考研考博-英语-安徽长江职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安徽长江职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

We______soasnottowakethechild.

问题1选项

A.whispered

B.moaned

C.grunted

D.muttered

【答案】A

【解析】考查近义词辨析。A选项whispered“低声地说”；B选项moaned“呻吟”；C选项grunted“咕哝着说”；D选项muttered“喃喃自语”。句意：我们低声说话，以免吵醒孩子。本句表示低声说话。因此A选项正确。

2.单选题

Whyinanageoftechnology,shouldsomanypeoplestillclingtoanancientbelief?Inpartitmustbebecauseastrology（占星术）claimstotellussomethingaboutourselves,andallofusareinterestedinourselves.Ithinkitisbecauseastrologyispresentedasifitwereasciencebyitsmodernpractitioner,andmanypeoplearemisledbythis.

Infact，astrologywasneverascience.Itwasnotahypothesisortheorydevelopedtodescribenaturalphenomena,anduntilfairlyrecenttimes,therewasnoattempttotestorverifyitspredictions.AstrologybeganapproximatelythreethousandyearsagoinBabylonia,itwasappliedtomonarchsandkingdoms,butnottoindividuals.Itspreadinthe6thcenturyBCasFarasIndia,whereitflourishestoday.TheEgyptians,meanwhile,developedtheirownkindofastrology.ButtheastrologynowpracticedinEuropeandAmericaisthatdevelopedbytheGreeks,whosynthesizedtheideasofBabyloniansandEgyptiansandenrichedthemwithconceptsfromtheirownfertileimaginations.TheGreeksbelievedthattheearthwascomposedoffourelements,andtheheavensofaperfectcrystallinematerial.Theplanetsthemselveswerevariouslythoughttobegods,residencesofgods,oratleastmanifestationsofgods.Thegodswereimmortal,butotherwisehadthesameattributesofanger,happiness,jealousy,rageandpleasureaswedo.Nowifwhatthegods'thoughtwascapricious（变化无常的），atleasttheplanetswerepredictableintheirmovements.Becauseourownlotinlifeissounpredictable,itmustbepurelyatthemercyofgods.Butifthegodsaretheplanets,orsomehowassociatedwiththem,thenwehaveonlytolearntherulesofthemotionsoftheplanetstounderstandthewhimsofthegodsandhowtheyshapeourownlives.Sothebeliefdevelopedthateachofourlivesispreordainedbythepreciseconfigurationoftheplanetsintheskyatthetimeofourbirth.

Astrologycouldnot,ofcourse,haveseemedasincredibletotheancientsasitdoestous.Theroleofthesuninfluencingourdailyandyearlylivesisobvious;itwasanaturalextensiontoattributeotherpowerstotheotherplanetsaswell.Itwasn'tuntilthetimeofNewtonthatweunderstoodthatthelawsofNatureapplytothecelestialworldsaswellastotheterrestrialone.Duringantiquity,however,allgreatscholarsbelievedinastrology.

1.Manypeoplearemisledbyastrologybecauseitispresentedbythepractitionersas（

）.

2.Itisimpliedthatastrologyisbasedonthebeliefthat

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthescholarsbeforethetimeofNewton?

4.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?

问题1选项

A.atheorythatcandescribenaturalphenomena

B.amagicalkeytounderstandthemselves

C.anancientbeliefthathadlongbeenappliedtomonarchs

D.amysteriouspowerbeyondtheexplanationofscience

问题2选项

A.thegods’intentionswerehardtopredict

B.thefateofourliveswereunpredictable

C.thegodsarecloselyrelatedtotheplanets

D.thegodshavethesameattributesaswedo

问题3选项

A.Someofthemwereconvincedbyastrology.

B.Theydidn'tknowthelawsofNatureapplytoallplanets.

C.Theyplayedimportantrolesinthedevelopmentofastrology.

D.Mostofthemfoundastrologyincredible

问题4选项

A.Tocastdoubtontheoriginofastrology

B.Tocompareastrologywithrealsciences.

C.Topointoutthepopularityofastrology.

