考研考博-英语-宁夏理工学院考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宁夏理工学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

WrestlerJake“TheSnake”RobertstoldTMZ.comthathewill（）emergencysurgerytoremoveacanceroustumour.

问题1选项

A.uphold

B.undergo

C.transfer

D.trigger

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项uphold表示“支撑，鼓励，赞成”；B选项undergo表示“经历，经受，忍受”；C选项transfer表示“转让，转移”；D选项trigger表示“触发，引起”。由句意可知，这位摔跤手告诉TMZ.com网站说，他将进行紧急手术，切除癌症肿瘤。因此，只有undergo的词义最符合句意，故本题正确答案为B选项。

2.单选题

Forshortageoffoodandwater,theillegalimmigrants（）downfrom112to58.

问题1选项

A.seized

B.starved

C.calculated

D.split

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项seized“逮住，抓住”；B选项starved“使挨饿，饿死”；C选项calculated“计算”；D选项split“劈开”。句意：由于食物和水的短缺，非法移民数量从112人下降到了58人。根据前半句表述的因为缺少食物和水，可知后半句中非法移民数量减少的原因是挨饿。所以空格处填B选项starved“使挨饿，饿死”合适。因此B选项符合题意。

3.单选题

MargaretMead'sreputationwasestablishedwiththepublicationofherbookin1928andwasenhancedbyhermanysubsequentcontributionstoanthropology.

问题1选项

A.obscured

B.entranced

C.heightened

D.restored

【答案】C

【解析】句意：enhanced意为“提高，增强”。obscured掩盖，遮蔽；entranced着迷的，狂喜的；heightened提高，升高；restored修复，恢复。选项C与之意思相近。

4.单选题

Thesenatorscametoadeadlockintheirefforttofindasolution.

问题1选项

A.animpasse

B.araid

C.ahamlet

D.abreakthrough

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。deadlock表示“僵局，停顿”；A项impasse“僵局，死路”，B项raid“袭击，突袭”，C项hamlet“小村庄”，D项breakthrough“突破，突破性进展”。句意：参议员们在寻求解决办法的努力中陷入了僵局。因此A项正确。

5.单选题

The_______actionofthepolicemensavedthepeopleinthehousefrombeingburnt.

问题1选项

A.supreme

B.significant

C.prompt

D.vital

【答案】C

【解析】supreme最高的,至高的;significant重大的,有意义的;prompt及时的,迅速的;vital至关重要的。句意：警察迅速采取措施,使得房子里的人免于烧伤。选项C符合句意。

6.单选题

PoorWilliamsisinhospitalagain.Theunluckyfellowseems（）toaccidents.

问题1选项

A.prone

B.destined

C.bound

D.disposed

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项prone“俯卧的；有……倾向的，易于……的”；B选项destined“注定的；命定的”；C选项bound“有义务的；必定的；受约束的”；D选项disposed“有……倾向的；打算做……的”。句意：可怜的威廉再次住院。这个不幸的家伙看上去易于遭受事故。结合句意可知A选项正确。

7.单选题

The（）ofgiftedchildrenintoacceleratedclasseswillstartnextweekaccordingtotheiracademicperformance.

问题1选项

A.segregation

B.specification

C.spectrum

D.subscription

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。segregation“隔绝、分离'speficiation“规格、说明书”;spectrum“光谱、波段”；subscription“捐献、订阅、定金、签署”。只有A项符合题意。句意：把那些有天赋的孩子们分离到加速班的举措将会在下周根据他们的学习成绩进行。

8.单选题

Thenegotiationshave（）again,andtherepresentativeshaveallbeencalledback.

问题1选项

A.brokenout

B.brokenoff

C.brokenthrough

D.brokeninto

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组。A:breakout“突然发生，爆发”；B:breakoff“（使）脱离；停止；中断”；C:breakthrough“突破”；D:breakinto“闯进”。句意：谈判又中断了，代表们都被召回了。结合语境，B为正确答案。

9.单选题

Wethink（

）possibleforhimtoachievehistargetinsomanyyears.

问题1选项

A.it

B.that

C.what

D.this

【答案】A

【解析】句意:我们认为在这么多年里达成目标，于他而言是可能的。

语法题。考查形式宾语。不定式toachievehistargetinsomanyyears为真正的宾语，possible为宾语补足语。当不定式作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时，通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语移至句末。故A正确。

10.单选题

TheJatakanacultureencompassesevery（）oflifefrombeliefs,superstitions,andpracticestoart,educationandtourism.

