国际商法Part3ContractLaw合同法课件

SectionIII

ContractlawfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsSectionIII

Contractlawfo1MajorIssuestoBeCoveredDefinitionandFormofContractValidityandFormationofContractContentsofaContractBreachofContractandRemediesMajorIssuestoBeCovered2PartIFormationandValidityofContractsPartI3IDefinitionandFormofContract1.DefinitionofContract合同/协议A)AmericanLaw:“Apromiseorasetofpromises,forbreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy,ortheperformanceofwhichthelawinsomewayrecognizesasaduty.”IDefinitionandFormofContr4B)China’sContractLaw:“Acontractisanagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweennaturalpersons,legalpersonsorotherorganizations.”本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。B)China’sContractLaw:“Aco52.FormofContract合同形式A)UKLaw:Intheearlyperiod,itwasrequiredthatcontractbeinwriting.1906revisedSalesofGoodsActrepealedthein-writingrequirement.B)CISG:“Acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementsastoform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.”2.FormofContract合同形式A)UKL6C)UNIDROIDPICC:almostthesamewithCISGD)China’sContractLaw(Article10):“Thepartiesmay,whenmakingacontract,usewrittenform,verbalformoranyotherform.”当事人订立合同，有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。C)UNIDROIDPICC:almostthes7“Thewrittenformshallbeadoptediflawsoradministrativeregulationssorequire.Thewrittenformshallbeadoptedifthepartiessoagree.”法律、行政法规规定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。当事人约定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。“Thewrittenformshallbeado8II.ValidityandFormationofContract1.Essentialelementsofavalidcontracta)anagreementbetweenparties(offerandacceptance).协议=要约+承诺b)legallysufficientconsideration（对价）c)legalcapacity缔约能力d)notforillegalpurpose/contrarytopublicpolicy.e)intentiontocreatelegalrelationsII.ValidityandFormationof92.Offer要约1)theconceptofofferAnofferisaproposalbyonepersontoanotherindicatinganintentiontoenterintoacontractunderspecifiedterms.2.Offer要约10TheSecondRestatementofContracts:“Anofferisamanifestationofwillingnesstoenterintoabargain,somadeastojustifyanotherpersoninunderstandingthathisassenttothatbargainisinvitedandwillconcludeit.”TheSecondRestatementofCont112)RequirementsofOffera)Anoffermustbeaddressedtooneormorespecificpersons.b)anoffermustbesufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobebound.(Definiteness:descriptionofgoods,expresslyorimplicitlyspecifiesthequantityandpriceetc.)2)RequirementsofOffer123)LapseofOffer要约的失效a)Onthedeatheitheroftheofferorortheoffereebeforeacceptance.b)Bynon-acceptancewithinthetimeprescribedforacceptance.3)LapseofOffer要约的失效13c)Whennotimeforacceptanceisprescribed,bynon-acceptancewithinareasonabletime.(Howtodecidereasonabletime?)d)Expressrejection.明确拒绝e)Counteroffer.反要约f)Revocationbytheofferor.撤销/撤回要约c)Whennotimeforacceptance144)Revocationofoffer要约的撤销a)Definition:Theofferornotifiestheoffereeoftheinvalidityoftheoffersoastobefreefromitbeforeacceptanceoftheofferee.4)Revocationofoffer要约的撤销15b)Englishlaw:Anoffermayberevokedatanytimebeforeacceptance.b)Englishlaw:Anoffermayb16c)CISG:Anoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance;Anoffercan’tberevoked(a)ifitindicatesthatitisirrevocableor(b)ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.c)CISG:Anoffermayberevok173.Acceptance承诺Article

