外教社新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列（修订版）：综合教程（第3版） 第1册 U12 Lecture Notes

Unit12TheDesignofChineseGardenTOC\o"1-5"\h\z\o"CurrentDocument"ePre-readingActivities 2\o"CurrentDocument"Lead-in 2\o"CurrentDocument"Culturalinformation 2\o"CurrentDocument"Audiovisualsupplements 3\o"CurrentDocument"oGlobalReading 4\o"CurrentDocument".Mainidea 4\o"CurrentDocument"Structuralanalysis 4\o"CurrentDocument"reeDetailedReading 5Text1 5\o"CurrentDocument"urConsolidationActivities 25\o"CurrentDocument"VocabularyAnalysis 25\o"CurrentDocument"GrammarExercises 30\o"CurrentDocument"Translationexercises 34\o"CurrentDocument"Exercisesforintegratedskills 35\o"CurrentDocument"Phonetics 36\o"CurrentDocument"Oralactivities 37\o"CurrentDocument"WritingPractice 38ListeningExercises 39\o"CurrentDocument"veFurtherReading 41\o"CurrentDocument"TextII 41\o"CurrentDocument"MemorableQuotes 46SectionOnePre-readingActivities.Lead-inPicture-describingactivityLookatthefollowingpicturesofpartsofChinesegardensandgiveabrieftalktoyourgroupmembersaboutthem,focusingonthemainfeaturesofChinesegardensandtheirfunctions.Inyourtalk,trytousethewordsandexpressionsgivenbelow.moon-shapeddoorwayhighwallpavementwindowgrillerockerybridgeinazigzagfashionpondwoodenbuildingswithverandaspaviliontreesandflowerspinklotusesarresttheeye活动说明：Thisgroupactivitycanbeconductedasapre-classactivity,beforethefirstsessionstarts.Itissuggestedthattheclassbedividedintosmallgroupsandallgroupmemberstalkaboutthepicturesbyturns,andthatthegroupleaderssumupthekeypointsmentionedbythegroupmembers.Atthebeginningofthefirstsession,itwouldbedesirablefortheteachertoasktwogroupleaderstotalkaboutthepictures.Finally,theteacherdescribesthepictures,summarizingthemajorpointsofthetwogroupleadersandusingthegivenwordsandexpressions.Il.Culturalinformationl.ChinesegardenTheChinesegardenisalandscapegardenstylewhichhasevolvedoverthreethousandyears.ItincludesboththevastgardensoftheChineseemperorsandmembersoftheimperialfamily,builtforpleasureandtoimpress,andthemoreintimategardenscreatedbyscholars,poets,formergovernmentofficials,soldiersandmerchants,madeforreflectionandescapefromtheoutsideworld.Theycreateanidealizedminiaturelandscape,whichismeanttoexpresstheharmonythatshouldexistbetweenmanandnature.AtypicalChinesegardenisenclosedbywallsandincludesoneormoreponds,rockworks,treesandflowers,andanassortmentofhallsandpavilionswithinthegarden,connectedbywindingpathsandzig-zaggalleries.Bymovingfromstructuretostructure,visitorscanviewaseriesofcarefullycomposedscenes,unrollinglikeascrolloflandscapepaintings..ChuinTung（童寓）：ChuinTung(童寓)：(1900/983)agreatarchitectandinstructorofarchitectureinmodernChina.HavinggraduatedfromQinghuaUniversityin1925,hewentabroadtostudyarchitectureatPennsylvaniaUniversityandobtainedamasterdegreeofarchitecturein1928.In1930hereturnedtoChinaaftermakinganinvestigationinEurope.From1932to1952,heparticipatedindesigningover100buildingprojects.Inhislateyears,hedevotedhimselftoresearchonclassicalChinesegardens,focusingonarchitecturaltheory.HewroteandpublishedanumberofbooksonChineseandWesternarchitecture.ThistextisthesecondpartofhistreatiseuChineseGardens:EspeciallyinKiangsuandChekiangnwhichwascarriedinajournalinOctober1936.3.Rococo:RococoischaracterizedbyanelaboratelydecorativestylethatwaspopularinEuropeinthe18thcentury,withasymmetricalpatternsinvolvingmotifsandscrollwork.Rococobuildings,furniture,andworksofartoftenincludecomplicatedcurlydecoration..MiFu(米芾)：米芾(1051-1107)：aChinesepainter,poet,andcalligrapherborninTaiyuanduringtheSongDynasty.Hegainedrenownforhisstyleofpaintingmistylandscapes.HispoetryfollowedthestyleofLiBaiandhiscalligraphythatofWangXizhi..KoChiussu(柯九思)：柯九思(1290-1343)：aChinesepainter,poet,andcalligrapherduringtheYuanDynasty..NiTs'a(NiTs'an,倪瓒)：倪瓒isperhapsthemostwell-knownoftheYuanDynasty(1271-1368)paintersoftenreferredtoasthe"FourGreatLandscapeMastersn.Ni,HuangGongwang(1269-1354),WuZhen(1280-1354),andWangMeng(1308-1385)areallrecognizedfortheirpersonalexpressionsofnature.AudiovisualsupplementsWatchavideoclipandfillintheblanks.RepresentativesofNorthernChinesegardensare.Andthefeaturesofthemare.RepresentativesofSouthernChinesegardensareintheregionof.Andthefeaturesofthemare.playsasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofChinesegardens,forshehasand.TheChinesegarden-makingartgivesacentralizedexpressionoftheChinesenation,suchasand.AnswerstotheQuestions:RepresentativesofNorthernChinesegardensareimperialgardens.Andthefeaturesofthemarevigorous、firmandmagnificent.RepresentativesofSouthernChinesegardensareprivategardensintheregionoftheYangtzeRiver.Andthefeaturesofthemaregraceful,restrainedandbeautiful.YangzhouGardenplaysasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofChinesegardens,forshehasboththegraceandeleganceofsouthernparksandthemagnificenceofnorthernparks.TheChinesegarden-makingartgivesacentralizedexpressionoftheChinesenation'sphilosophicthinking,suchas“DaoFollowingtheWayofItself*'and"theUnityofHeavenandMan”.SectionTwoGlobalReadingI.MainideaWhatisthemainideaofthetext?A:ThistextmainlyexplainsandillustratesthemajorelementsorspecialfeaturesoftheChinesegarden,statingtheirfunctionsandimplyingtheingenuityofChinesegardenarchitects.TypicalelementsorfeaturesareportrayedtoshowthatChinesegarden-designisprimarilyabranchofpictorialart,withoutreason,logic,orformula.Also,thetextsuggestsharmonybetweenmanandnaturebydrawingourattentiontoartificialhillsandvariousplantslaidoutattractivelyinaChinesegarden.WhatarethebasicelementsoftheChinesegarden?A:IneveryChinesegarden,whichisenclosedbyhighwalls,therearesuchnoticeableelementsasarchitecture,likebuildings,pavilions,curvedpaths,bridges,andpavementmadeofwasteorinsignificantmaterial,decorativerocksorrockery,ponds,plantlife,etc.II.StructuralanalysisWhattypeofwritingisthetext?ThistextisanexpositionwhichexplainsandillustratesthedesignofChinesegardens,describingthemajorelementsorspecialfeatures,statingtheirfunctions,andconveyingtheingenuityofChinesegardenarchitects.ItprovidesnotonlyinsightintoChinesegardeningbutalsoauniqueperspectiveonChinesecultureandsociety.Howdoestheauthordevelopthestatement?TheauthorclearlystatesthatChinesegarden-designisprimarilyabranchofpictorialart,withoutreason,logic,orformula.Thisstatementisexemplifiedbywhathesaysfurther:noexplanationcouldbeofferedforpaths,verandahs,andbridgesplannedinazigzagfashion,exceptthattheyarepicturesque;neitherwasitpossibletoexplaintheexquisitewalltraceriesandwindowgrilles,fantasticdoorwaysandkaleidoscopicpavementpatterns,exceptthattheyaretheretobeappreciated.