问题1选项

A.respect

B.inspect

C.aspect

D.suspect

【答案】C

【解析】形近词词义辨析。根据句意可知这里指Jatakana文化覆盖了生活的方方面面，选项C符合句意。

11.单选题

Excellentfilmsarethosewhich（

）nationalandculturalbarriers.

问题1选项

A.transcend

B.traverse

C.abolish

D.suppress

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项transcend“胜过，超越”；B选项traverse“穿过；C选项abolish“废除，取消”；D选项suppress“抑制”。

句意：优秀的电影是那些超越国家和文化障碍的电影。选项A符合句意。

12.单选题

Manysocialservicesareprovidedby（

）societiesandorganizationsthatdonotexpectanymaterialpayment.

问题1选项

A.wealthy

B.voluntary

C.helpful

D.spiritual

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。wealthy“富有的；充分的”；voluntary“自愿的”；helpful“有帮助的；有益的”；spiritual“精神的；心灵的”。句意：很多社团自愿组织提供很多社会福利事业，并不期望任何物质报酬。选项B符合题意。

13.单选题

Birdsthatareliterallyhalf-asleep—withonebrainhemispherealertandtheothersleep—controlwhichsideofthebrainremainsawake.Accordingtoanewstudyofseepingducks.

Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalf-brainseepinawiderangeofbirds.Thebrainhemispherestaketurnssinkingintothesleepstagecharacterizedbyslowbrainwaves.Theeyecontrolledbytheseepinghemispherekeepsshut.Whilethewakefulhemisphere’seyestaysopenandalert.Birdsalsocansleepwithbothhemispheresrestingatonce.Decadesofstudiesofbirdflocksledresearcherstopredictextraalertnessinthemorevulnerableend-of-the-rowsleepers.Sureenough,theendbirdstendedtowatchcarefullyonthesideawayfromtheircompanions.Ducksintheinnerspotsshowednopreferenceforgazedirection.

Also,birdsdozingattheendofthelineresortedtosingle-hemispheresleepratherthantotalrelaxation.Moreoftenthaninnerducksdid.Rotating16birdsthroughthepositionsinafourduckrow,theresearchersfoundouterbirdshalf-asleepduringsome32percentofdozingtimeversusabout12percentforbirdsininternalspots.

“Webelievethisisthefirstevidenceforananimalbehaviorallycontrollingsleepandwakefulnesssimultaneouslyindifferentregionsofthebrain.”theresearcherssay.

Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalongstandingsuppositionthatsinglehemispheresleepevolvedascreaturesscannedforenemies.Thepreferenceforopeninganeyeonthelookoutsidecouldbewidespread,hepredicts.He’sseenitinapairofbirdsdoingside-by-sideinthe200andinasinglepetbirdsleepingbyamirror.Themirrorsideeyeclosedasifthereflectionwereacompanionandtheothereyestayedopen.

Usefulashalf-seepingmightbe,it’sonlybeenfoundinbirdsandsuchwatermammalsasdolphins.Whalesandseals.Perhapskeepingonesideofthebrainawakeallowsaseepinganimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoiddrowning.Studiesofbirdsmayofferuniqueinsightsintosleep.JeromeM.SiegeloftheUCLAsayshewondersifbirds’half-brainsleep“isjustthetipoftheiceberg”.Hespeculatesthatmoreexamplesmayturnupwhenwetakeacloserlookatotherspecies.

1.Anewstudyonbirds’sleephasrevealedthat（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,birdsoftenhalfsleepbecause（

）.

3.Theexampleofabirdsleepinginfrontofamirrorindicatesthat（

）.

4.Whilesleeping,somewatermammalstendtokeephalfwakeinorderto（

）.

5.By“justthetipoftheiceberg”(Line2.Para.8).Siegelsuggeststhat（

）.