D.Tojustifytheincredibilityofastrology.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由第一段“Ithinkitisbecauseastrologyispresentedasifitwereasciencebyitsmodernpractitioner,andmanypeoplearemisledbythis.这是因为占星术被它的现代实践者描述为一门科学，许多人被它误导了。”据此可知A项正确。答案A

第2题:推理判断题。TheGreeksbelievedthattheearthwascomposedoffourelements,andtheheavensofaperfectcrystallinematerial.Theplanetsthemselveswerevariouslythoughttobegods,residencesofgods,oratleastmanifestationsofgods.希腊人相信地球是由四种元素组成的，而天堂是由完美的水晶物质构成的。行星本身被以各种方式认为是神，神的住所，或者至少是神的显现。据此可知C项“神被认为与行星密切相关”正确。答案C'

第3题:细节事实题。由文章末尾“Itwasn’tuntilthetimeofNewtonthatweunderstoodthatthelawsofNatureapplytothecelestialworldsaswellastotheterrestrialone.Duringantiquity,however,allgreatscholarsbelievedinastrology.直到牛顿时代，我们才明白自然法则不仅适用于地球，也适用于天体。然而，在古代，所有伟大的学者都相信占星术。”可知古代学者并不知道自然法则适用于所有行星。B项正确。

第4题:主旨大意题。由第一段“Ithinkitisbecauseastrologyispresentedasifitwereasciencebyitsmodernpractitioner,andmanypeoplearemisledbythis.我认为这是因为占星术被现代的从业者描述成一门科学，很多人被误导了。”及第二段“Infact，astrologywasneverascience.事实上，占星术从来都不是一门科学。”可知作者认为占星术并非科学，不可信。答案D。本文主要是为了说明占星术不是科学，并未将占星术与真正的科学进行对比，故B项不对。文中对于占星术发展来源的叙述只是为了表明占星术是一种迷信，并不是本文的写作目的，故A项不对。C项“指出占星术很受欢迎”并不是本文的写作目的。

3.单选题

AbrahamLincolnturns200thisyear,andhe’sbeginningtoshowhisage.Whenhisbirthdayarrives,onFebruary12,CongresswillholdaspecialjointsessionintheCapitol’sNationalStatuaryHall,awreathwillbelaidatthegreatmemorialinWashington,andawebcastwilllinkschoolclassroomsfora"teach-in"honoringhismemory.

Admirableastheyare,though,theeventswillstrikemanyofusLincolnfansasinadequate,evenhalfhearted-andanothersignthatourappreciationforthe16thpresidentandhistoweringachievementsisslippingaway.Andyoudon'thavetobeaLincolnenthusiasttobelievethatthisissomethingwecan’taffordtolose.

Comparethisyear’scelebrationwiththeLincolncentennial,in1909,thatyear,Lincoln'slikenessmadeitsdebutonthepenny,thankstoapprovalfromtheU.S.SecretaryoftheTreasury.Communitiesandcivicassociationsineverycomerofthecountryeruptedinparades,concerts,balls,lectures,andmilitarydisplays.Westillfeeltheeffectstoday:Themomentumunloosedin1909ledtotheLincolnMemorial,openedin1922,andtheLincolnHighway,thefirstpavedtranscontinentalthoroughfare.

Thecelebrantsin1909hadafewinspirationswelacktoday.Lincoln’spresidencywasstillalivingmemoryforcountlessAmericans.In2009wearefartherintimefromtheendoftheSecondWorldWarthantheywerefromtheCivilWar;familiesstillfeltthelossoflovedonesfromthatawfiilnationaltrauma.

ButAmericansin1909hadsomethingmore:anunembarrassedappreciationforheroesandanacutesenseofthewaythatevenLong-deadhistoricalfigurespressinonthepresentandmakeuswhoweare.

OnestorywillillustratewhatI'mtalkingabout.

In2003agroupoflocalcitizensarrangedtoplaceastatueofLincolninRichmond,Virginia,formercapitaloftheConfederacy.Theideatouchedoffafirestormofcontroversy.TheSonsofConfederateVeteransheldapublicconferenceofcarefullyselectedscholarsto"reassess"thelegacyofLincoln.Theverdict-nosurprise-wasnegative:Lincolnwaslabeledeverythingfromaracisttotalitariantoatellerofdirtyjokes.