Inaword,thistextmainlyexplainsandillustratesthemajorelementsorspecialfeaturesoftheChinesegarden,statingtheirfunctionsandimplyingtheingenuityofChinesegardenarchitects.Also,thetextsuggestsharmonybetweenmanandnaturebydrawingourattentiontoartificialhillsandvariousplantslaidoutattractivelyinaChinesegarden.3.Workoutthestructureofthetextbycompletingthetable.Paragraph(s)Mainidea1-2AgoodChinesegardenarchitectmust,aboveall,beagreatpainter,becauseChinesegarden-designisprimarilyabranchofpictorialart,withoutreason,logic,orformula.3-6ThewritergivesadetaileddescriptionofChinesegardenwallsandtraceries,placingstressontheirpurposes.7Thewriterdescribesthedesignofdoorwaysandwindowgrilles.8ThewriteroffersadescriptionofthepavementintheChinesegarden.9-10ThewritergivesadetailedaccountofrockeryandexplainswhyChineseartistsarepassionatelyinlovewithrockery.11-13ThewritergivesanoverviewofthearchitectureintheChinesegarden.14AnotherinterestinginstanceofChinesegarden-architects9ingenuityisprovided.15AnadequateaccountofplantlifeinaChinesegardenisgiven.SectionThreeDetailedReadingTextITheDesignofChineseGardensChuinTung1ThehorticulturisthasnoplaceindesigningaChinesegarden.Neitherhasthelandscapearchitect,whoisconcernedwithmuchlandscapebutlittlearchitecture.Thepoet,thescholarandthemonkhaveinthepastsharedequalhonorsinthisbranchofChineseart;butaboveall,tobeagoodgarden-architectonemustbeagreatpainter.Chinesegarden-designisprimarilyabranchofpictorialart.Ithasneitherreasonandlogic,norformula.Noexplanation,forinstance,couldbeofferedfbrpaths,verandahs,andbridgesplannedinazigzagfashion,exceptthattheyarepicturesque.Thisoftentimesgivesarococo2looktoaChinesegarden.Butitisalsoresponsiblefortheexquisitewalltraceryandwindowgrille,fantasticdoorwaysandkaleidoscopicpavementpatterns.Inthisrespect,theJapanesegarden,initssylvansimplicity,standsinsharpcontrast.TheChinesegardenisusuallyenclosedinhighwalls.Itsdifferentcourts,too,aredividedbywallssometimeswithporchesrunningalongoneorbothsides.Exceptwhereslopinggrounddoesnotpermit,thewallisvitallynecessaryforisolatingthegardenfromtherestoftheworld.Inmostcasestheblanksurfaceofthewallisrelievedbyaseriesoftraceries,patternedwiththinbrickortile,andwhite-washed.Thebeautyofthetraceryisgreatlyenhancedbyitsdepth,which,whenlightplaysonit,presentsthemostsparklingspectacle.Thesametracerymaylookentirelydifferentunderlightcomingfromdifferentangles.Thevarietyoftracerydesignhasnolimit.Inthesamegardenoneseldomfindsitrepeated.ThegardenwallinSouthChinaisinvariablywhite-washed.Itlendsitselfadmirablytobambooshadowsthrownonitbysunlightormoonlight.White,withgreenfoliageandblackroof-tilesandwood-work,formsoneofthedominatingcolorsintheChinesegarden.Thetopofthewallisusuallyundulated,andrelievedofitsheavinessbytile-tracery.Thisideaissometimescarriedtoofarwhenheadandtailareaddedtomakeitlooklikeadragon.Thewallisseldomstraight.Windingandcreeping,itmayterminateeitherinapavilionorahill.Itcanstopgracefullyincurvesorfurthercontinueitselfwithascreenofrockery.SincetheChinesegardenisnotashowyart,itdependslargelyuponthewalltoconcealitsbeauty,beckoningthewandereronwithaglimpsethroughthedoorwayorthegrille.Intheblankwalltherealsoliesareligioussignificance.TotheZenBuddhistitmeanstheend,theultimate.5Theentiregardenisaretreatformeditation...DoorwaysandwindowgrillesaredesignedinvariouswaysandarecharacteristicoftheChinesegarden.Thedoorwayisshapedlikeamoon,avaseoraflowerpetal.Nopicture-frameismoreattractivethanoneofthesedoorwaysthroughwhichavistaarreststheeye.Windowgrilles,theclosenessofwhosepatternisnecessitatedbytherathersmallsizeofthetranslucentsea-shellsthatserveaspanes,assumeinnumerableforms.Thebestdesigns,however,arethosestrongandsimpleformswhichexcludeintricacy.ThepavementinChinesegardendesignismadedoublyinterestingbytheemploymentofinsignificant,orevenwaste,material.Chipsofstone,brokentiles,pebblesandfragmentsofporcelaincouldmakemosaicsinexhaustibleinpatternandcolor.Usuallythedesignissymmetrical,intheformofcombinationsofpolygonsorquatrefoils.Oftheasymmetricalformsthemostcommonisthe“broken-ice"4pattern.Itis,however,toborderonvulgaritytomakesuchrealisticdesignsasfish,deer,lotusorcrane.Anotheruniquefeatureistherockery,onwhichhalfofthecharmofChinesegardensusuallydepends.Nowhereinthewholeworldistheresuchacrazefbrartificialhills...Chineserockeryisinmostcasescomposedoflimestonewhichderivesitsfantasticshapethroughtheactionofwater.“Lakerock”,asitisusuallycalled,isquarriedfromthebottomoflakeswhereaftercenturiesofwashingandscouringitbecomesporous,spareandgrotesque.OneseldomentersaChinesegardenwithoutseeingrockery.Sometimestherock-hilldominatestheentiregarden.Chineseartistsarepassionatelyinlovewithrockery,notonlyonaccountofitsattractiveform,butalsobecausestoneingeneralhasthatqualityofunchangeablesoliditywhichthehumancharactertoooftenlacks.ManycelebratedindividualsthroughoutChinesehistoryareknowntobedevotedto,oreventoworship,rockery.ThefamouscalligraphistandpainterMiFu'oftheSungDynastywenttotheextentofhailingonestoneashis“bigbrother”.AnotherYuanpainter,KoChius-su6,paidhomagetoastrange-lookingrock/Whenstoneisendowedwithpersonality,onecanfinditdelightfulcompany...FewChinesegardensaredesignedaslivingquarters.Usuallythegardenisentirelyseparatedfromthehouse,andseldomvisitedbyitsowner.Indeed,somegarden-gatesareboltedalltheyearround.ThisisoneofthereasonswhyChinesegardensgotodecaysoeasily.Gardenbuildingsaremostlyconstructedofwood,openononeormoresides,soastocommandfavorableviews.ThingsaredonedifferentlyinItaly:inthecasinosofItalianvillas,windowsareasrareasinafortress.Oneformofplayfularchitectureistobuildapavilioninthemannerofahouse-boat,standingnearthewater.Sometimestemporaryarchitecturalexpedientsaredevisedtomeetemergencies,asinthecaseofaroyalprinceattheendofthefifthcenturywhohadastrongdesireforgardens.Lesthispleasuregroundbeobservedfromhisfather^palacehigherup,heinventedfoldingwallswhichcouldscreenhisearthlyparadiseatshortnotice.Thereisanotherinstanceofadisplayofingenuity.NiTs9an7,aYuanDynastypainter,wasonceinvitedbyhisfriendtoseelotusflowers.Uponhisarrivalhesawnothingbutanemptycourtyard.Hisastonishment,however,wasasgreatashisdisappointmentwhen,returningtothesamecourtyardafterthefeast,hesawapondfulloflotus.Themagicwasasimpleone.Hundredsofpotsoflotusflowerswereswiftlyplacedinthecourtyard,which,beingslightlysunk,becameapoolwhenawaterreservoirdischargedjustenoughwatertosubmergethepots.Scholars,whentheywriteaboutgardens,seldomgiveadequateaccountsofplantlife.