考研考博-英语-四川大学锦江学院考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川大学锦江学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Belyinghisearlierreputationfor（

）asanegotiator,Morganhadrecentlyassumedamore（

）stanceforwhichmanyofhiserstwhilecriticspraisedhim.

问题1选项

A.inflexibility...unreasonable

B.impropriety...oscillatory

C.intransigence...tolerant

D.success...authoritative

【答案】C

【解析】名词和形容词词义辨析。A选项的inflexibility“不屈性，顽固”；unreasonable“不合理的，不公正的”；B选项的impropriety“不合适，不恰当”；oscillatory“振动的，动摇的，变动的"；C选项的intransigence“不妥协，强硬”；tolerant“忍受的，容忍的，宽容的”；D选项的success“成功，胜利”；authoritative“命令式的，专断的，权威式的”。根据句意‘与他先前亳不让步的谈判者的声誉相反，摩根近来采取了一种更为缓和的立场，所以许多他先前的批判者转而称赞他’确定C选项正确。

2.填空题

Higherinterestratesmakeitmoreexpensivetoborrowmoney,________peoplefrombuyingnewhomesorstartingnewconstructionprojects.(courage)

【答案】discouraging

【解析】【考查点】动词。

【解题思路】逗号前为完整的句子，横线所在内容应为非谓语动词。逗号前说到借贷更加昂贵，后面说______人们购买新房或开工建设新项目，可知前者打击后者积极性，是主动关系，一方面动词应为现在分词，一方面动词discourage的意思为“使灰心，使泄气”，符合题意。因此此处应为discourage的现在分词discouraging。

【句意】利率更高让借贷更加昂贵，使人们不愿购买新房或开工建设新项目。

3.单选题

16-20

问题1选项

A.Itisageneticdisorder.

B.Itisarespiratoryconditioninpigs.

C.Itisanillnessfrombirdstohumans.

D.Itisagastricailment.

问题2选项

A.Eatingpork.

B.Raisingpigs.

C.Eatingchicken.

D.Breedingbirds.

问题3选项

A.Runningnose.

B.Inappetence.

C.Painsallover.

D.Diarrhea.

问题4选项

A.Tostayfromcrowds.

B.Toseethedoctorimmediately.

C.Toavoidmedications.

D.Togotothenearbyclinic20.

问题5选项

A.Itisadebate.

B.ItisaTVprogram.

C.Itisaconsultation.

D.Itisaworkshop.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】W:HellodoctorSmith,(20)welcometoourprogram“HealthJourney”.Couldyoutellussomethingaboutswineflu?

M:Well,(16)it’sacommonrespiratoryailmentinpigsthatdoesn’tusuallyspreadtopeople.

W:Butwhyaresomanypeopleinfected?

M:Unlikemostcases,thisfluvirusappearstobeasub-typenotseenbeforeinhumansorpigs.Ithasgeneticmaterialfrompigs,birdsandhumans,accordingtotheWHO.

W:Thenwhyisitcalledswineflu?Whypigsarethecarriersofthisvirus?

M:Um.Isclosertosaythatpigswerethemixingballsforthisvirus.

W:Whatdoesitmean?

M:Imeanbirdscannotpassbirdflutopeople.Butpigsaresusceptibletogettingfluvirusesthatinfectedbirds.Thevirusinsidetheinfectedpigmightmutatetoaformthatcouldalsoinfectothermammals.

W:Wow,socomplicated.Bytheway,canwecatchswineflufromeatingpork?

M:Actually,illpigsarenotallowedtoenterthemarket.Cookingalsokillsthevirus.(17)Onlypeoplewhoworkwithpigscancatchthevirus.

W:Howdotheyfeelifinfected?

M:(18)Themostcommonsymptomsarefever,fatigue,lackofappetiteandcoughing.Althoughsomepeoplealsodeveloprunnynose,sorethroat,vomitingordiarrhea.

W:Whatshouldwedoifwehavethesesymptoms?

M:(19)Stayhomefromworkorschool.Don’tgetonaplane.Callyourdoctorstoaskaboutthebesttreatment.Don’tsimplyshowupattheclinicorhospitalthatisunpreparedforyourarrival.

W:Say,theantiviralstudy.Howisitgoing?

M:ThisstrainofswinefludoesappearsensitivetotheantiviraldrugsRelenza(瑞乐沙)andTamiflu(达菲),butnottoAmantadineandRemantadine.