Icoveredtheconferenceasareporter,butwhatreallyunnervedmewasacounter-conferenceofscholarstorefutetheearlierone.ThesescholarsdrewapictureofLincolnthatonlyourtouchy-fellyagecouldconjureup.Themanwhooversawthemostsavagewarinourhistorywasdescribed-byhisadmirers,remember-as“nonjudgmental.”“Unmoralistic.”“Comfortablewithambiguity”

IfeltthewayafriendofminefeltaswelaterwatchedtheunveilingoftheRichmondstatueinasubduedceremony:“Buthe’ssosmall’

ThestatueinRichmondwasindeedsmall;likenearlyeveryLincolnstatueputupinthepasthalfcentury,itwaslife-sizeandwasplacedatgroundlevel,aconsciousrejectionoftheheroic-approachableandhuman,yes,butnotsomethingtolookupto.

TheRichmondepisodetaughtmethatAmericanshavelostthelanguagetoexplainLincoln’sgreatnesseventoourselves.EarliergenerationssaidtheywantedtheirchildrentobelikeLincoln:principled,kind,

Compassionate,resolute.TodaywewantLincolntobelikeus.

HishelpstoexplainthelongstringofrecentbooksinwhichwritershavepresentedaLincolnmadeaftertheirownimage.We'vehadLincolnashumoristandLincolnasmanic-depressive,Lincolnthebusinesssage,theconservativeLincolnandtheliberalLincolntheemancipatorandtheracistthestoicphilosopher,theChristian.Theatheist-LincolnovereasyandLincolnscrambled.

What'softenmissing,though,isthetimelessLincoln,theLincolnwhomallgenerations,ourownnolessthanthatof1909,canlayclaimto.Luckyforus,thosememorializesfromacenturyago—andthroughthem.Lincolnhimself-haveleftusahintofwheretofindhim.

TheLincolnMemorialisthemostvisitedofourpresidentialmonuments.HereiswherewefindtheLincolnwhoendures:inthewordsheleftus,definingthecountrywe'veinherited.HereistheLincolnwhocanbeendlesslyrenewedandwho,200yearsafterhisbirth,retainsthepowertorenewus.

1.Theauthorthinksthatthisyear’scelebrationisinadequateandevenhalfheartedbecause（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whatreallymakesthe1909celebrationsdifferentfromthisyear's?

3.Intheauthor'sopinionthecounter-conference（

）

4.Accordingtotheauthor,theimageofLincolnconceivedbycontemporarypeople（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheimplicationofthelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.noLincolnstatuewillbeunveiled.

B.nomemorialcoinswillbeissued.

C.nosimilarappreciationofLincolnwillbeseen.

D.noactivitiescanbecomparedtothosein1909.

问题2选项

A.Respectforgreatpeopleandtheirinfluence.

B.Varietyandmagnitudeofcelebrationactivities.

C.StructuresconstructedinmemoryofLincoln.

D.TemporalproximitytoLincoln’spresidency.

问题3选项

A.rectifiedthejudgmentbythosecarefullyselectedscholars.

B.offeredabrandnewreassessmentperspective.

C.cameupwithsomewhatfavorableconclusions.

D.resultedinsimilardisparagingremarksonLincoln.

问题4选项

A.conformstotraditionalimages.

B.reflectsthepresent-daytendencyofworship.

C.showsthepresent-daydesiretoemulateLincoln.

D.revealsthevarietyofcurrentopinionsonheroes.

问题5选项

A.Lincoln’sgreatnessremainsdespitethepassageoftime.

B.Thememorialissymbolicofthegreatman’sachievements.

C.EachgenerationhasitsowninterpretationofLincoln.

