2011年12月大学六级真题+听力原文+答案详解

2011年12月大学英语六级真题PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledTheWaytoSuccessbycommentingonAbrahamLincoln'sfamousremark,"Givemesixhourstochopdownatree,andIwillspend,thefirstfoursharpeningtheaxe."Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.TheWaytoSuccess注意：此部分试题请僭题卡1上作答。PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.Google'sPlanforWorld'sBiggestOnlineLibrary:PhilanthropyOrActofPiracy?Inrecentyears,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenworkinghardtomakedigitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesinAmericaandEuropeincludinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexactmethoditusesisunclear;thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure?Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"organisetheworld'sinformation",soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavingloftyaspirations."Thisreallyisn'taboutmakingmoney.Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:"Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehopetoexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,doesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilyaphilanthropic(慈善的)exercise."Google'scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle'ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"hesays."Butwehaveneverbuiltaspreadsheet(电子数据表)outliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany'sfounders."Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionarypassion.ButGoogle'sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecentlyemerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshavelevelledtwosetsofcriticismsatGoogle.First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld'sbooksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.Inarecentessayintf^ewYorkReviewofBooks,RobertDarnton,theheadofHarvardUniversity'slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource-thepossessionofusal—onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.ThesecondrelatedcriticismisthatGoogle'sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecomingiredin(陷入)alegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakestheJarndyceandJarndycecaseinCharlesDickensBleakHouselookstraightforward.Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmostbooks,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedbycopyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthedurationofanauthor'slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor'sheirstobenefit,(InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.)Thismeans,ofcourse,thatalmostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright!thelastcenturysawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40millionbooksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27millionareoutofprint.OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"publicdomain"(workssuchastheBodleian'sfirsteditionMiddlemarch,whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch).But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Initsdefence,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysmallsegmentsofbooksthatareincopy-ighguingthatsuchdisplaysare"fairuse".Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesofthesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy."Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonceauthorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"saysPiersBlofeld,oftheSheilLandliteraryagencyinLondon."Googlehasreversedthisithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtoask."In2005,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishers,launche(Classactionsuit(集团诉讼)againstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarecomplicated-thetextalonerunsto385pages-andtryingtosummariseitisnoeasytask."Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"saysBlofeld,oneofthesettlement'smostvocalBritishcritics.Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletocompensateauthorsandpublisherswhoserightsithasbreached(includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks).Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.ThissettlementhandsGooglethepower-butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders一toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondealssoldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicence.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement'smostcontroversialaspect.Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany'srolefromproviderofinformationtoseller."Google'sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"pointsoutJamesGrimmelmann,associateprofessoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement'sprovisions,Googlecouldbecomeasignificantforceinbookselling.Interestinthisaspectofthesettlementhasfocusedon"orphan"works,wherethereisnoknowncopyrightholder-thesemakeupanestimated5-10%ofthebooksGooglehasscanned.Underthesettlement,whennorightsholderscomeforwardandregistertheirinterestinawork,commercialcontrolautomaticallyrevertstoGoogle.Googlewillbeabletodisplayupto20%oforphanworksforfree,includetheminitssubscriptiondealstolibrariesandsellthemtoindividualbuyersundertheconsumerlicence.Itisbynomeanscertainthatthesettlementwillbeenactedf执行)-itisthesubjectofafairnesshearingintheUScourts.Butifitisenacted,GooglewillineffectbeoffthehookasfarascopyrightviolationsintheUSareconcerned.Manypeopleareseriouslyconcernedbythis-andthecompanyislikelytofacechallengesinothercourtsaroundtheworld.NooneknowsthepreciseuseGooglewillmakeoftheintellectualpropertyithasgainedbyscanningtheworld'slibrarybooks,andthetruth,asGleick,anAmericansciencewriterandmemberoftheAuthorsGuild,pointsout,isthatthecompanyprobablydoesn'tevenknowitself.Butwhatiscertainisthat,insomewayorother,Google'sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwillhaveasignificantimpactonthebookworldintheyearstocome.