenIgivethepresentation.I’ve（8）acoachwhoisnowhelpingmeto（9）mypronunciationanddelivery.

【答案】1.attend

2.back

3.minute

4.forward

5.which

6.opportunity

7.worried

8.hired

9.improve

【解析】1.固定搭配。attendaconference参加会议。

2.语义题。根据前文中的leaveBeijingonthe12th可知“onthe18th”表示“18日返回”。

3.语义题。a20-minutepresentation20分钟的演讲。

4.固定搭配。lookforwardto期盼,期待。

5.语法题。考查定语从句关系词。此处为一个非限制性定语从句，故填入的引导词为which。

6.语义题。Givemeanopportunity给我提供机会。

7.固定搭配。beworriedabout为…担心。

8.语义题。宾语acoach“教练”可以推断出谓语动词可以用hire(聘请)，由于是现在完成时，故需要用hired。

9.语义题。improve表示“提高发音和表达”。

8.单选题

Hismemoryseemsto（

）withage.Therearealotofthingshecouldn'trememberclearly.

问题1选项

A.lessen

B.diminish

C.decrease

D.reduce

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。四个选项都可以表示“减少”。lessen指数目、程度、价值、实力等的减少；diminish指某事物对照原本基础上数量或质量少了很多；decrease指各种事物逐渐减少、逐渐衰弱的过程；reduce指缩小事物的范围、强度、数量等，也可指级别、地位或经济条件的降低。此处表示他的记忆力随着年龄的增长而减弱，记忆力变得比原来差，因此选B。

句意：他的记忆力似乎随着年龄的增长而减弱，有很多事情他记不清了。

9.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish

电子邮件对我们职业生涯和个人生活的影响非同一般。相隔千里的人们可以在短短的几秒钟之内发送并接受详尽的文件资料。这就使得人们能够以一种前所未有的方式齐心协力，共同承担大量的工程项目。通过电子邮件与国外的人通信、交换文件已成为司空见惯的事情。唯一的障碍是时区的不同。

【答案】Theeffectofe-mailonourcareerandpersonallifeisextraordinary.Peoplethousandsofmileswayawayfromeachcansendandreceivedetaileddocumentswithinjustafewseconds.Thisallowpeopletoworktogetherandjointlyundertakeagreatdealofprojectsinanunprecedentedway.Ithasbecomeacommonpracticetocommunicateandexchangefileswithpeopleoverseasbye-mail.Theonlyobstacleisthedifferenceintimezones.

10.单选题

Bladderwrack,atough,leatherybrownseaweed,clingstorockstenaciously.

问题1选项

A.growsunder

B.hidesunder

C.sticksto

D.yieldsto

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A项growunder“在……下成长”，B项hideunder“在……掩盖之下”，C项stickto“坚持，粘住”，D项yieldto“屈服，让步”。句意：一种坚韧的棕色海藻，顽强地附着在岩石上。clingsto在句中表示“附着”。因此，该题选择C项。

11.单选题

Lyinghereinthesunisaverypleasantwayto（）theafternoon.

问题1选项

A.giveaway

B.passaway

C.whileaway

D.fadeaway

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项giveaway“分发”；B选项passaway“去世”；C选项whileaway“消磨”；D选项fadeaway“减弱”。句意：躺在这里晒太阳是一种令人愉快的消磨下午时间的方式。本句表示消磨时间。因此C选项正确。

12.单选题

Theirproductsarefrequentlyoverpricedand（）inquality.

问题1选项

A.influential

B.inferior

C.superior

D.subordinate

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项influential“有影响的；有势力的”；B选项inferior“差的；自卑的；下级的”；C选项superior“上级的；优秀的，出众的”；D选项subordinate“从属的，隶属的；次要的”。句意：他们的产品时常定价过高且质量很差。并列连词and连接“定价过高的”和空格，因此空格处填入B项合适。

13.单选题

Ihopethatwecanagreetotakeanunifiedapproachtodealingwiththeoppositiontoourprojectproposal.Weneedtocoordinateourefforts.