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承诺生效时合同成立。3.Acceptance承诺18Article26Anacceptancebecomeseffectivewhenitsnoticereachestheofferor.Ifnoticeofacceptanceisnotrequired,theacceptanceshallbecomeeffectivewhenanactofacceptanceisperformedinaccordancewithtransactionpracticesorasrequiredintheoffer.承诺通知到达要约人时生效。承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。Article26Anacceptancebecom191)DefinitionOfferee’smanifestationoftheintentiontobeboundtothetermsoftheoffer.Acontractisn’tformeduntiltheofferisacceptedbytheofferee.Theoffereemayacceptatanytimebeforetheofferisinvalid.1)Definition20Anacceptancemaytaketheformofastatementoranyotherconductthatindicatestheofferee’sintentiontobeboundtothecontract.Anacceptancemaytakethefor212)RequirementsofAcceptancea)mustbemadebytheofferee.b)Mustbemadewithintheperiodofvalidity.c)Mustmatchthetermsoftheofferexactlyandunequivocally.与要约内容一致2)RequirementsofAcceptance22Question:Whatisthenatureofan“acceptance”thatdoesnotmatchthetermsoftheofferexactly?Question:Whatisthenatureo23ReceiptTheory:Undermostcivillaw,acontractisformedwhentheacceptanceisreceivedbytheofferor.CISG,UNIDROITPICCandChinaContractLawalladoptthereceipttheory.3)ValidTimeofAcceptanceReceiptTheory:Undermostciv24Pinnel’scase[1602]

ColeowedPinnelasumofmoney(£810s)butatPinnel’srequestpaidapartofthisamount(£52s6d).Pinneldecidedtoacceptthisamountandsaidhewouldnotclaimtherest.Butlater,Pinnelregretted,demandingthepaymentoftherest.ColeclaimedthattherewasanagreementbyPinnelthatthepart-paymentwoulddischargethefulldebt.Question:Whichpartydoyoustandby?6.ConsiderationinCommonLaw对价Pinnel’scase[1602]Coleowed251)DefinitionConsiderationissomebenefitreceivedbyapartywhogivesapromiseorperformsanact,orsomedetrimentsufferedbyapartywhoreceivesapromise.(thepriceyoupaytobuyanotherperson’spromise)Undercommonlaw,itisoneofthethreeelementsofcontractformation.1)Definition262)GeneralRulesonConsiderationa)musthavesufficientvaluebutneednotbeadequate.b)mustbepresentorfutureandcannotbepast.c)mustbepossibletoperform.d)mustbelegale)mustmovefromthepromiseef)mustnotbetoovague2)GeneralRulesonConsiderat27Article54Apartyshallhavetherighttorequestthepeople’scourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomodifyorrevokethefollowingcontracts:下列合同，当事人一方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销(1)thoseconcludedasaresultofsignificantmisconception;因重大误解订立的(2)thosethatareobviouslyunfairatthetimewhenconcludingthecontract.在订立合同时显失公平的。Article54Apartyshallhave28Ifacontractisconcludedbyonepartyagainsttheotherparty'strueintentionsthroughtheuseoffraud,coercion,orexploitationoftheotherparty’sunfavorableposition,theinjuredpartyshallhavetherighttorequestthepeople’scourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomodifyorrevokeit.一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下订立的合同，受损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销。Ifacontractisconcludedby29Whereapartyrequestsformodification,thepeople’scourtorthearbitrationinstitutionmaynotrevokethecontract.当事人请求变更的，人民法院或者仲裁机构不得撤销。Whereapartyrequestsformod30《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行<中华人民共和国民法通则>若干问题的意见(试行)》第七十一条规定：“行为人因对行为的性质、对方当事人、标的物的品种、质量、规格和数量等的错误认识，使行为的后果与自己的意思相悖，并造成较大损失的，可以认定为重大误解。”《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行<中华人民共和国民法通则>若干问题31PartIIContentsofContracts:SalesContractasanExamplePartII1.ExpressandImpliedterms明示/默示

(1)Anexpresstermisoneagreedbypartiesbetweenthemduringformationofacontract．(2)Impliedtermsaretermsnotagreeduponbyparties,butareincorporatedintothecontractinoneofthefollowingways(equallybinding):ImpliedbystatuteImpliedbycustomImpliedbythecourts1.ExpressandImpliedterms明示2.Conditions,WarrantiesandInnominateTerms(1)Condition核心条款:Amajorterm.Ifonepartybreachesacondition,injuredpartymay:terminatethecontractandrefusetocarryouthisobligationsunderthecontract,orcontinuewiththeagreementandsueforbreachofcontract(fordamages).2.Conditions,WarrantiesandI(2)Warranty从属条款:Aminortermofacontract.Ifonepartyisinbreachofawarranty,injuredpartydoesNOThaverighttoterminateagreement.Hemustcompletehispartoftheagreementandsuetheotherpartyfordamagesforbreach.（仅一个选择）(2)Warranty从属条款:Aminorterm(3)Innominateterms无名条款:Withaninnominateterm,therightsoftheinjuredpartyintheeventofabreachdependontheactualcircumstancesorconsequencesofthebreach.