WemaysaythatplantlifeisusedintheChinesegardenmainlytohidethebuildings.Flowersareoftenmentionedbecause,besidesgivingoffperfume,theyareinvaluabletopoetry,themostaristocraticbeingpeonyandpaeoniaalbiflora.8Lotus,wisteria,plum,laurel,begonia,jasmineandchrysanthemumarecommontoallgardens.Nogardeniscomplete,ofcourse,withoutthebamboo.Theusualevergreensarepine,juniper,andcedar.Thereisanalmostendlessvarietyoftrees——willow,maple,palm,musa,elm,andsoon.WellknownistheingenuityoftheChinesegardenerintransplantingandcross-breedingflowersandtrees.(1170words)Paragraph1-2Questions：WhatdoestheauthorsaydefinitelyconcerningtheChinesegardendesign?A:TheauthorsaysaffirmativelythattheChinesegarden-designisprimarilyabranchofpictorialart,withoutanyreason,logic,orformula.Whydoestheauthorsaypositivelythattobeagoodgardenarchitect,onemust,aboveall,beagreatpainter?A:BecauseChinesegarden-designrepresentsdifferentartformslikepainting,calligraphy,andpoetry,ofwhichpaintingplaysthemostimportantpartinit.Howmanyprofessionsarementionedinparagraphoneandwhyaretheymentioned?A:Theseprofessionsarementionedsuccessively:horticulturist,landscapearchitect,poet,scholar,monk,gardenarchitectandpainter.TounderstandthedesignofChinesegardens,itwouldbeeasiertostartwiththedesignerofChinesegardens.ButwhatisagooddesignerofChinesegardensistooelusivetogiveaclearexplanation.Therefore,thoseprofessionsserveacomparisonorcontrasttohighlightthepointthatagreatpainteristhebestexplanationforagoodgarden-architect.WordsandExpressionsverandah:n.aroofedplatformalongtheoutsideofahouse,levelwiththegroundfloor(NAmEusuallyporch)e.g.Afterdinner,wesattalkingontheverandah.饭后我们坐在游廊上交谈。Comparison:balconyn.anareawithawallorbarsarounditthatisjoinedtotheoutsidewallofabuildingonanupperlevelinazigzagfashioninawindingmanner;inamannerofveeringtotheleftandrightalternatelyzigzagn.[C](LINE)alineorpatternthatlookslikeaZorarowofZsjoinedtogether锯齿形线条；之字形e.g.azigzagpath/road/coastline蜿蜒的小路/道路/海岸线fashionnoun(MANNER):awayofdoingthingse.g.Therebelarmybehavedinabrutalfashion.叛军行事残忍。picturesque:adj.prettyandinterestinginanold-fashionedway;unusualandinterestinge.g.Herentsasmallhouseinthepicturesqueoldquarteroftown.他在风景如画的老城区租了一处小房子。ConwyTownisapicturesqueandrichlyhistorictouringcenter.康维镇是一个风景如画、历史悠久的旅游胜地。Picturesquelanguageusesunusualandinterestingwordstodescribesomething.生动的语言就是用不同寻常的、有趣的词语来描绘事物。Thebookpresentsapicturesquedescriptionoflifeatsea.这本书生动地描述了海上的生活。oftentimes:adv.(olduseorNAmE)oftene.g.Poisonsandmedicineareoftentimesthesamesubstancegivenwithdifferentintents.毒药和药物通常都是同一种物质，只是用意不同。Synonym:generallyadj.tracery:ricatelinepatternsuseddecorativelyinwindows装饰窗户的花饰图案e.g.Thereisanexampleofflamboyanttraceryinoneofthewindows.这些窗子中就有一个装饰华丽的样例。walltracery墙花格grille:n.ametalframeworkofbarsoveradoororwindow(门窗上方的)格栅，铁栅栏e.g.Homeownerswhowanttocreateauniquelookcanaddalightgrilletotheirdoor.房主如想让房子显得独特，可以在门上加装一扇轻便的格栅。kaleidoscopic：adj.oforrelatingtoatoyconsistingofatubewhichcontainsmirrorsandpiecesofcoloredclassorpaper,whosereflectionsproducechangingpatternswhenthetubeisrotated;usedtodescribesomethingthatchangesquicklyandcontinuously千变万化的；万花筒似的e.g.akaleidoscopicpictureoftheinternationalanddomesticproblems国际和国内问题纷繁复杂Derivations:kaleidoscope:n.sylvan:alsosilvanadj.oforhavingwoodse.g.vistasofsylvancharm.