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。Googleclaimsitsplanfortheworld'sbiggestonlinelibraryis.toservetheinterestofthegeneralpublictoencouragereadingaroundtheworldtosaveout-of-printbooksinlibrariestopromoteitscorebusinessofsearchingAccordingtoSantiagodelaMora,Google'sbook-scanningprojectwill.broadenhumanity'sintellectualhorizonshelpthebroadmassesofreadersrevolutionisetheentirebookindustrymakefulluseofthepowerofitssearchengineOpponentsofGoogleBooksbelievethatdigitallyarchivingtheworld'sbooksshouldbecontrolledby.non-profitorganisationsC)multinationalcompaniestheworld'sleadinglibrariesD)theworld'stechgiantsGooglehasinvolveditselfinalegalbattleasitignored.thecopyrightofauthorsofout-of-printbooksthecopyrightofthebooksitscannedtheinterestoftraditionalbooksellersthedifferencesofin-printandout-of-printbooksGoogledefendsitsscanningin-copyrightbooksbysayingthat.itdisplaysonlyasmallpartoftheircontentitiswillingtocompensatethecopyrightholdersmakingelectroniccopiesofbooksisnotaviolationofcopyrighttheonlinedisplayofin-copyrightbooksisnotforcommercialuseWhatdowelearnabouttheclassactionsuitagainstGoogle?ItendedinavictoryfortheAuthorsGuildofAmerica.Itwassettledaftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation.ItfailedtoprotecttheinterestsofAmericanpublishers.Itcouldleadtomoreout-of-courtsettlementsofsuchdisputes.Whatremainedcontroversialaftertheclassactionsuitended?Thecompensationforcopyrightholders.ThechangeinGoogle'sbusinessmodel.Google'sfurtherexploitationofitsdatabase.Thecommercialprovisionsofthesettlement.While,Googlemakesmoneybysellingadvertising.Bookswhosecopyrightholdersarenotknownarecalled.Google'sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwilltremendouslyinthefuture.PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在题卡2上作答。A)Cancelthetriptoprepareforthetest.ReviewhisnotesoncehearrivesinChicago.Listentotherecordednoteswhiledriving.Prepareforthetestafterthewedding.A)Thewomanwillhelpthemanrememberthelines.Themanlacksconfidenceinplayingthepart.Themanhopestochangehisroleintheplay.Thewomanwillpromptthemanduringtheshow.A)Preparationsforanoperation.C)Arrangingabedforapatient.Acomplicatedsurgicalcase.D)Rescuingthewoman'suncle.A)Heisinterestedinimprovinghiseditingskills.Heiseagertobenominatedtheneweditor.HeissuretodoabetterjobthanSimon.Heistoobusytoacceptmoreresponsibility.A)Hehaslefthispositioninthegovernment.Hehasalreadyreachedtheretirementage.Hemadeastupiddecisionatthecabinetmeeting.HehasbeensuccessfullyelectedPrimeMinister.A)Thisyear'sshuttlemissionisabigstepinspaceexploration.Themaniswellinformedaboutthespaceshuttlemissions.Theshuttleflightwillbebroadcastliveworldwide.Themanisexcitedatthenewsoftheshuttleflight.A)Atanautorescuecenter.C)Atasuburbangarage.Atacarrentingcompany.D)Atamountaincamp.A)Hegothisspeakersfixed.C)HelistenedtosomeseriousmusicHewentshoppingwiththewoman.D)Heboughtastereosystem.Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Providingaidtothedisabled.Printinglabelsformanufacturedgoods.Promotingproductsformanufacturers.Sellingproductsmadeforleft-handers.A)Mostofthemarespeciallymadeforhisshop.Allofthemaremanufacturedinhisownplant.Thekitchenwareinhisshopisofuniquedesign.Abouthalfofthemareunavailableonthemarket.A)Theyspecialiseinoneproductonly.C)TheyrunchainstoresincentralLondon.TheyhaveoutletsthroughoutBritain.D)Theysellbymailorderonly.Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Itpublishesmagazines.C)Itrunssalespromotioncampaigns.Itsponsorstradefairs.D)Itisengagedinproductdesign.A)Theadspecificationshadnotbeengivenindetail.Thewoman'scompanymadelast-minutechanges.Thewoman'scompanyfailedtomakepaymentsintime.Organisingthepromotionwasreallytime-consuming.A)ExtendA)Extendthecampaigntonextyear.Cutthefeebyhalfforthisyear.A)Stopnegotiatingforthetimebeing.Calmdownandmakepeace.Runanotherfour-weekcampaign.Givehera10percentdiscount.ReflectontheirrespectivemistakesImprovetheirpromotionplans.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.BoththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonCfteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Thenmarkthecorrespondinglettero/AnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请答题卡2上作答。PassageOneQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Theylookspotlesslycleanthroughouttheirlives.Theyarelookedafterbyanimal-careorganizations.Theysacrificetheirlivesforthebenefitofhumans.Theyarelabeledpetanimalsbytheresearchers.A)Theymayaffecttheresultsofexperiments.Theymaybehaveabnormally.Theymaybreedoutofcontrol.Theymaycausedamagetotheenvironment.A)Whentheybecomeescapees.C)Whentheygettooold.Whentheyarenolongeruseful.D)Whentheybecomeill.A)Whilelaunchinganimalprotectioncampaigns,theyweretrappingkitchenmice.Whileholdingaburialceremonyforapetmouse,theywerekillingpestmice.Whileadvocatingfreedomforanimals,theykepttheirpetmouseinacage.Whilecallingforanimalrights,theyallowedtheirkidstokeeppetanimals.PassageTwoQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Theytakeitforgranted.C)Theycontributemosttoit.B)Theyarecrazyaboutit.D)Theyoftenfindfaultwithit.A)Heatandlight.C)Historicalcontinuity.