问题1选项

A.half-brainsleepisfoundinawidevarietyofbirds

B.halfbrainsleepischaracterizedbyslowbrainwaves

C.birdscancontroltheirhalfbrainsleepconsciously

D.birdsseldomsleepwiththewholeoftheirbrainatrest

问题2选项

A.theyhavetowatchoutforpossibleattacks

B.theirbrainhemispherestaketurnstorest

C.thetwohalvesoftheirbrainaredifferentlystructured

D.theyhavetoconstantlykeepaneyeontheircompanions

问题3选项

A.thephenomenonofbirdsdozinginpairsiswidespread

B.birdsprefertosleepinpairsforthesakeofsecurity

C.evenanimaginedcompaniongivesthebirdasenseofsecurity

D.asinglepetbirdenjoysseeingitsownreflectioninthemirror

问题4选项

A.alertthemselvestotheapproachingenemy

B.emergefromwaternowandthentobreathe

C.besensitivetotheever-changingenvironment

D.avoidbeingsweptawaybyrapidcurrents

问题5选项

A.half-brainsleephassomethingtodowithicyweather

B.themysteryofhalf-brainsleepisclosetobeingsolved

C.mostbirdslivingincoldregionstendtobehalfsleepers

D.half-brainsleepisaphenomenonthatcouldexistamongotherspecies.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目要求我们选出最新的研究成果。定位到文章第一段Birdsthatareliterallyhalfasleep…controlwhichsideofthebrainremainsawakeaccordingtoanewstudyofsleepingducks．（根据对一群睡眠中的鸭子的最新研究，处于半梦半醒之间的鸟能控制任何一侧的大脑，使其保持清醒状态）由此可知，C项“鸟类可以有意识地控制半脑睡眠”是最新的研究结论。而A“多种鸟类都有半脑睡眠”，B“半脑睡眠的特点是脑电波缓慢”，D“鸟类很少在睡觉时整个大脑都处于休息状态”三项中提到的内容在第二段Earlierstudieshavedocumentedhalfbrainsleepinawiderangeofbirds…（早期的研究记录了很多鸟类的半脑睡眠……），都不是最新的研究结果，而是早期的研究所以都应一一排除。

2.细节事实与推断题。定位到文章第三段开头Decadesofstudiesofbirdflocksledresearcherstopredictextraalertnessinthemorevulnerableend-of-the-rowsleepers.（数十年来对鸟群的研究使研究人员预测，在更易受伤害的睡眠者中，会有额外的警觉性）以及第六段第一句Theresultsprovidethebestevidenceforalongstandingsuppositionthatsinglehemispheresleepevolvedascreaturesscannedforenemies（这些结果为长期以来的假设提供了最好的证据，即单半球睡眠是随着生物扫描敌人而演变而来的）。所以根据文段信息，选A“他们必须提防可能的袭击”。B项“他们的大脑半球轮流休息”，C项“他们大脑的两部分结构不同”，D项“他们必须时刻注意他们的同伴”，均不符合原文事实。

3.判断推理题。题目问鸟儿在镜子前面睡觉的例子表明了什么。根据文章第六段Themirror-sideeyeclosedasthereflectionwereacompanionandtheothereyestayedopen(一只鸟儿靠着镜子睡觉。那只鸟对着镜子的那只眼睛是闭着的，仿佛镜中的影像是它的同伴，而它的另外一只眼则是睁开的)，因此，C项“即使是一个想象中的伴侣也能给鸟一种安全感”与文中所提及的内容一致。A项“鸟儿成双成对打瞌睡的现象很普遍”和B项“为了安全起见，鸟儿喜欢成对睡觉”中的inpairs是对原文中的误读，鸟儿喜欢结群，但文章并未提及是成双成对睡觉。文中提到的一对鸟以及镜子前的一只鸟睡觉的情形，旨在说明鸟儿“一半清醒一半睡眠”的现象，不是一般情形；D项“一只宠物鸟喜欢在镜子里看到自己的倒影”中的enjoy属于无中生有的说法。

4.细节事实题。问题：在睡觉时，一些水哺乳动物趋向于半睡不醒，以便……定位到文章第七段第二句Perhapskeepingonesideofthebrainawakeallowsaseepinganimaltosurfaceoccasionallytoavoiddrowning.（也许让大脑的一侧保持清醒，可以让熟睡的动物偶尔浮出水面，以免淹死），可知答案为B项“不时地从水里出来呼吸”。A项“警惕逼近的敌人”，C“对不断变化的环境保持敏感”，D项“避免被急流冲走”，均属于无中生有。

5.判断推理题。题干中thetipoftheiceberg的意思是冰山一角；从最后一句Hespeculatesthatmoreexamplesmayturnupwhenwetakeacloserlookatotherspecies.（他推测，当我们仔细研究其他物种时，可能会出现更多的例子），所以D项“半脑睡眠是一种可能存在于其他物种中的现象”符合题意。A项“半脑睡眠与寒冷的天气有关”，B项“半脑睡眠之谜即将解开”，C项“大多数生活在寒冷地区的鸟都是半睡半醒的”，均是对句意的曲解。

14.不定项选择题

Everyday25millionU.S.childrenrideschoolbuses.Thesafetyrecordforthesebusesismuchbetterthanforpassengercars;butnevertheless,about10childrenarekilledeachyearridingonlargeschoolbuses,andnearlyfourtimesthatnumberarekilledoutsidebusesintheloadingzones.Byandlarge,however,thenation’sschoolchildrenaretransportedtoandfromschoolsafe.