问题1选项

A.hopethatwecanagree

B.takeanunified

C.todealing

D.efforts

E.没有错误

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。B项去掉冠词an。takeunifiedapproach采取一致的手段。

14.单选题

Morethan85percentofFrenchCanada'spopulationspeaksFrenchasamothertongueand（

）totheRomanCatholicfaith.

问题1选项

A.caters

B.adheres

C.ascribes

D.subscribes

【答案】B

【解析】考察动词词义辨析。cater“迎合；提供饮食及服务”；adhere“追随，坚持，粘附”；ascribe“把...归因于”;subscribes“订阅，签署”。句意：85%以上的法裔加拿大人把法语作为自己的母语，并且信仰天主教。选项B符合题意。

15.单选题

Manyproducts,includingprescriptiondrugs,areregulatedbythefederalgovernment.However,thestateshavelawsthatallowinjuredconsumerstosueamanufacturer.

问题1选项

A.complain

B.charge

C.execute

D.punish

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.complain埋怨，发牢骚B.charge控告，起诉

C.execute（尤指依法）处决；实行，执行D.punish对……判罪

【答案】B

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】sue的意思为“控告，提起诉讼”，这里指各州的法律允许消费者起诉制造商，charge的词义与之相近，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】许多产品，包括处方药，都由联邦政府监管。然而，各州的法律允许权益受到侵害的消费者起诉制造商。

16.不定项选择题

TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfined,ofcourse,tothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselves,dominatedbythemastermen,hadgrownselfishandexclusive.

Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besides,theyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreover,newindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvances,suchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofawinemethodofmakingbrass,whichaskedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince.

ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystem,developedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontract,thesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproduction,theorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworker,eachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinners,thentotheweavers,fillers,anddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinished,itwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring.

1.Accordingtothearticle,whatchangesdidtheCommercialRevolutionbringabout?

2.Theword“defunct”inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans（）.

3.Accordingtothearticle,inwhichareawasitmoreenergy-effective?

4.Theauthorimpliesthat（）.

5.Accordingtothearticle,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

问题1选项

A.Methodsofproduction.

B.Appearanceofcraftguilds.

C.Increasedtradevolume.

D.Growthoftrade,bankingandmethodsofproduction.

问题2选项

A.popular

B.obsolete

C.potential

D.extensive

问题3选项

A.Smeltingindustry

B.Miningindustry

C.Banking

D.Weaving

问题4选项

A.theguildsystemwasmoreefficient

B.thedomesticsystemwascapitalistic

C.thetechnicaladvancestimulatedtheguildsystem

D.thedomesticsystemwasnotasefficientastheguildsystem

问题5选项

A.Technicaladvancesstimulatedthedevelopmentofenterprises.

B.Inthewoolenindustry,weaverswouldpassontheirproductstospinners.

C.Thedomesticsystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.

D.Theword“clothier”issynonymousto“entrepreneur”inthiscontext.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。根据文章内容，商业革命带来了哪些变化？选项A“生产方式”；选项B“手工业工会的出现”；选项C“贸易量的增加”；选项D“贸易，银行和生产方式的进步”，根据第一段第一句的内容“TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfined,ofcourse,tothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.当然，商业革命没有限制贸易和银行业的发展。它还带来了生产方式的根本性变化”，所以商业革命的影响包括两方面的内容，选项A和选项B表达的都正确，但是只是一部分的影响，不全面，所以可以排除；选项C错误；故正确答案为选项D。