Economicprosperity.Economicprosperity.Tidalrestlessness.A)Theyfindthecityalientothem.Theyareadventurersfromallovertheworld.Theylackknowledgeofthecultureofthecity.Theyhavedifficultysurviving.PassageThreeQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Apoliticaldebate.C)Adocumentary.B)Afootballgame.D)Amurdermystery.A)Itenhancesfamilyrelationships.C)Ithelpsbroadene’shorizons.B)Itisasheerwasteoftime.D)Itisunhealthyfortheviewers.A)HewatchesTVprogramsonlyselectively.Hecan'tresistthetemptationofTVeither.Hedoesn'tlikewatchingsportsprograms.Heisnotamanwhocankeephispromise.SectionCDirections:/〃thissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisrfordthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhcytouhavewritten.注意：此部分试题请潜题卡2上作答。Inthepast,oneofthebiggestdisadvantagesofmachineshasbeentheirinabilitytoworkonamicro-scale.Forexample,doctorsdidnothavedevicesallowingthemtogoinsidethehumanbodyto(36)healthproblemsortoperform(37)surgery.Repaircrewsdidnothaveawayof(38)brokenpipeslocateddeepwithinahigh-rise(39)building.However,that'sabouttochange.Advancesincomputersandbiophysicshavestartedicrominiature(超微)(40)thatallowsscientiststoenvisio—andinsomecasesactuallybuild-microscopicmachines.Thesedevicespromiseto(41)changethewayweliveandwork.Micromachinesalreadyaremakinganimpact.AtCaseWesternReserveUniversityinCleveland,Ohio,researchscientistshavedesigneda4-inchsiliconchipthatholds700tiny(42)motors.AtLucasNovaSensorinFremont,California,scientistshaveperfectedtheworld'sfirstmicroscopicblood-pressuresensor.Threadedthroughaperson'sblood(43),thesensorcanprovidebloodpressurereadingsatthevalveoftheheartitself.(44).Automanufacturers,forexample,aretryingtousetinydevices(45).Somefuturistsenvisionanotechnology纳纳米技术)alsobeingusedtoexplorethedeepseainsmallsubmarines,oreventolaunchfinger-sizedrocketspackedwithmicrominiatureinstruments.Thereisanexplosionofnewideasandapplications.So,(46).PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Leadershipisthemostsignificantwordintoday'scompetitivebusinessenvironmentbecauseitdirectsthemanagerofabusinesstofocusinwardontheirpersonalcapabilitiesandstyle.Expertsonleadershipwillquicklypointoutthat"howthingsgetdone"influencesthesuccessoftheoutcomesandindicatesarightwayandawrongwaytodothings.Whenanotedleaderontheartofmanagement,PeterDrucker,coinedthephrase"Managementisdoingthingsright;leadershipisdoingtherightthings,"hewasseekingtoclarifythedistinctionsheassociateswiththeterms.WhenStephenCovey,founderanddirectoroftheLeadershipInstitute,exploredleadershipstylesinthepastdecade,hefocusedonthehabitsofagreatnumberofhighlyeffectiveindividuals.HisSevenHabitsofHighlyEffectivePeoplebecameapopularbestsellerveryquickly.Hisideasforcedareexaminationoftheearlyleadershipparadigm(范例),whichheobservedcenteredontraitsfoundinthecharacterethicandthepersonalityethic.Theformerethicsuggestedsuccesswasfoundedonintegrity,modesty,loyalty,courage,patience,andsoforth.Thepersonalityethicsuggesteditwasone'sattitude,notbehavior,thatinspiredsuccess,andthisethicwasfoundedonabeliefofpositivementalattitude.Incontrasttoeachoftheseideas,Coveyadvocatesthatleadersneedtounderstanduniversalprinciplesofeffectiveness,andhehighlightshowvitalitisforleaderstofirstpersonallymanagethemselvesiftheyaretoenjoyanyhopeofoutstandingsuccessintheirworkenvironments.Toachieveadesiredvisionforyourbusiness,itisvitalthatyouhaveapersonalvisionofwhereyouareheadedandwhatyouvalue.Businessleadershipmeansthatmanagersneedto"putfirstthingsfirst,"whichimpliesthatbeforeleadingothers,youneedtobeclearonyourownvalues,abilities,andstrengthsandbeseenastrustworthy.