D.PeoplegettoknowLincolnthroughmemorializers.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.推断题。根据题干定位至第二段,接下来一段将今年的庆祝活动与1909年100年纪念的时候相比较”。也就是200周年的纪念一点都比不上1909年的。A和B项都含在了D项中，C项不客观。

2.细节题。今年和1909年纪念活动的区别深层次的原因，出现在第四、第五段中：第4段第一句：thecelebrantsin1909hadafewinspirationswelacktoday;第5段第一句：ButAmericansin1909hadsomethingmore.可以看出现今的人所缺少的inspirations和somethingmore即A选项中提到的“对伟人和他们的影响的尊敬”。

3.细节题。根据题干定位至第8段:令作者更加失望的是随后针对该批判会展开的学者会议。这一会议把林肯描述成了“不急于下判断、不道德、模棱两可”。

4.推断题。倒数第二段中指出:writershavepresentedaLincolnmadeaftertheirownimage(各路作家们呈现出了以他们的想法创造出来的林肯),因此D项(林肯在人们心目中各不相同)正确。

5.推断题。在倒数第二段中列出了林肯在世人的各种形象后，作者说缺少一个timelessLincoln（永恒的林肯）,因此推测A项Lincoln'sgreatnessremainsdespitethepassageoftime(林肯的伟大不随着时间的消逝而消失)比较符合作者暗含的意思。

4.单选题

Afriendshipmaybe（

）,casual,situationalordeepandlasting.

问题1选项

A.identical

B.original

C.superficial

D.critical

【答案】C

【解析】根据句意可知,填空处的内容应该与or后面意思相反且与casual,situational意思相近。句意:友谊可以是浅薄的、随意的、场合性的,也可以是深刻的、持久的。只有选项C符合语境。

5.单选题

Anotherimportantissue

thenewrepublicistheproblemoftheeducationofitscitizens.

问题1选项

A.confining

B.confronting

C.facing

D.conforming

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。confine“限制，禁闭”；confront“面对，遭遇”；face“面对”；conform“遵照，符合”。句意：新共和国面临的一个重要问题是公民的教育。选项B符合题意。

6.单选题

A1994WorldBankreportconcludedthat_______girlsinschoolwasprobablythesinglemosteffectiveanti-povertypolicyinthedevelopingworldtoday.

问题1选项

A.enrolling

B.assigning

C.involving

D.consenting

【答案】A

【解析】enrolling招收,参加;assigning指派,分配;involving牵涉,使参与;consenting允许,赞成。句意：世界银行1994年的一份报告得出结论：招收女童入学可能是当今发展中世界最有效的反贫困政策。选项A符合句意。

7.单选题

TheBuddhistreligiondevelopedfromtheteachingsofShakyamuniBuddha,wholivedfromabout563to483BCEinthepresent-dayregionsofNepalandcentralIndia.Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a“world-conqueringruler”—oraBuddha—a"fullyenlightenedbeing”.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain.Yettheprincewaseventuallyexposedtothesufferingofoldage,sickness,anddeath—theinevitablefateofallmortalbeings.Deeplytroubledbythehumancondition,Siddharthaatagetwenty-nineleftthepalace,hisfamily,andhisinheritancetoliveasanasceticinthewilderness.Aftersixyearsofmeditation,heattainedcompleteenlightenmentnearBodhGaya,India.

Followinghisenlightenment,theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.HereheexpoundedtheFourNobleTruths,whicharethefoundationofBuddhism:(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpathofrightview,rightresolve,rightspeech,rightaction,rightlivelihood,righteffort,rightmindfulness,andrightconcentration.AftertheBuddha’sdeathattheageofeighty,hismanydisciplesdevelopedhisteachingsandestablishedtheworld’soldestmonasticinstitutions.

ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirththatotherwiseholdsusinitsgrip,whetherwearebornintotheworldofthegods,humans,animals,torturedspirits,orhellbeings.

TheearlyformofBuddhismknownasTheravadaorHinayana,stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself.TheravadaBuddhismhascontinuedinsouthIndia,SriLanka,andSoutheastAsia.Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen).CompassionforallbeingsisthefoundationofMahayanaBuddhism,whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.MahayanaBuddhismrecognizesBuddhasotherthanShakyamunifromthepast,present,andfuture.OnesuchisMaitreya,thenextBuddhatoappearonEarth.AnotheristheAmitabhaBuddha,theBuddhaofInfiniteLightandInfiniteLife(thatis,incorporatingallspaceandtime),whodwellsinparadiseknownastheWesternPureLand.AmitabhaBuddhabecameparticularlypopularinEastAsia.MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas(thosewhoseessenceiswisdom),saintlybeingswhoareonthebrinkofachievingBuddhahoodbuthavevowedtohelpothersachieveBuddhahoodbeforecrossingoverthemselves.

Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes.InHinduism,adeitymaydwellinitsimage,butinBuddhismportrayalsofBuddhasandbodhisattvasarerecognizedaspurelysymbolic,andnospiritisbelievedtoresidewithin.

1.WhichtypeofBuddhismdevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattva,andhowarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations?

2.WhichkindofBuddhismemphasizespersonaldevelopmentforthepurposeofachievingnirvana,andwhatisnirvana?

3.WhydidSiddhartha’sfathershelterhimwhenhewasyoung?

4.WhattypeofBuddhismflourishedhalfamillenniumaftertheBuddha’sdeath,andmainlydevelopedfurthertotheeast;whatwasitsmaingoal?

5.WhatarethefourNobleTruthsandwheredidtheBuddhafirstexpoundthisdoctrine?

问题1选项

A.MahayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredressedlikeIndianprinces.

B.VajrayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredistinguishedbytheyellowhatsandsaffronrobestheywear.

C.ChanBuddhism,andtheycanbeidentifiedinartbytherobesthatcovertheirbodies.

D.TheravadaBuddhism,andtheyareidentifiedbytheprincelygarbofIndiathattheywear.

问题2选项

A.TheravadaBuddhism;theBuddhistequivalentoftheChristianheaven.

B.TheravadaBuddhism;thepersonalextinctionofthecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth.

C.HinayanaBuddhism;theextinctionofsamsara.

D.BothBandC.

问题3选项

A.Hewasafraidthathisson,whowouldonedaysucceedhimasking,mightgetsickanddieifhewereexposedtothedangersofeverydaylife.

B.Hewasworriedthathissonmightbecomegreatandchallengehisreign,andthatiswhyhetriedtodistracthimwithpleasure.

C.Helovedhissonverydeeplyanddidnotwantanypainorsicknesstoaffecthim;hewantedhimtoliveonlyintheperfect“world”thathecreatedforhim.

D.OraclesforetoldthatthebabySiddhartha,whenhegrewup,wouldeitherbeaworldconquerororafullyenlightenedbeing,buthisfatheronlywantedhimtobeanordinarykinglikehimself.

问题4选项

A.MahayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwasBuddhahoodforeverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.

B.ShakyamuniBuddism,anditsmaingoalwastoendsamsaraforeverybodhisattva.

C.ZenBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastobringthePureLandintothepresentworld.

D.VajrayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastosharetheBuddha’smessagethroughcreatingpurelysymbolicimagesoftheBuddhathroughpaintingsandsculptures.

问题5选项

A.Lifeissuffering;ignorantpeoplecausesuffering;ignorancecanbeovercome;onecanovercomeignorancebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingatBodhGayainIndia.

B.Lifeissuffering;sufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;ignorancecanbeovercomebycarefulstudy;hegavehisfirstteachingtothedeerthatgatheredaroundhimatBodhGayainIndia.

C.Lifeissuffering;thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachinginDeerParkatSamath.

D.Lifeissuffering;ignoranceisthecauseofsuffering;ignorancecanbeovercomebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:1.事实细节题。本题有两个问题。第一个是“哪一种佛教扩大了菩萨的范畴”，第四段最后一句说到“MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas…”，由此可知，是大乘佛教“MahayanaBuddhism”扩大了菩萨的范畴；第二个问题，howarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations“菩萨与佛在艺术表现上有何不同”，最后一段第一句正说到了两者在艺术方面的区别“Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes”，在艺术上，菩萨和佛最明显的区别是他们的服饰：菩萨穿的是印度的公主服，而佛穿的是僧袍。对比选项可知A选项正确。