(3)Innominateterms无名条款:With3.ObligationsoftheSeller

(1)deliveryofthegoods(2)turningoverofdocuments3.ObligationsoftheSeller37(3)Seller’sassuranceofthequalityofgoodsSaleofGoodsActSalebydescription:Satisfactoryquality+fitnessforaparticularpurposeSalebysample:(3)Seller’sassuranceofthe38UCC:ExpresswarrantyImpliedwarranty:merchantabilityandfitnessforaparticularpurposeUCC:39ChineseLawArticle153Thesellershalldeliverthesubjectmatterincompliancewiththeagreedqualityrequirements.Wherethesellergivesthequalityspecificationsforthesubjectmatter,thesubjectmatterdeliveredshallcomplywiththequalityrequirementssetforththerein.出卖人应当按照约定的质量要求交付标的物。出卖人提供有关标的物质量说明的，交付的标的物应当符合该说明的质量要求。ChineseLawArticle168Inasalebysample,thepartiesshallplacethesampleunderseal,andmayspecifythequalityofthesample.Thesubjectmatterdeliveredbythesellershallcomplywiththesampleaswellasthequalityspecifications.凭样品买卖的当事人应当封存样品，并可以对样品质量予以说明。出卖人交付的标的物应当与样品及其说明的质量相同。(China’sContractLaw)Article168Inasalebysampl经营者应当保证在正常使用商品或者接受服务的情况下其提供的商品或者服务应当具有的质量、性能、用途和有效期限；但消费者在购买该商品或者接受该服务前已经知道其存在瑕疵，且存在该瑕疵不违反法律强制性规定的除外。经营者以广告、产品说明、实物样品或者其他方式表明商品或者服务的质量状况的，应当保证其提供的商品或者服务的实际质量与表明的质量状况相符。第33条,《消费者权益保护法》