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Tobegoodleaders,managersmustpaycloseattentiontotheirown.AccordingtoPeterDrucker,leadersshouldbegoodat.Thepersonalityethicsuggeststhatpeoplearelikelytosucceediftheyhave.AccordingtoStephenCovey,leaderswhohopetoachieveoutstandingsuccessneedfirstofallto.Goodleadershiprequiresonetoknowone'sownstrengthsandbeabletowinpeople's.SectionBDirections：Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetWithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.What'stheonewordofadviceawell-meaningprofessionalwouldgivetoarecentcollegegraduate?China"}India!Brazil!Howabouttrade!WhentheCommerceDepartmentreportedlastweekthatthetradedeficitinJuneapproached$50billion,itsetoffanewroundofeconomicdoomsaying.Imports,whichsoaredto$200.3billioninthemonth,aresubtractedinthecalculationofgrossdomesticproduct.Thelargerthetradedeficit,thesmallertheGDP.Shouldsuchimbalancescontinue,pessimistssay,theycouldcontributetoslowergrowth.Butthere'sanotherwayoflookingatthetradedata.Overthepasttwoyears,thefiguresonimportsandexportsseemnottosignaladouble-diprecession-areneweddeclineinthebroadlevelofeconomicactivityintheUnitedStates-butaneconomicexpansion.Therisingvolumeoftrade-moregoodsandservicesshuttlinginandoutoftheUnitedStates-isgoodnewsformanysectors.Companiesengagedinshipping,trucking,railfreight,delivery,andlogistics(物流)haveallbeenreportingbetterthanexpectedresults.Therisingnumberssignifygrowingvitalityinforeignmarkets-whenweimportmorestuff,itputsmorecashinthehandsofpeoplearoundtheworld,andU.S.exportsarerisingbecausemoreforeignershavetheabilitytobuythethingsweproduceandmarket.Therisingtideoftradeisalsogoodnewsforpeoplewhoworkintrade-sensitivebusinesses,especiallythosethatproducecommoditiesforwhichglobaldemandsetstheprice-agriculturalgoods,mining,metals,oil.Andwhileexportsalwaysseemtolag,U.S.companiesarebecomingmoreinvolvedintheglobaleconomywitheachpassingmonth.GeneralMotorssellsasmanycarsinChinaasinAmericaeachmonth.Whilethatmaynotdomuchforimports,itdoeshelpGM'sbalancesheet-andhencemakesthejobsofU.S.-basedexecutivesmorestable.OnegreatchallengefortheU.S.economyisslackdomesticconsumerdemand.Americansarepayingdowndebt,savingmore,andspendingmorecarefully.That'stobeexpected,givenwhatwe'vebeenthrough.Butthere'sabiggerchallenge.CanU.S.-basedbusinesses,largeandsmall,figureouthowtogetapieceofgrowingglobaldemand?UnlessyouwanttopickupandmovetoIndia,orBrazil,orChina,thebestwaytodothatisthroughtrade.Itmayseemobvious,butit'snolongerenoughsimplytodobusinesswithourfriendsandneighborshereathome.Companiesandindividualswhodon'thaveastrategytoexportmore,ortogetmoreinvolvedinforeignmarkets,ortoplayaroleinglobaltrade,areshuttingthemselvesoutofthelion'sshareofeconomicopportunityinourworld.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。HowdopessimistsinterprettheU.S.tradedeficitinJune?ItreflectsAmericans'preferenceforimportedgoods.ItsignifiesachangeinAmericaneconomicstructure.ItistheresultofAmerica'sgrowingfocusondomesticmarket.Itcouldleadtoslowergrowthofthenationaleconomy.