第2题:2.事实细节题。本题同样有两个问题。第一个问题“哪种佛教强调个人发展以达到涅槃的目的”，第四段第一句说到“TheearlyformofBuddhism…stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself”，佛教的早期形式（小乘佛教）强调自我修养，以达到涅槃的目的，即不再轮回，因此是小乘佛教强调个人发展达到涅槃；第二个问题“什么是涅槃”，因为涅槃是佛教强调的个人发展目的，因此涅槃与佛有关，第三段中说到“ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth…”，佛陀不是神，而是一个看到世界终极本质的人，因此不再受制于轮回，也就是生、死和重生的循环，由此可知，涅槃也就是不再受制于生、死和重生的循环。对比选项发现B选项符合题意。

第3题:3.事实细节题。题干中受到父亲庇护的Siddhartha出现在文章第一段“Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a‘world-conqueringruler'—oraBuddha—a‘fullyenlightenedbeing’.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain”，释迦牟尼在出生时，被预言他或将是征服世界的统治者，或将是一个完全开悟的人。他的父亲希望他成为像自己一样的统治者，想让他免受痛苦而努力保护他。对比选项可知D选项正确。

第4题:4.事实细节题。本题又是两个问题。第一个问题“什么样的佛教在佛陀死后500年才兴盛起来，而且主要在东方发展得更远”，第四段第三句说到“Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen)”，佛陀去世后500年内，另一种佛教形式大乘佛教主要在印度北部流行起来；它最终在中国（作为禅宗和藏传佛教）和韩国、日本（作为禅宗）兴盛起来。第二个问题“它的主要目的是什么”，第四段第四句说到“whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse”，其目标不是为涅槃，而是为宇宙中的每一个众生成佛（开悟）。对比选项可知A选项正确。

第5题:5.事实细节题。第二段中说到“theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath”，佛陀在萨马斯的鹿园里进行了他的第一次教导，阐述了四圣谛的内容：(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath…对比选项可知C选项正确。

8.单选题

JanHendrikSchon’ssuccessseemedtoogoodtobetrue,anditwas.InonlyfouryearsasaphysicistatBellLaborites,Schon,32,hadco-authored90scientificpapers—oneevery16days—dealingwithnewdiscoveriesinsuperconductivity,lasers,nanotechnologyandquantumphysics.Thisoutputastonishedhiscolleagues,andmadethemsuspicious.Whenoneco-workernoticedthatthesametableofdataappearedintwoseparatepapers—whichalsohappenedtoappearinthetwomostprestigiousscientificjournalsintheworld,ScienceandNature—thejigwasup.InOctober2002,aBellLabsinvestigationfoundthatSchonhadfalsifiedandfabricateddata.Hiscareerasascientistwasfinished.Scientificscandals,whichareasoldasscienceitself,tendtofollowsimilarpatternsofpresumptionandduereward.

Inrecentyears,ofcourse,thepressureonscientiststopublishinthetopjournalshasincreased,makingthejournalsmuchmorecrucialtocareersuccess.ThequestionsarewhetherNatureandSciencehavebecometoopowerfulasarbitersofwhatsciencereachtothepublic,andwhetherthejournalsareuptotheirtaskasgatekeepers.Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetters,neuroscientistshaveNeuron,andsoforth.ScienceandNature,though,aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthatcoverthegamutofscientificdisciplines,frommeteorologyandzoologytoquantumphysicsandchemistry.Asaresult,journalistslooktothemeachweekforthecreamofthecropofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournalsinparttoreachjournalists.Whydotheycare?Competitionforgrantshasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopularrenowntogainanedgeovertheirrivals.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwintheacclaimsfromacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perishimperative,butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications.

Scientiststendtopaymoreattentiontothebigtwothantootherjournals.Whenmorescientistsknowaboutaparticularpaper,they’remoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoft-citedwillincreaseascientist's“ImpactFactor’’，ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedbypeers.Fundingagenciesusethe"ImpactFactor'*asaroughmeasureoftheinfluenceofscientiststhey’reconsideringsupporting.

1.TheachievementsofJanHendrikSchonturnedouttobe（

）.

2.TofindwhyscientificscandalslikeSchon’soccur,peoplehavebeguntoraisedoubtaboutthetwotopjournalsfor

（

）.

3.Theexpression’’thecreamofthecrop”inParagraph3likelymeans（

）.