第2题:词义辨析题。第一段中“defunct”这个单词大概的意思是，popular“流行的”；obsolete“废弃的，已经过时的”；potential“潜在的；有潜力的”；extensive“广泛的”，我们可以根据下文来猜测这个单词的含义，根据第一段最后一句话“Theguildsthemselves,dominatedbythemastermen,hadgrownselfishandexclusive.工会本身被精通技术的人主导，变得自私和排他”，这句话是对“defunct”所在句“ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct”中世纪晚期，由手工工会发展而来的制造业迅速地变得“defunct”的进一步解释说明，所以由selfish和exclusive可知defunct的意思应该是obsolete，故正确答案为选项B。

第3题:推理判断题。根据文章内容，哪个地方的能源利用最高效？选项A“冶炼行业”；选项B“煤矿业”；选项C“银行业”；选项D“纺织业”；根据文章第二段中“suchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofawinemethodofmakingbrass,whichaskedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.如转轮的发明和葡萄酒生产铜的方法，它们只需要以前大约一半的燃料使用”，可知由于技术的改进，在冶炼行业能源的使用变得十分的高效,故正确答案为选项A。

第4题:细节事实题。作者暗示什么，选项A“工会制度更加高效”；选项B“家庭手工制是资本主义”；选项C“技术进步刺激了工会制度”；选项D“家庭手工制不如工会制度那么有效率”，根据文章第三段中“Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproduction,theorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic尽管生产规模小，组织基本上是资本主义”，可知家庭手工制是资本主义，故正确答案为选项B。

第5题:细节事实题。根据文章内容，以下哪个陈述是不对的？选项A“技术进步刺激了企业的发展”；选项B“在羊毛工业中，织布工可以把产品传递给纺纱工”；选项C“家庭手工业也称为散工制”；选项D在这篇文章中，“呢绒商”是“企业家”的代名词，根据文章第三段中“Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinners,thentotheweavers…羊毛产业的纱线会首先给纺纱工，然后传递给织布工”，可知并非织布工把产品传递给纺纱工，故正确答案为选项B。

17.单选题

JustasoneneedsaJ.D.tobecomealawyerinAmerica,onemustobtainaM.D.inordertoqualifyasaphysician,thoughthedegreeisnottheonlyrequirement.

问题1选项

A.JustasoneneedsaJ.D

B.aM.D

C.qualifyasa

D.thoughthedegreeisnottheonly

E.没有问题

【答案】E

18.单选题

Itiswellknownthatthepopularsingerhasa/an()carinadditiontoalargehouse.

问题1选项

A.credible

B.incredible

C.believable

D.inherent

【答案】B

【解析】credible可靠的，可信的；incredible难以置信的，惊人的；believable可信的；inherent固有的，遗传的，与生俱来的。句意：众所周知，这位流行歌手除了有一所大房子外，还有一辆好车。选项B符合句意。

19.填空题

I（1）tospeakRussianfluently,butthat’snottruenow.Infact,Icanno（2）carry

onevenasimpleconversationinthelanguage.I（3）beabletogetbackmyformerfluencyifIstayedinRussiafora（4）months.

句意:过去我能很流利地讲俄语，但是现在不能了。实际上，我现在甚至连简单的俄语对话都进行不了。如果能在俄国待几个月，我想自己应该可以再次流利地说俄语。

【答案】1.used

2.longer

3.should

4.few

【解析】1.固定搭配。Usedto过去常常。

2.固定搭配。Nolonger再也不能。

3.语法题。考查虚拟语气。这里用情态动词should。

4.固定搭配。Afewmonths几个月。

20.单选题

Thepresentuniversalfearhasbeentheresultofaforwardsurgeinourknowledgeand（）ofcertaindangerousfactorsinthephysicalworld.

问题1选项

A.automation

B.perception

C.manipulation

D.administration

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。automation“自动化”；perception“感觉，看法”；manipulation“操作”；administration“管理”。句意：如今的全球恐慌是我们对物理世界中特定危险因素的突破性了解和认知的结果。选项B符合题意。

21.单选题

“I’venevermetahumanworthcloning,”sayscloningexpertMarkWesthusinfromhislabatTexasA&MUniversity.“It’sastupidendeavor.”That’saninterestingchoiceofadjective,comingfromamanwhohasspentmillionsofdollarstryingtoclonea13-year-olddognamedMissy.Sofar,heandhisteamhavenotsucceeded,thoughtheyhaveclonedtwocowsandexpecttocloneacatsoon.