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthetradedataofthepasttwoyears?ItindicatesthateconomicactivitiesintheU.S.haveincreased.ItshowsthatU.S.economyisslippingfurtherintorecession.Itsignalsdecreasingdomesticdemandforgoodsandservices.Itreflectsthefluctuationsintheinternationalmarket.Whoparticularlybenefitfromtherisingvolumeoftrade?Peoplewhohaveexpertiseininternationaltrade.Consumerswhofavorimportedgoodsandservices.Producersofagriculturalgoodsandrawmaterials.Retailersdealinginforeigngoodsandservices.WhatisoneofthechallengesfacingtheAmericaneconomy?Competitionfromoverseas.C)Slacktradeactivities.People'sreluctancetospend.D)Decreasingproductivity.Whatistheauthor'sadvicetoU.S.companiesandindividuals?Toimportmorecheapgoodsfromdevelopingcountries.Tomovetheircompaniestowherelaborischeaper.Toincreasetheirmarketshareoverseas.Tobealerttofluctuationsinforeignmarkets.PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ArecurringcriticismoftheUK'suniversitysectorisitsperceivedweaknessintranslatingnewknowledgeintonewproductsandservices.Recently,theUKNationalStemCellNetworkwarnedtheUKcouldloseitsplaceamongtheworldleadersinstemcellresearchunlessadequatefundingandlegislationcouldbeassured.Weshouldtakethisconcernseriouslyasuniversitiesarekeyinthenationalinnovationsystem.However,wedohavetochallengetheunthinkingcomplaintthatthesectordoesnotdoenoughintakingideastomarket.ThemostrecentcomparativedataontheperformanceofuniversitiesandresearchinstitutionsinAustralia,Canada,USAandUKshowsthat,fromarelativelyweakstartingposition,theUKnowleadsonmanyindicatorsofcommercialisationactivity.Whenviewedatthenationallevel,thepolicyinterventionsofthepastdecadehavehelpedtransformtheperformanceofUKuniversities.EvidencesuggeststheUK'spositionismuchstrongerthanintherecentpastandisstillshowingimprovement.Butnationaldatamaskstheverylargevariationintheperformanceofindividualuniversities.Theevidenceshowsthatalargenumberofuniversitieshavefallenoffthebackofthepack,afewperformstronglyandtherestchasetheleaders.ThistypeofunevendistributionisnotpeculiartotheUKandismirroredacrossothereconomies.IntheUK,researchisconcentrated:lessthan25%ofuniversitiesreceive75%oftheresearchfunding.ThesesameuniversitiesarealsotheinstitutionsproducingthegreatestshareofPhDgraduates,sciencecitations,patentsandlicenceincome.Theeffectofpoliciesgeneratinglong-termresourceconcentrationhasalsocreatedadistinctivesetofuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledandcommerciallyactive.Itseemsclearthattheconcentrationofresearchandcommercialisationworkcreatesdifferencesbetweenuniversities.Thecoreobjectiveforuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledmustbetomaximisetheimpactoftheirresearchefforts.Theseuniversitiesshouldbegeneratingthewidestrangeofsocial,economicandenvironmentalbenefits.Inreturnforthescaleofinvestment,theyshouldsharetheirexpertiseinordertobuildgreaterconfidenceinthesector.PartoftheeconomicrecoveryoftheUKwillbedrivenbythenextgenerationofresearchcommercialisationspillingoutofouruniversities.TherearethreedozenuniversitiesintheUKwhichareactivelyengagedinadvancedresearchtrainingandcommercialisationwork.Iftherewasagreatercoordinationoftechnologytransferofficeswithinregionsandasimultaneousinvestmentinthescaleandfunctionsofourgraduateschools,universitiescould,andshould,playakeyroleinpositioningtheUKforthenextgrowthcycle.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。WhatdoestheauthorthinkofUKuniversitiesintermsofcommercialisation?Theyfailtoconvertknowledgeintomoney.Theydonotregarditastheirresponsibility.Theystillhaveaplaceamongtheworldleaders.Theyhavelosttheirleadingpositioninmanyways.