Eventhoughthenumberofschoolbusaccidentsisnotlarge,thesafetyofchildrenisalwaysofintensepublicconcern.Whileeveryonewantstoseechildrentransportedsafely,peoplearedividedaboutwhatneedstobedone--particularlywhetherseatbeltsshouldbecompulsory.

Peopleinfavourofseatbeltsonschoolbuses--manyofthemparentsandmedicalorganizations--arguethatseatbeltsarenecessarynotonlytoreducefatalityandinjury,butalsototeachchildrenlessonsabouttheimportanceofusingthemroutinelyinanymovingvehicle.Asidebenefit,theypointout,isthatseatbeltshelpkeepchildrenintheirseats,awayfromthebusdriver.

PeoplewhoobjecttoseatbeltinstallationsuggestthatchildrenarealreadywellprotectedbytheschoolbusesthatfollowtheNationHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration’s(NHTSA)safetyrequirementssetin1977.Theyalsobelievethatmanychildrenwon’twearseatbeltsanyway,andthatmaydamagethebeltsorusethemasweaponstohurtotherchildren.

AnewResearchcouncilreportonschoolbussafetysuggestthattherearealternatesafetydevicesandproceduresthatmaybemoreeffectiveandlessexpensive.Forexample,thestudycommitteesuggestedthatraisingseatbacksfourinchesmayhavethesamesafetyeffectivenessasseatbelts.

ThereportsponsoredbytheDepartmentoftransportationattherequestofCongress,reviewsseatbeltsextensivelywhiletakingabroaderlookatsafetyinandaroundschoolbuses.

1.Eachyear,childrenkilledoutsidebusesintheloadingzonesareabout（）.

2.Whichofthesewordsisnearestinmeaningtothewords“aredivided”inParagraph2?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whohasthegreatestdegreeofcontroloftheschoolbuses’“safety”?

4.Itmaybeinferredfromthispassagethat（）.

5.Thebesttitlewhichexpressestheideaofthepassageis（）.

问题1选项

A.10

B.40

C.30

D.50

问题2选项

A.disagree

B.separate

C.arrange

D.concern

问题3选项

A.ANewResearchCouncil

B.TheDepartmentofTransportation

C.TheMedicalOrganizations

D.NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration

问题4选项

A.manyoftheopponentsofseatbeltinstallationareparentsandofficialsoftheDepartmentofTransportation

B.proposalofseatbeltsonschoolbuseswouldbeseriouslyconsidered

C.analternatesafetydevice(raisingseatbacksfourinches)maybetakenintoconsideration

D.TheDepartmentofTransportationmayeithertaketheideaofseatbeltsorothermeasureswhenitreviewsthewholesituation

问题5选项

A.MakingSchoolBusesEvenSaferforChildren

B.SeatBeltsNeededonSchoolBuses

C.AlternateSafetyDevicesandProcedures

D.SafetyinandaroundSchoolBuses

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。根据第一段...about10childrenarekilledeachyearridingonlargeschoolbuses,andnearlyfourtimesthatnumberarekilledoutsidebusesintheloadingzones.（……每年约有10名儿童在乘坐大型校车时死亡，而在校车外装载区的死亡人数几乎是这个数字的4倍。），可知B选项“40”正确；A,C,D选项不符合题意。因此B选项符合题意。

第2题:语义推测题。根据关键字aredivide可以定位到第二段peoplearedividedaboutwhatneedstobedone--particularlywhetherseatbeltsshouldbecompulsory（人们存在分歧——尤其是安全带是否应该被强制使用）由安全带是否应该被强制使用人们存在两种意见，则A选项“不同意；不一致；争执”正确；B选项“分开的；单独的；分离，分开；隔开；分手；可搭配穿着的单件衣服；抽印本；独立音响设备；土壤划分”，C选项“安排；排列；整理”以及D选项“担心，忧虑；关爱，关心；关心的事，负责的事；涉及；使担心”错误。因此A选项符合题意。