TheyjustmightsucceedincloningMissysoon—orperhapsnotforanotherfiveyears.Itseemsthereproductivesystemofman’sbestfriendisoneofthemysteriesofmodernscience.

Westhusin’sexperiencewithcloninganimalsleaveshimupsetbyallthistalkofhumancloning.InthreeyearsofworkontheMissyproject,usinghundredsuponhundredsofdog’seggs,theA&MteamhasproducedonlyadozenorsoembryoscarryingMissy’sDNA.Nonehavesurvivedthetransfertoasurrogatemother.Thewastageofeggsandthemanyspontaneouslyabortedfetusesmaybeacceptablewhenyou’redealingwithcatsorbulls,heargues,butnotwithhumans.“Cloningisincrediblyinefficient,andalsodangerous,”hesays.

Evenso,dogcloningisacommercialopportunity,withaniceresearchpayoff.EversinceDollythesheepwasclonedin1997,Westhusin’sphonehasbeenringingwithpeoplecallinginhopesofduplicatingtheircatsanddogs,cattleandhorses.“Alotofpeoplewanttoclonepets,especiallyifthepriceisright,”saysWesthusin.CostisnoobstacleforMissy’smysteriousbillionaireowner;he’sputup$3.7millionsofartofundA&M’sresearch.

Contrarytosomemediareports,Missyisnotdead.TheownerwantsatwintocarryonMissy’sfinequalitiesaftershedoesdie.Theprototypeis,byallaccounts,athletic,good-naturedandsuper-smart.Missy’smasterdoesnotexpectanexactcopyofher.Heknowsherclonemaynothavehertemperament.Inastatementofpurpose,Missy’sownerandtheA&Mteamsaytheyare“bothlookingforwardtostudyingthewaysthatherclonesdifferfromMissy.”

Besidescloningagreatdog,theprojectmaycontributeinsightintotheoldquestionofnaturevsnurture.Itcouldalsoleadtothecloningofspecialrescuedogsandmanyendangeredanimals.

However,Westhusiniscautiousabouthiswork.Heknowsthatevenifhegetsadogpregnant,theoffspring,shouldtheysurvive,willfacetheproblemsshownatbirthbyotherclonedanimals:abnormalitieslikeimmaturelungsandheartandweightproblems.“Whywouldyoueverwanttoclonehumans,”Westhusinasks,“whenwe’renotevenclosetogettingitworkedoutinanimalsyet?”

1.By“stupidendeavor”(Para.1),Westhusinmeanstosaythat____.

2.WhatdoesthefirstparagraphtellusaboutWesthusin’sdogcloningproject?

3.BycloningMissy,MarkWesthusinhopesto____.

4.Welearnfromthepassagethatanimalclonesarelikelytohave____.

5.Itcanbeseenthatpresentcloningtechniques____.

问题1选项

A.animalcloningisnotworththeeffortatall

B.animalcloningisabsolutelyimpractical

C.humancloningshouldbedoneselectively

D.humancloningisafoolishundertaking

问题2选项

A.Itssuccessisalreadyinsight.

B.Itsoutcomeremainsuncertain.

C.Itisdoomedtoutterfailure.

D.Itisprogressingsmoothly.

问题3选项

A.studythepossibilityofcloninghumans

B.searchforwaystomodifyitstemperament

C.examinethereproductivesystemofthedogspecies

D.findoutthedifferencesbetweenMissyanditsclones

问题4选项

A.abadtemper

B.immunedeficiency

C.defectiveorgans

D.anabnormalshape

问题5选项

A.stillhavealongwaytogobeforereachingmaturity

B.havebeenwidelyusedinsavingendangeredspecies

C.provid