W:We’velearnedalottonight.Thanksforyourcoming.DoctorSmith.

M:It'smypleasure.

16.Whatdoweknowaboutswineflu?

【解析】对话开始提到猪流感是“一种猪身上很常见的呼吸道疾病，通常不会传染给人”。故选B。

17.Whatmaycausepeopletohaveswineflu?

【解析】对话中男士说“Onlypeoplewhoworkwithpigscancatchthevirus”，只有那些在工作中跟猪接触的人才会感染病毒。

18.Accordingtothedialogue,whichisamongthemostcommonsymptomsofswineflu?

【解析】对话中提到常见症状包括“fever,fatigue,lackofappetiteandcoughing”，B选项“食欲不振”正确。

19.Whatdoesthespeakeradvicethesuspectsofswineflutodo?

【解析】对话中男士给出的建议是不要上学或去工作，要待在家，并且打电话咨询医生如何治疗，而不是立刻去诊所或医院。

20.Whatcanbesaidofthedialogue?

【解析】对话开头便说道“welcometoourprogram‘HealthJourney'”，最后又说学到很多，感谢对方到来，可以推测这是一个电视节目。

4.单选题

Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid—thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygivenmessage.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthoseassociationsifwelistenformorethanwords.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemeanormeanwhatwesay.Sometimesourwordsdon’tmeananythingexcept“I’mlettingoffsomesteam.Idon’treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI’msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI’mfeeling.”Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner,“ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy.”Theownersays,“It’sbeenlikethatforyears.”Actually,thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:“Idon’twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan’tyou?”Thesearchforamoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessageintermsofwhosaidit,whenitoccurred,therelatedconditionsorsituation,andhowitwassaid.

Whenamessageoccurscanalsorevealassociatedmeaning.Letusassumetwocouplesdoexactlythesameamountofkissingandarguing.Butonecouplealwayskissesafteranargumentandtheothercouplealwaysarguesafterakiss.Theorderingofthebehaviorsmaymeanagreatdealmorethanthefrequencyofthebehavior.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.Forexample,apersonwhosays“No!”toaserialsofchargeslike“You'redumb/'“You’relazy,”and“You'redishonest,”mayalsosay“NoP'andtrytojustifyhisorherresponseifthenextstatementis‘‘Andyou'regoodlooking.”

Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessagesarepresented.Thewords,“Ifsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover,”canbesaidwithemphasisandexcitementorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceorrepeatedseveraltimes.Andthemeaningsweassociatewiththephrasewillchangeaccordingly.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthelessimportanceitassumes.

1.Effectivecommunicationisrenderedpossiblebetweentwoconversingpartnersif______.

2.“I’mlettingoffsomesteam”inparagraph1means_____.

3.Thehouse-owner’sexampleshowsthatheactuallymeans______.

4.Someresponsesandbehaviorsmayappearveryillogical,butarejustifiableif______.

5.Theword“ritualistically”inthelastparagraphequalssomethingdone______.

问题1选项

A.theyuseproperwordstocarrytheirideas

B.theybothspeaktrulyoftheirownfeelings

C.theytrytounderstandeachother’sideasbeyondwords

D.theyarecapableofassociatingmeaningwiththeirwords

问题2选项

A.I’mjustcallingyourattention

B.Pmjustkidding

C.Pmjustsayingtheopposite

D.I’mjustgivingoffsomesound

问题3选项

A.thestephasbeenlikethatforyears

B.hedoesn’tthinkitnecessarytofixthestep

C.theconditionofthestepisonlyaminorfault

D.thecostinvolvedinthefixingshouldbeshared

问题4选项

A.linkedtoanabnormalamountofassertiveness

B.seenasone’shabitualpatternofbehavior

C.takenaspartofanorderingsequence

D.expressedtoaseriesofcharges

问题5选项

A.withouttrueintention

B.light-heartedly

C.inawayofceremony

D.withlessemphasis

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectivenessasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.（言语的确为我们提供了一些信息，但其意思是从如此多的其它来源中获取出来的，以至于过于依赖言语将阻碍我们与其他人交流的效果）可知D选项“他们能把自己的言语与意思联系起来”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Sometimesourwordsdon’tmeananythingexcept“I’mlettingoffsomesteam.Idon’treallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatI’msaying.JustpayattentiontowhatI’mfeeling.”（有时我们的言语并没有什么意思，除了“我正在宣泄情绪。我实际上不想让你仔细听我说的话，而是注意我的感受”外）可知A选项“我只是提醒你注意”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章一段中的Actually,thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:“Idon’twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan’tyou?”（事实上，这个台阶已经有好几年不是这样的了，但暗含的信息是：“我不想修复它。我们能忍受它。你为什么不能忍受它了？）可知B选项“他认为没必要修台阶”符合题意。