第3题:推理判断题。根据倒数第三段第一句PeoplewhoobjecttoseatbeltinstallationsuggestthatchildrenarealreadywellprotectedbytheschoolbusesthatfollowtheNationHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration’s(NHTSA)safetyrequirementssetin1977（反对系安全带的人建议说，按照1977年国家公路交通安全管理局(NHTSA)的安全要求，校车已经很好地保护了孩子们）可以判断出D选项“国家公路交通安全管理局”符合题意，最大程度上的校车安全控制在于国家公路交通安全管理局所提出的安全要求；根据倒数第二段第一句AnewResearchcouncilreportonschoolbussafetysuggestthattherearealternatesafetydevicesandproceduresthatmaybemoreeffectiveandlessexpensive（一份新的研究委员会关于校车安全的报告建议，有替代的安全装置和程序可能更有效和更便宜）可以得知A选项“一个新的研究委员会”只是提出建议，不符合题目；B选项“运输部”错误，原文并没有提及；根据第三段第一句Peopleinfavourofseatbeltsonschoolbuses--manyofthemparentsandmedicalorganizations（赞成在校车上系安全带的人们——其中许多是家长和医疗机构）可以得知C选项“医疗机构”只是赞成在校车上系上安全带，不符合题意；因此D选项正确。

第4题:推理判断题。根据倒数第二段第二句Forexample,thestudycommitteesuggestedthatraisingseatbacksfourinchesmayhavethesamesafetyeffectivenessasseatbelts（例如，研究委员会建议，把座椅靠背抬高4英寸可能和安全带一样安全）可以得知C选项“可以考虑使用替代安全装置（将座椅靠背抬高4英寸）”符合题意；据第三段第一句Peopleinfavourofseatbeltsonschoolbuses--manyofthemparentsandmedicalorganizations（赞成在校车上系安全带的人们——其中许多是家长和医疗机构）可以得知A选项“许多反对安装安全带的人是家长和交通部的官员”不符合题意；全文只是描述人们对于校车安全提出的两个不同的建议，并不能看出哪个建议会被认真考虑，故B选项“校车系安全带的建议会被认真考虑”不符合题意；D选项“当运输部审查整个情况，它可能采取安全带的想法或其他措施”在文章中未提及；因此C选项正确。

第5题:推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要就如何让校车更安全进行探讨，再根据第二段中心句Eventhoughthenumberofschoolbusaccidentsisnotlarge,thesafetyofchildrenisalwaysofintensepublicconcern.Whileeveryonewantstoseechildrentransportedsafely,peoplearedividedaboutwhatneedstobedone--particularlywhetherseatbeltsshouldbecompulsory（虽然校车事故的数量并不多，但儿童的安全一直是公众高度关注的问题。虽然每个人都希望看到儿童安全运输，但对于需要做些什么，人们存在分歧——尤其是安全带是否应该被强制使用）可以得知A选项“让校车对孩子们更安全”符合题意。B选项“校车上需要安全带”以及C选项“备用安全装置和程序”都是文章中对于如何让校车对孩子更安全的观点提出来的方法；D选项“校车内外的安全”虽然在文章第一段中提到，但并不是文章主要描写的内容，下文并没有提及，排除；因此A选项正确。

15.单选题

ThispairofbootscostmuchlessthanyoursforIboughtthemwhenthedepartmentstoremadea（

）ofthestoredgoods.

问题1选项

A.clearance

B.reduction

C.fortune

D.deal

【答案】B

【解析】考察名词词义辨析。Clearance“清理”；reduction“减少”；fortune“财富，运气”；deal“交易”。句意：我这双靴子没有花你那么多钱，因为我买它的时候商场正好降价销售存货。选项B符合题意。

16.单选题

Theanalysissuggeststhatthetradeoffbetweenourchildrencollegeandourownretirementsecurityischilling.

问题1选项

A.frightening

B.promising

C.freezing

D.revealing

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“令人恐惧的”；B选项“有希望的，有前途的”；C选项“冰点以下的，结冰的”；D选项“揭露真情的，有启迪作用的”；题干中chilling“令人恐惧的”，句意：分析表明，在孩子上大学和我们自己的退休保障之间的权衡令人不寒而栗。因此A选项符合题意。

17.单选题

Youshoulddimyourlightsinordernottodazzlethe（

）traffic.

问题1选项

A.meeting

B.facing

C.advancing

D.oncoming

【答案】D

【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项meeting“会面，会合”；B选项facing“面朝的，对面的”；C选项advancing“前进的，年长的”；D选项oncoming“接近的，迎面而来的”。句意：为了不使迎面而来的车辆眼花缭乱，你应该把灯调暗。选项D符合语境。

18.单选题

Youcancomfortyourselfwiththethoughtthatyouarenottheonlyone（）inthatway.