迷人的田园风光Treesandcontoursalladdtoasylvansetting.树木和轮廓全都加重了森林的氛围。SentencesThepoet,thescholarandthemonkhaveinthepastsharedequalhonorsinthisbranchofChineseart;butaboveall,tobeagoodgardenarchitectonemustbeagreatpainter.(Paragraph1)Paraphrase:ThedesignofChinesegardenshasbeeninfluencedbyChineseliterature,philosophyandreligion;butmostimportantofall,tobeagoodgarden-architectonemustbeaneminentpainter.Chinesegarden-designisprimarilyabranchofpictorialart.Ithasneitherreason,logic,norformula.Noexplanation,forinstance,couldbeofferedforpaths,verandahs,andbridgesplannedinzigzagfashion,exceptthattheyarepicturesque.(Paragraph2)Paraphrase,.Chinesegarden-designismainlyakindofartinwhichvisualstrategiesareusedforparticularpurposes.Itisnotgovernedbyreason,logic,orformula.Forinstance,nobodycanexplainwhypaths,verandahs,andbridgesassumeazigzagfashionexceptthattheyareenchantinganddelighting,justlikepictures.ThisoftentimesgivesarococolooktoaChinesegarden.Butitisalsoresponsiblefortheexquisitewalltraceryandwindowgrille,fantasticdoorwaysandkaleidoscopicpavementpatterns.(Paragraph2)Paraphrase:AChinesegardenisoftenbuiltinalight,delicateandcurvedstyle.Itsbeautifulwalltraceryandwindowgrille,strange-shapeddoorwaysandvariouspavementpatternsallfeatureshell-shapedcurvesandwave-likemotifs.TheJapanesegarden,initssylvansimplicity,standsinsharpcontrast.(Paragraph2)Paraphrase:UnlikeChinesegardens,Japanesegardensaresimpleandsmall,andtheyboastahighdensityofshrubsandbushes.Paragraphs3-6Questions:WhatdoyouthinkisthepurposeofChinesegardenwalls?A:WallsareanimportantarchitecturalfeatureoftheChinesegarden.Withhighwallssurroundingagarden,theareaseemssecluded.Withthegardenseparatedbywalls,theelementsoftheareastandoutandbecomeevenmorevibrant.Wallsalsoblockoutsurroundingbuildingsthatwouldotherwiseinterferewiththeserenityofthegarden.Whatistraceryandhowdoestheauthordescribeit?A:Traceryisapatternoflinesandcurvesinstoneusedaswalldecoration.TheauthorgivesadetaileddescriptionofthetraceryinChinesegardensandhischoiceofwordssuchas“depth”and“spectacle“givescluestohowhefeelsaboutthesubjecttoarousethereader'sinterest.WhyiswhiteadominatingcolorintheChinesegarden?A:WhiteservesasapurebackdropfortheflowersandtreesintheChinesegarden.Greenleavesandcolorfulbloomsreallystandoutagainstawhitesetting,creatinganartisticeffect.WhatisthereligioussignificanceoftheChinesegarden?A:TotheZenBuddhistitmeanstheextinctionofalldesiresandpassionsandtheextinctionofone'sindividualidentity.Thepurposeofthegardenistoreplicateinminiaturethefullnessofnaturesoastoproduceanenvironmentinwhichthesoulcanimmerseitselfandfindtranquilityandpeace.Readthefirstsentenceofeachparagraphinthispart.Andcanyoufindouthowdoesthispartbedeveloped?Howdotheyconnecttothenextpart?A:para.2:Chinesegarden-designisprimarilyabranchofpictorialart.para.3:TheChinesegardenisusuallyenclosedinhighwalls.para.4:ThegardenwallinSouthChinaisinvariablywhite-washed.para.5:Thewallisseldomstraight.para.6:SincetheChinesegardenisnotashowyart,itdependslargelyuponthewalltoconcealitsbeauty,beckoningthewandereronwithaglimpsethroughthedoorwayorthegrille.Para.2tellsusoneofthefeaturesofChinesegarden-design:abranchofpictorialart.Rightthen,itshowsus“how”inthefollowingpart,forwhich"wall''isanillustration,