4.细节推理题。题干意思是“有些反应和行为可能看起来非常不合逻辑，但如果……，是合理的”。根据第二段第五句Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.（一个朋友的异常温顺的行为，也许只能通过注意到它是以需要异常自信的情境为前提才能被理解）和第六句Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.（有些反应可能直接与反应的发展模式有关，而且不符合逻辑）可推断，如果要理解有些反应和行为，那么就需要注意到之前发生的事件的情况，所以C项“作为有序的续发事件的一部分”符合题意。A项“与一定反常程度的自信有关”，表述不够全面；B项“被视为一个人的习惯性行为模式”，文中没有提到习惯性行为；D项“表达了一系列指控”在文中只是举例说明，D项不选。因此，该题选择C项正确。

5.词义题。“ritual（仪式，惯例）”为副词ritualistically的名词形式，故ritualistically表述“仪式地”，因此选C。

5.翻译题

人类文化从整体来说，是各国、各民族文化汇聚、交流的产物。现代国际间的文化交流，更是以空前的规模、内容、形式和手段，在直接间接地进行着。

交流促进发展。一个国家、一个民族，只要不是由于主观和客观的种种原因而长期处于孤立、闭塞的状态之中，或多或少都可以从交流中得到好处。

事实上，在现代国家中，绝对不受外来影响的固有文化是不存在的。一位外国的著名历史学家曾经说过：“任何国家的文明，来自外来影响的产物总是多于本国的发明创造。如果有人要把英国文化中任何受外国影响或来源于外国的东西剔除掉，那么，英国的文化就所剩无几了。”

【答案】【参考译文】Takenasawhole,humancultureistheproductofthemergingofandexchangebetweenthecultureofallnationsandnationalities.Moderninternationalculturalexchangegoesdirectlyandindirectlywithitsscale,content,formandmethodbeingunheardofbefore.

Communicationpromotesdevelopment.Acountry,oranation,ifnotinastateofisolationforalongperiodforreasonseithersubjectiveorobjective,willbenefitfromthisexchangetoagreaterorlessextent.

Infact,anintrinsiccultureabsolutelyimmunetoforeigninfluenceisnon-existent.Awell-knownforeignhistorianoncesaid:“Thecivilizationofanycountryismuchmoretheproductofexternalinfluencesthanofnativeinvention.VerylittlewouldremainofEnglishcultureifallitselementswhichhaveaforeignoriginorbearssomeforeigninfluencewereeliminated.”

6.单选题

Therats（

）bacterialinfectionsoftheblood.

问题1选项

A.develop

B.produce

C.stimulate

D.induce

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。develop意为“发展，患(病)，出现(问题)”；produce意为“生产，制造”；stimulate意为“刺激”；induce意为“引诱”。bacterialinfections意为“细菌感染”，时一种病症，主语为“rats（老鼠）”，故只有A选项符合逻辑。

句意：老鼠出现了血液细菌感染。

7.单选题

Inasudden______ofanger,themantoreupeverythingwithinreach.

问题1选项

A.attack

B.burst

C.split

D.blast

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项attack“攻击；抨击；动手干”；B选项burst“爆炸；戳破；爆裂；（器官或血管）爆裂；装满；充满感情；突然爆发（某种感情）”；C选项split“分离；使分离；劈开；离开；分解”；D选项blast“爆炸；损害；使枯萎”。根据固定搭配inasuddenburstofanger“突然爆发的愤怒”可知句意为：那人勃然大怒，把伸手可及的一切东西都撕碎了。因此B选项正确。

8.单选题

Anexperimentcanbe（）bypoorplanning.

问题1选项

A.distributed

B.qualified

C.spoiled

D.disclosed

【答案】C

【解析】动词词义辨析。distributed分配，分散；qualified限制；spoiled损坏，破坏；disclosed公开，揭露。句意：计划不周会破坏实验。选项C符合句意。

9.单选题

Withtherapidglobalizationofscienceitself(morethan40percentofscientificPh.D.studentstrainedintheUnitedStatesarenowforeignnationals,roughlyhalfofwhomreturntotheircountriesoforigin),theonceundisputedU.S.scientificlead,whetherrelevanttoproductleadornot,isdiminishing.