问题1选项

A.tobesuffered

B.tohavesuffered

C.whowassuffered

D.ofthosesuffered

【答案】B

【解析】句意:你可以这样安慰你自己，你要想你不是唯一遭遇如此的人。

语法题。考查不定式。suffer“遭受”，通常使用主动语态，因此排除A跟C项。分析句子可知，空格处应该填入从句，修饰one,故排除D项。此题应该选B项。tohavesuffered表示不定式作后置定语修饰one。

19.翻译题

Directions:TranslatethefollowingpartintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.

我们将高举和平、发展、合作、共赢的旗帜，维护国家主权、安全、发展利益。我们将加强与各主要大国协调合作，建设良性互动、合作共赢的大国关系。中国愿与国际社会一道，为人类和平与发展事业不懈努力！

【答案】Wewillholdhighthebannerofpeace,development,cooperationandmutualbenefitandsafeguardnationalsovereignty,securityanddevelopmentinterests.Wewillstrengthencoordinationandcooperationwithmajorpowerstobuildamajorpowerrelationshipfeaturingbenigninteractionandwin-wincooperation.Chinaisreadytoworktirelesslywiththeinternationalcommunityforthecauseofpeaceanddevelopmentofmankind!

20.问答题

Inmyview,suchamechanicalpredictionmissesthemark.Foronething,countriessometimesreacttotheriseofasinglepowerby"bandwagoning",muchasMussolinididwhenhedecidedtoallywithHitler.Proximitytoandperceptionsofthreatalsoaffectthewayinwhichcountriesreact.TheUnitedStatesbenefitsfromitsgeographicalseparationfromEuropeandAsiainthatitoftenappearsasalessproximatethreatthanneighboringcountriesinsidethoseregions.Indeed,in1945,theUnitesStateswasbyfarthestrongestnationonearth,andamechanicalapplicationofbalancingtheorywouldhavepredictedanallianceagainstit.Instead,EuropeandJapanalliedwiththeAmericansbecausetheSovietUnion,whileweakerinoverallpower,posedagreatermilitarythreatbecauseofitsgeographicalproximityanditslingeringrevolutionaryambitions.Today,IraqandIranbothdisliketheUnitedStatesandmightbeexpectedtoworktogethertobalanceAmericanpowerinthePersianGulf,buttheyworryevenmoreabouteachother.Nationalismcanalsocomplicatepredictions.Forexample,ifNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaarereunited,theyshouldhaveastrongincentivetomaintainanalliancewithadistantpowersuchastheUnitedStatesinordertobalancetheirtwogiantneighbors,ChinaandJapan.ButintensenationalismresultinginoppositiontoanAmericanpresencecouldchangethisifAmericandiplomacyisheavy-headed.Non-stateactorscanalsohaveaneffect,aswitnessedbythewaycooperationagainstterroristschangedsomestates'behaviorafterSeptember2001.

Agoodcasecanbemadethatinequalityofpowercanbeasourceofpeaceandstability.Nomatterhowpowerismeasured,sometheoristsargue,anequaldistributionofpoweramongmajorstateshasbeenrelativelyrareinhistory,andeffortstomaintainabalancehaveoftenledtowar.Ontheotherhand,inequalityofpowerhasoftenledtopeaceandstabilitybecausetherewaslittlepointindeclaringwaronadominantstate.ThepoliticalscientistRobertGilpinhasarguedthat"PaxBritannicaandPaxAmericana,likethePaxRonuina,ensuredaninternationalsystemofrelativepeaceandsecurity."AndtheeconomistCharlesKindlebergerclaimedthat"fortheworldeconomytobestabilized,therehastobeastabilizer,onestabilizer."Globalgovernancerequiresalargestatetotakethelead.Buthowmuchandwhatkindofinequalityofpowerisnecessary-ortolerable-andforhowlong?Iftheleadingcountrydefinesitsinterestsnarrowlyandusesitsweightarrogantly,itincreasestheincentivesforotherstocoordinatetoescapeitshegemony.

SomecountrieschafeundertheweightofAmericanpowermorethanothers.HegemonyissometimesusedasatermofopprobriumbypoliticalleadersincountriessuchasRussia.ThetermisusedlessoftenorlessnegativelyincountrieswhereAmericansoftpowerisstrong.Ifhegemonymeansbeingabletodictate,oratleastdominate,therulesandarrangementsbywhichinternationalrelationsareconducted,thentheUnitedStatesishardlyahegemonytoday.ItdoeshaveapredominantvoiceandvoteintheIMF,butitcannotalonechoosethedirector.IthasnotbeenabletoprevailoverEuropeandJapanintheWTO.ItopposedtheLandMinesTreatybutcouldnotpreventitfromcomingintoexistence.