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthenationaldataonUKuniversities'performanceincommercialisation?Itmasksthefatalweaknessesofgovernmentpolicy.ItdoesnotrankUKuniversitiesinascientificway.Itdoesnotreflectthedifferencesamonguniversities.Itindicatestheirineffectiveuseofgovernmentresources.WecaninferfromParagraph5that"policyinterventions"(Line1,Para.4)ernmentaidtonon-research-orienteduniversitiescompulsorycooperationbetweenuniversitiesandindustriesfairdistributionoffundingforuniversitiesandresearchinstitutionsconcentrationofresourcesinalimitednumberofuniversitiesWhatdoestheauthorsuggestresearch-leduniversitiesdo?Publicisetheirresearchtowininternationalrecognition.Fullyutilisetheirresearchtobenefitallsectorsofsociety.Generouslysharetheirfacilitieswiththoseshortoffunds.Spreadtheirinfluenceamongtopresearchinstitutions.HowcantheuniversitysectorplayakeyroleintheUK'seconomicgrowth?Byestablishingmoreregionaltechnologytransferoffices.Byaskingthegovernmenttoinvestintechnologytransferresearch.Bypromotingtechnologytransferandgraduateschooleducation.Byincreasingtheefficiencyoftechnologytransferagencies.PartVCloze(15minutes)Directions：Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAns'we^rSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Ifyouknowwheretofindagoodplastic-freeshampoo,canyoutellJeanneHaegele?LastSeptember,the28-year-oldChicagoresident__62__tocutplasticsoutofherlife.Themarketingcoordinatorwasconcernedabout__63__thechemicalscomingoutofsomecommontypesofplasticmightbedoingtoherbody.Shewasalsoworriedaboutthedamagealltheplastic__64__wasdoingtotheenvironment.Soshe__65__onherbikeandrodetothenearestgrocerystoretoseewhatshecouldfindthatdidn't__66__plastic."Iwentinand__67__boughtanything,"Haegelesays.Shedid__68__somecannedfoodandacarton(纸盒)ofmilk-todiscoverlaterthatbothcontainerswere__70__withplasticresin(树脂)."Plastic,"shesays,"justseemedlikeitwasineverything."She'sright.Backinthe1960s,plasticwaswell__71__itswaytobecomingastapleofAmericanlife.TheU.S.produced28milliontonsofplasticwastein2005-27milliontonsofwhich__72__inlandfills(垃圾填埋场).Ourfoodandwatercome__73__inplastic.It'susedinourphonesandourcomputers,thecarswedriveandtheplanesweridein.Butthe__74__adaptablesubstancehasitsdarkside.Environmentalistsfeelworriedaboutthepetroleumneededtomakeit.Parentsworryaboutthepossibilityof__75__chemicalsmakingtheirwayfrom76plasticintochildren'sbloodstreams.WhichmeansHaegeleisn'ttheonlypersontryingtocutplasticoutofherlife-sheisn't__77__theonlyonebloggingaboutthiskindof__78__.Butthosewho'vetriedknowit's__79__fromeasytogoplastic-free."Thesethingsseemtobesocommon__80__itis

practicallyimpossibletoavoidcominginto__81__withthem,"saysFrederickvomSaal,abiologistattheUniversityofMissouri.62.A)resolvedB)recoveredC)removedD)retreated63.A)whenB)whatC)whoD)why64.A)essenceB)unitC)crustD)rubbish65.A)hingedB)hoppedC)stretchedD)dipped66.A)includeB)induceC)composeD)consist67.A)slightlyB)nearlyC)roughlyD)barely68.A)pursueB)prescribeC)preserveD)purchase69.A)ratherB)everC)merelyD)only70.A)probedB)coupledC)linedD)combined71.A)byB)overC)onD)under72.A)endedupB)pulledupC)putupD)setup73.A)trappedB)adaptedC)wrappedD)adopted74.A)interactivelyB)remotelyC)infinitelyD)resolutely75.A)sensibleB)toxicC)attractiveD)absurd76.A)householdB)familyC)internalD)civil77.A)hardlyB)largelyC)evenD)still78.A)endeavorB)recreationC)accomplishmentD)diligence79.A)wellB)littleC)farD)much80.A)whileB)whichC)butD)that81.A)fashionB)approachC)contactD)agreementPartVITranslation(5minutes)Directions：CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyourtranslationonAnsw&rSheet2.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答，只需写出译文部分。82.Youshouldn'thaverunacrosstheroadwithoutlooking.You(也许会被车撞倒的.33.Bynomeans&巴自己当成专家althoughhe