ThecompetitionofforeignstudentsforpositionsinU.S.graduateschoolshasalsocontributedtomakingscientifictrainingrelativelyunattractivetoU.S.students,becausetherapidlyincreasingsupplyofstudentshasdiminishedtherelativerewardsofthiscareerpath.Forthebestandbrightestfromlow-incomecountries,apositionasaresearchassistantintheUnitedStatesisattractive,whereasthebestandbrightestU.S.studentsmightnowseebetteroptionsinotherfields.Scienceandengineeringcareers,totheextentthattheyareopeninguptoforeigncompetition(whetherimportedoravailablethroughbettercommunication),alsoseemtobebecomingrelativelylessattractivetoU.S.students.

Withrespecttotheroleofuniversitiesintheinnovationprocess,the”speculativeboomofthe1990s(which,amongotherthings,madeitpossibletoconvertscientificfindingsintocashratherquickly)waslargelyunexpected.Theboombroughtuniversitiesandtheirfacultiesintomuchclosercontactwithprivatemarketsastheytriedtogainasmuchoftheeconomicdividendsfromtheirdiscoveriesaspossible.Forawhile,thepathbetweendiscoveriesinbasicscienceandnewflowsofhardcashwasconsiderablyshortened.Butduringthenextfewdecades,thispathlikelywillreverttowarditsmoretraditionallengthandreestablish,inahealthyway,themoretraditional(andmoreindependent)relationshipbetweenthebasicresearchdoneatuniversitiesandthoseentitiesthattranslateideasintoproductsandservices.

Intheinterveningyears,anothernewforcealsogreatlyfacilitatedglobalization:therapidgrowthoftheInternetandcheapwide-bandwidthinternationalcommunication.Today,complexdesignactivitiescantakeplaceinlocationsquiteremovedfrommanufacturing,otherbusinessfunctions,andtheconsumer.Indeed,thereisnowampleopportunityforreal-timecommunicationbetweenbusinessfunctionsthatarequiteindependentoftheirspecificlocations.Forexample,softwaredevelopment,withallitschangesandcomplications,cantoaconsiderableextentbedoneoverseasforaU.S.customer.Foreigncallcenterscanrespondinstantlytoquestionsfromthousandsofmilesaway.Theresultisthatlow-wageworkersintheFarEastandinsomeothercountriesarecomingintoevermoredirectcompetitionwithamuchwiderspectrumofU.S.labor:unskilledinthecaseofcallcenters;morehighlyskilledinthecaseofprogrammers.

1.Therapidglobalizationofscience

（

）.

2.Accordingtothistext（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

（

）.

4.Allofthefollowingmighthavecontributedtoglobalizationexcept

（

）.

5.Thistextismainlyabout（

）.

问题1选项

A.hasledtotherapidgrowthoftheInternet

B.hasdiminishedtherelativerewardsofscienceandengineeringcareers

C.hasresultedinthefiercecompetitionofscientifictrainingintheUS

D.hascontributedtothediminishofU.S.scientificleadership

问题2选项

A.thecareersunattractivetoU.S.studentsmaynotbesotoforeignstudents

B.scienceandengineeringcareersareunattractiveexclusivelytoU.S.students

C.U.S.studentsarenotcourageousenoughtofaceforeigncompetition

D.U.S.studentsarenotwellpreparedtocompetewithforeignstudents

问题3选项

A.scientistsrarelyexpecttomakemoneyfromtheirdiscoveriesinbasicscience

B.itwillbemucheasiertoconvertscientificfindingsintocashinthenearfuture

C.theboomofthe1990scouldbeconsideredsomewhatunhealthy

D.theboomofthe1990swilllastatleastforseveraldecades

问题4选项

A.theunprecedenteddevelopmentofInternet

B.theclosercontactofuniversitieswithprivatemarkets

C.real-timecommunicationbetweenbusinessfunctions

D.theprevalenceofwide-bandwidthinternationalcommunication

问题5选项

A.thescientificleadershipoftheU.S

B.theshortageofscientistsintheU.S

C.Therapidglobalizationofscience

D.Bettercommunicationandglobalization

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.文章第一段提到美国40%的博士生都是来自其他国家，而这些学生在美国接受完教育后选择回到自己的祖国，因此，随着科学本身的国际化，美国在科学界领域的地位正在下降（isdiminishing）。选项D符合题意。