问题1选项

A.surprising

B.inconceivable

C.praiseworthy

D.fraudulent

问题2选项

A.theiracademicprestige

B.theirimportancetocareersuccess

C.theirpopularitywithscientificcircles

D.theirreviewingsystem

问题3选项

A.themostofall

B.thebestofall

C.therecentlyreleased

D.thewidelyspread

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干询问‘JanHendrikSchon的成就被证明是…’。在第一段中，最开始讲到Schon的成绩好得令人难以置信，而后其同事发现他是抄袭的，然后贝尔实验室的调查发现了他伪造和捏造了数据，所以他结束了其科学生涯。所以D选项“骗人的”正确。

2.细节事实题。题干询问‘为了找出像肖恩这样的科学丑闻发生的原因，人们开始怀疑两个顶级期刊上…’。由第二段第二句“ThequestionsarewhetherNatureandSciencehavebecometoopowerfulasarbitersofwhatsciencereachtothepublic,andwhetherthejournalsareuptotheirtaskasgatekeepers.他质疑的问题是，自然和科学是否已经变得过于强大，成为科学走向公众的仲裁者，以及这些期刊是否能够胜任它们作为看门人的任务。”确定A选项“它们的学术声誉”正确。

3.推理判断题。题干询问‘第3段中的“thecreamofthecrop”可能是指’。由第三段第四句“Asaresult,journalistslooktothemeachweekforthecreamofthecropofnewsciencepapers.因此，记者们每周都要从这些新发表的科学论文中寻找精华。”确定B选项“所有中最好的”正确。

9.不定项选择题

Forthepasttwoyears,Ihavebeenworkingonstudents’evaluationofclassroomteaching.Ihavekeptarecordofinformalconversation（1）some300studentsfromat（2）twenty-onecollegesanduniversities.Thestudentsweregenerally（3）anddirectintheircomments（4）howcourseworkwouldbebetter（5）.Mostoftheirremarkswerekindly（6）—withtoleranceratherthanbitterness—andfrequentlyweresoftenedbythe（7）thatthestudentswerespeaking（8）some,notall,instructors.Nevertheless,（9）thefollowingsuggestionsandcommentsindicate,studentsfeel（10）withthings-as-theyareintheclassroom.Professorsshouldbe（11）fromreadinglecturenotes.“Itmakestheir（12）monotonous”.

Iftheyaregoingtoread,whynot（13）outcopiesofthelecture?Thenwe（14）needtogotoclass.Professorsshould（15）repeatinginlecturesmaterialthatisinthetextbook.“（16）we’vereadthematerial,wewantto（17）itorhearitelaboratedon,（18）repeated”“Alotofstudentshatetobuya（19）textthattheprofessorhaswritten（20）tohavehislecturesrepeatit.”

问题1选项

A.counting

B.covering

C.figuring

D.involving

问题2选项

A.best

B.length

C.least

D.large

问题3选项

A.frank

B.hard-working

C.polite

D.reserved

问题4选项

A.at

B.on

C.of

D.over

问题5选项

A.described

B.addressed

C.taken

D.received

问题6选项

A.purchase

B.chase

C.satisfy

D.follow

问题7选项

A.fact

B.occasion

C.case

D.truth

问题8选项

A.at

B.with

C.on

D.about

问题9选项

A.if

B.though

C.as

D.whether

问题10选项

A.satisfactory

B.unsatisfactory

C.satisfied

D.dissatisfied

问题11选项

A.interfered

B.discouraged

C.disturbed

D.interrupted

问题12选项

A.sounds

B.pronunciation

C.voices

D.gestures

问题13选项

A.hold

B.give

C.drop

D.leave

问题14选项

A.mustn’t

B.shouldn’t

C.couldn’t

D.wouldn’t

问题15选项

A.avoid

B.prevent

C.refuse

D.prohibit

问题16选项

A.Until

B.Unless

C.Once

D.However

问题17选项

A.keep

B.discuss

C.argue

D.remember

问题18选项

A.not

B.or

C.and

D.yet

问题19选项

A.desired

B.required

C.revised

D.deserved

问题20选项

A.