because“wall”repeatsineveryfirstsentenceinthispart:thefirstsentenceofpara.3tellsusthestructuraldesignofthewalls,thefirstsentenceofpara.4thecolordesignofthewalls,andthefirstsentenceofpara.5theshapedesignofthewalls.Inshort,withthe“walls“asanexample,para.3,4and5trytoexplainthat“Chinesegarden-designisprimarilyabranchofpictorialart”.Whiletheexplanationsinpara.3,4and5areaboutthelookofthewalldesign,para.6tellsustheconceptofthewalldesign,thatis,thedesignisanart,butnotashowyart.Byclosereading,developmentofthispart(frompara.3topara.6),andtheorganictransferringtothelastpart(para.2)areevident.Readinginthiswaycaneffectivelyhelpustograspaunifiedpictureratherthanfragments.WordsandExpressionsvitallyadv.inawaythatisextremelyimportant,ornecessaryforthesuccessorcontinuedexistenceofsomethinge.gThecountrywasvitallydependentonimports,particularlyofoil.该国严重依赖进口，特别是石油进口。Synonym:veryimportantlypatternedwiththinbrickortile:decoratedwitharecurringdesignusingthinbrickortiepatternutobecopiedfromsomethingortobeverysimilartosomething:e.g.Papainhisfinestcoat,patternedwithgoldlionheadsembroideredonthefabric.爸爸穿着他最好的外套，上面绣着金色的狮子头。enhancev.toincreaseorfurtherimprovethegoodquality,valueorstatusofsb/sthe.g.Weareusingtechnologytoenhanceourlevelsofservice.我们正在运用技术提高服务水平。Youcanenhancetheflavorofmostdisheswiththecarefuluseofherbs.添加药材可以让许多菜肴的风味Synonyms:increase,improve,intensify,magnify,amplifyComparison:improvev.tobecomebetterthanbefore;tomakesth/sbbetterthanbeforee.g.Residentsimprovetheappearanceoftheirvillage.居民改善了村庄的面貌。lenditselftotobesuitableforbeingusedinaparticularwaye.g.Noneofherbooksreallylendsitselftobeingmadeintoafilm.她的书没有一本真正适合改编成电影的。Hervoicedoesn'treallylenditselfwelltobluessinging.她的嗓音真的不适合唱蓝调歌曲。Comparison:besuitablefbrrightorappropriateforaparticularpurposeoroccasione.g.Ithoughtthissuitwouldbesuitablefbryourinterview.我觉得这套西装适合你面试穿。Ihadtriedmanyfields,buttheydidn'tseemtobesuitablefbrme.我尝试了好几个领域，但是好像没有适合我的。undulateutomoveorbeshapedlikewavesthatarerisingandfallinge.g.Isawvariousridgestomyrightandleft,undulatingoverthehugeandimposinglandscape.放眼四顾，山脉变化多端，在广袤壮观的大地上延绵起伏。Aswetraveledsouth,thecountrysidebeginstoundulateastherollinghillssweepdowntotheriverbanks.我们一路南行，乡间面貌开始起伏不平，绵延的山峦一直延伸到河岸。Synonyms:riseandfall,surge,waveDerivation:undulation:n.relievev.tomakeaproblemlessdifficultorseriouse.g.Weneedtofindwaystorelieveovercrowdinginourschools.我们需要找到方法来缓解学校过度拥挤的问题。Theydecidednottocountonforeignaidtorelievethefamine.他们决定不依靠国外援助来缓解饥荒。Synonyms:alleviate,soothe,reduce,lessen,diminishDerivation:relieved:adj.creepu(ofplants)togrowalongthegroundorupwallsusinglongstemsorrootstomoveinaquiet,carefulway,especiallytoavoidattractingattentione.g.Interestrateshavebeencreepingupinthepastfewweeks.在过去的几周里，利率一直在缓慢增长。Oldagecreepsupononeunawares.人不知不觉就进入迟暮之年。tomovealongwiththebodyclosetothegrounde.g.Aspiderwascreepingonthebathroomfloor.一只蜘蛛在卫生间的地上爬着。Shecrepttowardtheedgeoftheroofandlookedover.她爬到屋顶边缘，望过去。Derivation:creeper:n.creeping:adj.Synonyms:crawl,moveonallfourscrawlutomoveforwardonyourhandsandkneeswithyourbodyclosetothegrounde.g.Ourbabyisjuststartingtocrawl.我们的宝宝刚开始会爬。terminatev.toendinaparticularwayorataparticularplacee.g.Thebranchesofthattreeterminateinflowerclusters.那颗树的树枝延伸至花丛。Hehadascaracrosshisfacewhichterminated