2.文章第二段提到了美国本国的学生与国外留学生对工作选择的期望不同：那些来自于低收入国家的学生会对一个研究助理的职位趋之若鹜，而本国的学生却对此不感兴趣，他们有更好的选择(seebetteroptionsinotherfields)。选项A“对于美国本国学生没有吸引力的工作，对外国学生却有着吸引力”符合题意。

3.文章第三段前半部分提到90年代的投机性高涨（speculativeboom），这种高涨导致学校里的老师只想尽可能多的去获得更多的经济利益(theboombroughtuniversitiesandtheirfacultiesintomuchclosercontactwithprivatemarketsastheytriedtogainasmuchoftheeconomicdividendsfromtheirdiscoveriesaspossible)，后半部分Butduringthenextfewdecades,thispathlikelywillreverttowarditsmoretraditionallengthandreestablish,inahealthyway,themoretraditional(andmoreindependent)relationshipbetweenthebasicresearchdoneatuniversitiesandthoseentitiesthattranslateideasintoproductsandservices提到接下来的几十年，一种健康的方式在逆转之前的道路，由此可推断90年代的繁荣被认为是不健康的。选项C符合题意。

4.文章最后一段前半部分提到互网的诞生、廉价的款待网络沟通方式（therapidgrowthoftheInternetandcheapwide-bandwidthinternationalcommunication）、不同地方的商业机构的实时沟通都推动了全球化进程（real-timecommunicationbetweenbusinessfunctionsthatarequiteindependentoftheirspecificlocations），所以只有选项B没有推动全球化，符合题意。

5.文章第一二段主要讲述了由于留学生的增多，并且这些学生大都会选择回自己的国家，从而导致美国在科学界的领先地位开始动摇，第三段讲述了90年代那种不健康的高涨：很多学校的教师将科学与经济利益挂钩，最后一段提到的全球化的原因跟导致的结果。所以文章主要在论述美国在科学界的领先地位与科学全球化的关系。选项A符合题意。

10.单选题

Eventhoughcultureswidelyassumethatboysarestrongerandsturdierthangirls,basicbiologicalweaknessesarebuiltintothemaleofourspecies.Firstofall,humanmalesseemtobeslowlydisappearing.MotherNaturehasalwaysacknowledgedandcompensatedforthefragilityandlossofboysbyarrangingformoreofthem:106malebirthsto100femalenewbornsoverthecourseofhumanhistory.Butinrecentdecades,fromtheUnitedStatestoJapan,fromCanadatonorthernEurope,whereverresearchershavelooked,therateofmalenewbornshasdeclined.ExaminingUSbirthrecordsfortheyearsbetween1970and1990,theyfound1.7fewerboysper1,000thanindecadesandcenturiespast;Japan'slossinthesamedecadeswas3.7boys.

Boysarealsomorethantwo-thirdsmorelikelythangirlstobebomprematurelybeforethe37thweekofpregnancy.And,despiteadvancesinpublichealth,boysinthe1990sfaceda30percenthigherchanceofdeathbytheirfirstbirthdaythangirls;incontrast,backinthe1750s,theywereonly10percentmorelikelythangirlstodiesoearlyintheirlives.

Oncetheymakeittochildhood,boysfaceotherchallenges.Theyaremorepronetoarangeofneurologicaldisorders.Autism自闭症isnotoriouslyhigheramongboysthangirls:nownearlyfivetimesmorelikely,astalliedbytheUSCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.Theyaremoresusceptiblethangirlstodamagefromverylow-levelexposuretolead.Yetanotherproblem:boyssufferfromasthmaathigherrates.There'salsoastrongerlinkbetweenairpollutionandautisminboys.