1.Accordingtothispassage,whatdoesthe“mechanicalprediction”inthefirstsentencepredict?

2.Whatisthemeaningof“ifAmericandiplomacyisheavy-headed”？

3.Pleaselistallthefactorsthataffectthewaysinwhichcountries’reacttoastrongerpower.

4.WhatpointdoesRobertGilpintrytomakeinhisobservationquotedinparagraph2?

5.Whatshouldtheleadingcountrydotoensurethatothercountrieswouldworkwithit?

【答案】1.Amechanicalapplicationofbalancingtheorywouldhavepredictedanallianceagainstthestrongnation.

2.ItmeansthatAmericandiplomacyisdull.

3.Othercountries'reaction;proximitytoandperceptionsofthreat;nationalism;thediplomacyofthestrongpower;non-stateactors.

4.Inequalityofpowerhasoftenledtopeaceandstabilitybecausetherewaslittlepointindeclaringwaronadominantstate.

5.Theleadingcountryshoulddefenditslegitimateinterestsanduseitsleadingpowerjustly.

21.单选题

Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilitytospurfurtherresearchandfurtherthinkingaboutaparticulartopic.

问题1选项

A.renovate

B.advocate

C.arouse

D.stimulate

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。spur意为“鞭策，激励，刺激”；renovate意为“翻新，修复，整修”；advocate意为“提倡”；arouse意为“引起”；stimulate意为“促进，激励，刺激”。

句意：科学理论的一个重要特性是它能够激励对某一特定主题的进一步研究和思考。

22.翻译题

Whenitcomestomoney,womenreallyaremoreresponsiblethanmen,withaninternationalsurveyfindingthatthey’relesslikelytogetintodebtandstrivehardertobecomefinanciallyindependent.TheglobalReutersSynovatesurveypolledsome4,500womenin12countriesaboutmoneymatters.Anequalnumberofmenwerealsoaskedseveralquestionsrelatedtofinances.

Thesurveyshowedthatjustoverhalfrespondentsofbothgenderssaidwomenaremoreresponsiblewithmoneythanmen,withthehighestlevelofagreementfoundinMexico,where72percentofpeoplebelievedwomenwerebetterathandlingfinances.Andalthoughmorethan40percentofwomenusepartoftheirmonthlyincometopayoffcreditcards,some70percentoffemalerespondentsalsosaidthathavingmorethanonecreditcardcouldleadtofinancialdebt,revealingwomen’shigherawareness.

“It’sobviouslynotthecarditselfthatcausesanyonetouseit.Sothestatementisreallyaboutcontrolandtemptation,”saidClaireBravennan,internationalmarketresearchfirmSynovate’sseniorvicepresidentofFinancialServicesintheUnitedStates.“Theabilitytospendmore,thatyoudon’thaveinthefirstplace,cancertainlyleadtodebt.Itmeanspeoplehavetocontrolthemselvesandtheirspouses,”sheadded.Morewomenbelievedintheirfinancialabilitythanmen,with61percentsayingtheyweremoreresponsible,whileonly40percentofmenagreed.Butnearlyhalfthewomensurveyedalsoconcededthattheywerebiggerspendersthantheirmalecounterparts,withnearly60percentofmenagreeing.

ThesurveywasconductedinDecemberinAustralia,Brazil,Bulgaria,Canada,France,Indonesia,Malaysia,Mexico,theNetherlands,SouthAfrica,Britain,andtheUnitedStates.

【答案】谈到钱的问题，女性比男性更有责任感。一项国际调查发现，女性不太可能陷入债务，更加努力实现经济独立。路透思纬全球调查对12个国家的近4500名女性进行了有关金钱问题的调查。同样数量的男性也被问及几个有关理财方面的问题。

调查显示，男女受访者都有超过一半人表示女性在金钱方面比男性更负责任。在墨西哥，这一比例最高，72%的人认为女性更善于理财。尽管超过40%的女性用她们月收入的一部分来还信用卡，但是约70%的女性受访者表示，拥有多张信用卡会导致负债，这表明女性的财务负债意识更强。

国际市场研究公司思纬美国金融服务高级副总裁克莱尔说：“很明显，并不是卡本身的原因，所以这实际上是关乎控制和诱惑的问题。”她表示：“过度消费肯定会导致债务，这意味着人们必须控制自己和配偶的消费欲望。”与男性相比，女性更相信自己的经济能力，61%的女性说她们更有责任感，而只有40%的男性在经济方面有这样的信心。但近一半的受访女性也承认，她们比男性更爱花钱，近60%的男性表示同意。

这项调查于去年12月在澳大利亚、巴西、保加利亚、加拿大、法国、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、墨西哥、荷兰、南非、英国和美国进行。

23.单选题

Theabilitytofocusattentiononimportantthingsisa（）characteristicofintelligence.