Whydoboysfacesuchaburdenofphysicalchallenges?Theansweristhatthemale’sproblemsstartinthewomb:fromhismorecomplicatedfetaldevelopment,tohisgeneticmakeup,tohowhishormoneswork.Thenine-monthtransformationfromafewcellstoaninfantisatimeofgreatvulnerability.Manychronicillnessesareseededinthewomb.Inourspecies,thefemaleisthedefaultgender,thebasicsimplermodel:Humansstartoutinthewombwithfemalefeatures(thatiswhymaleshavenipples).Thecomplicatedtransformationinthewombfromfemaletomaleexposesthemaletoajourneypackedwithspecialperils.Whenthefirstblastoftestosterone睾酮fromtheYgenecomesalongatabouttheeighthweek,theunisexbrainhastomorphintoamalebrain,killingoffsomecellsinthecommunicationcentersandgrowingmorecellsinthesexandaggressioncenters.Thesimplerfemalereproductivesystemhastoturnintothemorecomplexmalereproductivetract,developingtissuessuchasthetestisandprostate前列腺.Further,ittakesagreaternumberofcelldivisionstomakeamale;witheachcomesthegreaterriskofanerroraswellasthegreatervulnerabilitytoahitfrompollutants.

Ontopofthatchallenge,thehumanmale’sXYchromosome染色体combinationissimplymorevulnerable.ThetwoXXsinthefemaleversionofourspeciesoffersomeprotection:IndisorderswhereoneXchromosomehasageneticdefect,thefemale’shealthybackupchromosomecantakeover.ButwithhissingleXchromosome,themalelacksahealthycopyofthegenetofallbackon.TheXchromosome,whichnevershrank,isalsoalargerchromosome“withfarmoregeneticinformationthantheYchromosome，’’findsIrvaHertz-Piciotto,aUniversityofCaliforniaatDavisautismresearcher,“sotheremaybesomeinherentlossofkeyproteinsforbraindevelopmentorrepairmechanismsinboys.”Thisisacluetothehigherautismrateamongboys,sheasserts.

Femalesalsohaveastrongerimmunesystembecausetheyarepackedwithestrogen雌激素，ahormonethatcounteractstheantioxidantprocess.“Estrogenprotectsthebrain,”explainsTheodoreSlotkin,professorofneurobiologyatDukeUniversity'sSchoolofMedicine.“Itrepairsandreplaces,evenafterneuralinjury,”Lowestrogenevenleavesboysmoresensitivetoheadinjuries.Themalebrain“issimplyamorefragileapparatus,moresensitivetoalmostallbraininsults,”saysleadpoisoningexpertHerbertNeedleman.

Itisthehighlevelsoftestosteroneinthewombatcriticaltimesingestation,accordingtoBritishpsychopathologistSimonBaron-Cohen,thatareresponsibleforwhathecalls“theextrememalebrain”--thekindexhibitedbyautisticboys-lowinempathy,highinsystematizing.AndinfactUSresearchersinrecentdecadeshavefoundunusuallylowestrogenandhightestosteronelevelsamongboyswithautism.

Ifthebalanceofhormonesisoutofwhackinmales,whatmadethathappen?Researchersarecomingupwithsomeclues.IntheNewYorkCityneighborhoodsnearColumbiaUniversity'sCenterforChildren’sEnvironmentalHealth,familiesforyearsroutinelysprayedtheirapartmentswithapopularinsecticide,chlorpyrifos,untilitwasbannedfromhouseholdusein2001.TheresearchersfoundthatprenatalexposuretothechemicalseemedtohavemoreofaneffectonreducingtheIQsofboysthangirls.Disruptionoftheirmalehormonesmaybethereason,“Onepossibleexplanationforthegreatersensitivityofboystochlorpyrifosisthattheinsecticideactsasanendocrinedisruptor肉分泌'干扰素tosuppresssex-specifichormones,”saidstudyleaderMeganHortonofColumbia.

Similarly,pregnantmothers'exposuretophthalates邻苯二甲酸酉旨一usedinmakingsomevinyl乙矯基productsandtoysaswellassomepersonalcareproducts-hasbeenlinkedtobiggerchangesinthebehavior,suchasaggressionandattentionproblems,oftheirsonsthantheirdaughters.Phthalatesalsomayfeminizemalegenitalia.

BoysalsoseemtobemorevulnerabletobisphenolA,anestrogenicsubstanceusedtomakepolycarbonateplasticsaswellastheliningsoffoodandbeveragecans.Boys,butnotgirls,exposedtohigherbisphenolAlevelsinthewomborduringchildhoodhadmorehyperactivity,aggressionandanxietyproblems,accordingtoaUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleystudy.Inaddition,pregnantwomenexposedtohigherlevelsofthechemicalgavebirthtobabyboyswithlowerthyroidhormones甲状腺激素.Nosucheffectwasdetectedinthebabygirls.Nooneknowswhattheselowerlevelsmaymeanfortheboys’healthbecausetheyremainedwithinnormalboundaries,butitcouldhaveimportanteffectsbecausethyroidhormonesguidebraindevelopment.

Someofthesechemicalsactlikefakeestrogens,otherslikefaketestosterone,butbothtypesseemtodisruptnormaldevelopment.Animaltestsshowthatadoseofthesechemicalsinflictthemostdamagewhenithitsafetus.And,becauseoftheirbiologicalvulnerabilities,itisboyswhomayexperiencethemosteffects.Whilenotforgoingthepushforfairnessandequality,itseemswisetoacceptthescientificrealityofmaleweaknesses.Thislikelywon'tmeantheendofmen,buttheirvulnerabilitytoenvironmentalcontaminantsanddiseasescouldhaveseriousramificationsforthefutureoftheentirehumanraceunlesswefindwaystoprotectthemfromharm.

1.IftextBisaccurate,thentheevidencefortheassertionthathumanmalesaregraduallydisappearingis（

）.

2.Comparedwithgirls,boysare（

）.

3.Nipplesinhumansarefoundonthe（

）.

4.Inparagraph10theauthorassertsthatchronicdiseases（

）.

5.Backupinparagraph11meanssomethingthat（

）.

6.Thelevelsofthyroidhormonesinnewbommales,mentionedinparagraph16,（

）.

7.ImaginethatenvironmentalpollutioncontinuesatcurrentorhigherlevelsinChina.IftheinformationintextBiscorrect,thenChinesedoctorsshouldexpecttoobserve（

）.

问题1选项

A.incontrovertible

B.soweakastocalltheassertionintoquestion

C.largelyfromadvancedindustrialsocietiesandneedstobesupplementedwithdatafromothertypesofsocieties

D.strongenoughtowarrantfutureresearchintothepost-masculineworldthatliesahead

问题2选项

A.aboutequallyabletosurvivetotheirfirstbirthday.

B.stilllesslikelytosurviveforayearafterbirth,butthegapisnarrowing.

C.lesslikelytosurvivetilltheirfirstbirthday,andthegapiswiderthaninearliercenturies.

D.muchlikeliertosurvivetotheirfirstbirthday,thoughthegapisnotsowideasitwasinthe1700s.

问题3选项

A.head.

B.chest.

C.hips.

D.limbs.

问题4选项

A.beginbeforebirthbutonlybecomeapparentovertime.

B.arelesscharacteristicofwomenthanofmen.

C.originate,asarule,beforechildrenarebom.

D.areoftentheeventualresultofprenatalconditionsandstresses.

问题5选项

A.canstepinandtakeoverthefunctionofsomethingthatisnotworkingproperly.

B.destroysamalfunctioningpart,thusbenefitingtheoverallsystemororganism.

C.preventsasystemfromcontinuingalongapaththatmayendinbreakdownordestruction.

D.canreverseandchangeitsdirectionwhenitencountersaproblem,thusenablingaprocesstocontinue.

问题6选项

A.arenotalarminginthemselves,butsignificantbecausetheyaresodifferentformalesandfemales.

B.willdefinitelyleadtomorebrain-damagedboysthangirls,

C.seemcertaintoproduceamarkedgapinbraindevelopmentthatwillfavorgirlsoverboys.

D.leadtomorehyperactivity,aggressionandanxietyamongmalechildrenthanamongfemales.

问题7选项

A.adeclineintheratesofautism,asthmaandbraindamagefromleadpoisoningamongChinesechildren

B.aroughlysimilarpatternofincreasingincidenceofautism,asthmaandlead-linkedbraindamageamongallmainlandchildren

C.fewercasesofasthmaamongboysgrowingupinmainlandcitiesandtownsbutmorecasesofautismandlead-linkedbraindamageamongallChinesechildren

D.moreautism,asthmaandlead-linkedbraindamageamongChineseboysgrowingupincitiesthanamongothergroupsofyoungpeopleinthePRC

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

第6题:C

第7题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。第十七段:Thislikelywon'tmeantheendofmen(但这将不可能意味着男性的消失……)。由此可知B项“说服力不强，以致对此观点仍存怀疑”正确。

2.细节事实题。第八段:...inthe1990sfaceda30percenthigherchanceofdeathbytheirfirstbirthdaythangirls;backinthe1750s,theywereonly10percentmorelikel