问题1选项

A.declining

B.defining

C.deceiving

D.defending

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项declining“下滑的；衰退的；倾斜的”；B选项defining“最典型的；起决定性作用的”；C选项deceiving“欺骗性的”；D选项defending“防守型的”。句意：把注意力集中在重要事情上的能力是智慧的一个（）特征。根据语境，defining“最典型的”和intelligence“智慧”搭配比较合理。因此B选项正确。

24.单选题

Theweathermanbroadcaststhe（）intemperaturetwiceaday.

问题1选项

A.diversion

B.variation

C.variety

D.modification

【答案】B

【解析】diversion转移,消遣；variation变化,变异；variety多样化；modification修正,改变。句意：天气预报员每天两次播报气温变化。选项B符合句意。

25.单选题

EnglishTestinDoctorialentranceexaminationisdesignedtoobservetheexaminees’English（

）

inreading,writing,andtranslating.

问题1选项

A.proficiency

B.persistency

C.consistency

D.sufficiency

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查同形词辨析。A选项proficiency“精通，熟练”；B选项persistency“持续，固执”；C选项consistency“一致性”；D选项sufficiency“足量，充足”，根据文中关键词“test考试”和“observe观察，评论”可知proficiency最合适，句意为：博士英语入学考试旨在测试受测者的读写和翻译的熟练度。故正确答案选A。

26.单选题

Itisimportantthatthehotelreceptionist（）thatguestsareregisteredcorrectly.

问题1选项

A.hasmadesure

B.madesure

C.mustmakesure

D.makesure

【答案】D

【解析】考查虚拟语气。Itisimportantthat...句式中，其中由that引导的主语从句通常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，其中的should通常省略。因此A、B、C的表达是错误的，D选项符合题意。

27.单选题

Althoughthecolonists（

）tosomeextentwiththenativeAmericans,theIndiansinfluenceonAmericancultureandlanguagewasnotextensive.

问题1选项

A.migrated

B.matched

C.mingled

D.melted

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。migrate“移居，使移植”；match“匹配”；mingle“混合，交往”；melt“融化”。句意：尽管殖民地居民在很大程度上与当地美国人混杂而居，但是印第安人对美国文化和语言的影响比较少。选项C符合题意。

28.单选题

Withitscommoninterestinlaw-breakingbutitsimmenserangeofsubject-matterandwidely-varyingmethodsoftreatment,thecrimenovelcouldmakealegitimateclaimtoberegardedasaseparatebranchofliterature,or,atleast,asadistinct,eventhoughaslightlydisreputable,offshootofthetraditionalnovel.

Thedetectivestoryisprobablythemostrespectable(atanyrateinthenarrowsenseoftheword)ofthecrimespecies.Itscreationisoftentherelaxationofuniversityscholars,literaryeconomists,scientistsorevenpoets.Disastrousdeathsmayoccurmorefrequentlyandmysteriouslythanmightbeexpectedinpolitesociety,buttheworldinwhichtheyhappen,thevillage,seasideresort,collegeorstudio,isfamiliartous,ifnotfromourownexperience,atleastinthenewspaperorthelivesoffriends.Thecharacters,thoughnormallyrealizedsuperficially,areasrecognizablyhumanandconsistentasourlessintimateacquaintances.AstorysetinamoreremoteAfricanjungleorAustralianbush,ancientChinaorgas-litLondon;appealstoourinterestingeographyorhistory,andmostdetectivestorywritersareconscientiousinprovidingareasonablytruebackground.Theelaborate,carefully-assembledplot,despisedbythemodernintellectualcriticsandcreatorsof"significant"novels,hasfoundrefugeinthemurdermystery,withitssprinklingofclues,itsspicingwithapparentimpossibilities,allwithappropriatesolutionsandexplanationsattheend.Withtheguiltofescapismfromreallifenagginggently,wesecretlytakedelightintheunmaskingofevilbyavaguelysuper