经营者应当保证在正常使用商品或者接受服务的情况下其提供的商品(4)assuranceofownershipofthegoods(CISG)Sellermustdeliverthegoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofathirdparty,unlessthebuyeragreedtotakedeliverysubjecttothatrightorclaim.(4)assuranceofownershipof4)Buyer’sObligations(1)paymentoftheprice(2)takingdelivery(CISG)doingalltheactswhichcouldreasonablybeexpectedhiminordertoenablethesellertomakedelivery;takingoverthegoods.4)Buyer’sObligations4411.PassingofRisk11.1CommonLaw1)Englishlaw:thepartywhobearstheriskoflossisthepartywhoownsthematthatmoment.11.PassingofRisk11.1Common452)ChinaContractlawContractedtimeofpassingofrisk;Bysellerbeforedelivery,bybuyerafterdelivery;Wheregoodsneedscarriage,bybuyerafterthesellerhasdeliveredthegoodstothefirstcarrier.Forgoodsonrouteofcarriage,bybuyerasofthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.2)ChinaContractlaw46Ifgoodsnotsatisfiedthequality,buyermayrefusetoacceptorrescindthecontract,thesellershallbeartherisk;Non-deliveryduetocausesofthebuyer,thebuyershallbeartherisk;Ifsellerputgoodsattheplaceofdelivery,butthebuyerfailstotakedelivery,theriskshallbebornebythebuyerasofthedateofbreach;Ifgoodsnotsatisfiedthequa4713.ExcusesforNon-Performance13.1Commonlaw1)impossibilityofperformance履行不能deathofoneparty;destructionofthespecificsubjectmatter;performanceofthecontracthasbeenrenderillegalormadeimpossibleduetothefaultoftheotherparty.13.ExcusesforNon-Performanc482)supervening（随后产生/意外产生）illegalityExcusablewhenperformancebecomeillegalaftertheconclusionofthecontract.3)frustrationofpurpose(rare)情势变更Aparty’sperformancecouldbeexcusedifsomeunforeseeneventoccurredthatfrustratedthepurposeofthecontract.Theeventmusthavetheeffecttodestroytotallythevalueofthecontracttothepartyrelyontheexcuse.2)supervening（随后产生/意外产生）ille494)commercialimpracticability商业上不能实现Apartytoacontractwhoispreventedfromperformingmayattempttobeexcusedunderthedoctrineofcommercialimpracticability.Athingisimpracticablewhenitcanbedoneonlyatanexcessiveandunreasonablecost.4)commercialimpracticability5013.2ForceMajeureClausesForcemajeureclausesgenerallydonotexcuseaparty’snonperformanceentirely,butonlysuspenditforthedurationoftheforcemajeure.Noticeandcertificateattestingforcemajeureeventsmustbegivenatafixedtimeorreasonabletime.13.2ForceMajeureClauses51NeitherpartyshallbeheldresponsibleforfailureordelaytoperformalloranypartofthisContractduetoflood,fire,earthquake,snowstorm,hailstorm,hurricane,war,governmentprohibitionoranyothereventsthatareunforeseeableatthetimeoftheexecutionofthisContractandcouldnotbecontrolled,avoidedorovercomebysuchparty.任何一方如果由于洪水、火灾、地震、雪暴、雹暴、飓风、战争、政策禁令或其他在合同执行时无法预见并不能控制、不可避免或无法克服的事件致使不能或迟延履行合同的全部或一部分时，该方不承担责任。Neitherpartyshallbeheldre52PartIIIBreachandRemediesPartIII531.DischargeofcontractDischargeisthewaythatacontractcomestoanend.Waysofdischarge:MutualagreementFrustration(byfactorssuchasawarornaturaldisaster)Performance(Mostcontractsdischargedthisway)Breach1.Dischargeofcontract54Whenacontractisnotdischargedbyperformanceoragreementbetweentheparties(orendedbyfactorsoutsidethecontroloftheparties),thereisabreachofcontract.Whenacontractisnotdischar552.RemediesforBreachofContract2.1ConceptofbreachofcontractApartywithoutlawfulexcusefailsorrefusestoperformwhatisduefromhimunderthecontract,orperformsdefectivelyorincapacitateshimselffromperforming.2.RemediesforBreachofCont56Theobjectiveofremedies:toputtheinjuredpersoninthesamepositionasifthecontracthasbeenperformed.Theobjectiveofremedies:to572.2GeneralprinciplesofRemediesa)Thedoctrineofcompensation补偿原则Doctrineofexpectationinterest（期待利益）:theinjuredpartyisentitledtohisexpectationinterestlostbythepartyinbreach.(tobeinasgoodpositionasthatpartywouldhavebeeninhadthecontractbeenperformed)2.2GeneralprinciplesofReme58Doctrineofrelianceinterest（信赖利益）：AclaimantmayALTERNATIVELYseektohavehisrelianceinterestprotected.ThisreferstothepositionhewouldhavebeeninhadheNOTreliedonthecontract.Thiscompensatesforwastedexpenditure.Doctrineofrelianceinterest59Doctrineofrestitutioninterest归还利益:

Aclaimantclaimingtheprotectionofhisrestitutioninterestdoesnotwishtobecompensatedforthelosswhichhehassuffered;hewishestodeprivethedefendantofagainwhichhehasmadeattheclaimant’sexpanse.Restitutionarisesmostdirectlyinpartiallyperformedcontracts.Doctrineofrestitutionintere60b)TheDoctrineofLimitationsonDamagesNon-breachingpartyhasthedutytomitigateddamages;(Enlargeddamagesarenotcompensated)Damagesmustbeestablishedwithareasonabledegreeofcertainty;(Notawardedonapurelyspeculativebasis)Damagesmustbeeitherforeseeabletothebreachingpartyorwouldnaturallyflowfromthebreach.b)TheDoctrineofLimitations61Article113Whereapartyfailstoperformitsobligationsunderthecontractoritsperformancefailstoconformtotheagreementandcauselossestotheotherparty,theamountofcompensationforlossesshallbeequaltothelossescausedbythebreachofcontract,includingtheinterestsreceivableaftertheperformanceofthecontract,providednotexceedingtheprobablelossescausedbythebreachofcontractwhichhasbeenforeseenoroughttobeforeseenwhenthepartyinbreachconcludesthecontract.Article113Whereapartyfail623.Buyer’sRemedies3.1SpecificPerformance实际履行1)commonlawandcivillawCivillaw:SpecificperformanceasusualremedyCommonlaw:Theusualremedyisdamages.Specificperformanceisusedonlywheremoneydamagescannotbecalculatedorareinadequate,eg:thesubjectmatterofthecontractisunique.(artistwork,realestateetc.)3.Buyer’sRemedies3.1Specifi632)UNIDROITPICCPermittingspecificperformance,butwithexceptions:performanceisimpossibleinlaworinfact;performanceorenforcementisunreasonablyburdensomeorexpensive;2)UNIDROITPICC64thepartyentitledtoperformancemayreasonablyobtainperformancefromothersource;performanceisofanexclusivelypersonalcharacter;thepartyentitledtoperformancedoesnotrequireperformancewithinareasonabletimeafterithasbecomeawareofthenon-performance.thepartyentitledtoperforma653)ChinaContractLawArticle110:ifonepartytoacontractfailstoperformthenon-monetarydebtoritsperformanceofnon-monetarydebtfailstosatisfythetermsofthecontract,theotherpartymayrequestittoperformexceptunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances:3)ChinaContractLaw66(1)itisunabletobeperformedinlaworinfact;(2)theobjectofthedebtisunfitforcompulsoryperformanceortheperformanceexpensesareexcessivelyhigh;or(3)thecreditorfailstorequestforperformancewithinareasonabletimeperiod.(1)itisunabletobeperform673.2Avoidance撤销合同1)commonlawandcivillawIfthebreachismaterialorfundamental,thebuyermaysimplycancelthecontractbynotifyingthesellerofavoidanceofthecontract.3.2Avoidance撤销合同682)UNIDROITPICCApartymayterminatethecontractwherethefailureoftheotherpartytoperformanobligationamountstofundamentalnon-performance.2)UNIDROITPICC693.3PriceReductionPricereductionisappliedwhen:(1)thesellermakesonlyapartialshipment,or(2)thegoodsarenonconforming.Theamountofreductionisoftenwithinthediscretionofthebuyer.Ifthesellerdisputesthebuyer’scalculation,hecanresorttolegalaction.3.3PriceReduction703.4RefuseEarlyDeliveryandExcessQuantityIfsellerdeliversgoodsbeforethedatefixed,thebuyermaytakedeliveryorrefusetotakedelivery.Ifsellerdeliversaquantityofgoodsgreaterthanthatagreedinthecontract,buyermaytakedeliveryorrefusetotakedeliveryofexcessquantity.Ifthebuyertakesdeliveryoftheexcessquantity,hemustpayforitatthecontractprice.3.4RefuseEarlyDeliveryand714.Seller’sRemedies1)specificperformance2)avoidanceofthecontract(forfundamentalbreachorfailuretocureadefect)3)obtainmissingspecifications4.Seller’sRemedies1)specifi725.RemediesAvailabletoBothBuyersandSellers1)suspensionofperformance2)avoidanceinanticipationofafundamentalbreach3)damages5.RemediesAvailabletoBoth736.DamagesCISG:Damagesforbreachofcontractbyonepartyconsistofasumequaltotheloss,includinglossofprofitsufferedbytheotherpartyasaconsequenceofthebreach.Suchdamagesmaynotexceedthelosswhichthepartyinbreachforesaworoughttohaveforeseenatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.6.DamagesCISG:Damagesforbr747.AnticipatoryBreachofContract7.1DefinitionOnecontractingpartymayinformtheotherparty,beforethetimefixedforperformanceunderthecontract,thathewillnotperformhisobligationsundercontract.7.AnticipatoryBreachofCont757.2RemedyTheotherpartythusentitledtoterminateperformanceimmediatelyandclaimdamagesatthedateoftheacceptanceofthebreach.Hecanalsoselecttoaffirmthecontractanddemandperformanceatthetimestipulatedinthecontract.7.2Remedy768.LiquidatedDamages违约金8.1CommonLawa)Definition:theamountofmoneypayableintheeventofabreachofcontract.b)function:tofixthesumwhichistobepaidirrespectiveoftheactualdamagesufferedbythebreach.8.LiquidatedDamages违约金8.1C77c)penaltyclause:Ifthesumstatedintheclauseisnotagenuinepre-estimateofloss,buttheaimtopunishthepartyinbreach,theclauseisapenaltyclauseandisinvalidandunenforceable.c)penaltyclause:Ifthesum788.2CivilLawFrenchlaw:Courtsinprinciplecannotadjustsuchastipulationbythepartiestoacontract.Germanlaw:Liquidateddamages,evenifcharacterizedbypunitiverole,isvalidandenforceable.8.2CivilLaw798.3ChinaContractLawArticle114Thepartiesmayagreethatifonepartybreachesthecontract,itshallpayacertainsumofliquidateddamagestotheotherpartyinlightofthecircumstancesofthebreach,andmayalsoagreeonamethodforthecalculationoftheamountofcompensationforthedamagesincurredasaresultofthebreach.当事人可以约定一方违约时应当根据违约情况向对方支付一定数额的违约金，也可以约定因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。8.3ChinaContractLaw80Wheretheamountofliquidateddamagesagreeduponislowerthanthedamagesincurred,apartymaypetitiontheCourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomakeanincrease;wheretheamountofliquidateddamagesagreeduponaresignificantlyhigherthanthedamagesincurred,apartymaypetitiontheCourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomakeanappropriatereduction.约定的违约金低于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以增加；约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以适当减少。Wheretheamountofliquidated81AenteredintoacontracttobuildanewshipwithBforatotalcostof£25million.Thecontracttermsprovidedthatthetotalpricewastobepaidin12instalmentsand,intheeventofBfailingtomakeapayment,gaveAtherighttoterminatetheagreementandclaimanamountequalto20%ofthetotalcontractpriceasdamages.Anyamountpaidoverthe20%wouldbereturnedtoB.Bfailedtomakethefirstinstalmentpayment,butrefusedtopaythedamagesassetoutintheagreementonthegroundsthattheywereexcessive.Required:AdviseAwhetheritcanclaimdamagesfromB,andtheextentofthosedamages.Aenteredintoacontracttob82SectionIII

ContractlawfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsSectionIII

Contractlawfo83MajorIssuestoBeCoveredDefinitionandFormofContractValidityandFormationofContractContentsofaContractBreachofContractandRemediesMajorIssuestoBeCovered84PartIFormationandValidityofContractsPartI85IDefinitionandFormofContract1.DefinitionofContract合同/协议A)AmericanLaw:“Apromiseorasetofpromises,forbreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy,ortheperformanceofwhichthelawinsomewayrecognizesasaduty.”IDefinitionandFormofContr86B)China’sContractLaw:“Acontractisanagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweennaturalpersons,legalpersonsorotherorganizations.”本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。B)China’sContractLaw:“Aco872.FormofContract合同形式A)UKLaw:Intheearlyperiod,itwasrequiredthatcontractbeinwriting.1906revisedSalesofGoodsActrepealedthein-writingrequirement.B)CISG:“Acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementsastoform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.”2.FormofContract合同形式A)UKL88C)UNIDROIDPICC:almostthesamewithCISGD)China’sContractLaw(Article10):“Thepartiesmay,whenmakingacontract,usewrittenform,verbalformoranyotherform.”当事人订立合同，有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。C)UNIDROIDPICC:almostthes89“Thewrittenformshallbeadoptediflawsoradministrativeregulationssorequire.Thewrittenformshallbeadoptedifthepartiessoagree.”法律、行政法规规定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。当事人约定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。“Thewrittenformshallbeado90II.ValidityandFormationofContract1.Essentialelementsofavalidcontracta)anagreementbetweenparties(offerandacceptance).协议=要约+承诺b)legallysufficientconsideration（对价）c)legalcapacity缔约能力d)notforillegalpurpose/contrarytopublicpolicy.e)intentiontocreatelegalrelationsII.ValidityandFormationof912.Offer要约1)theconceptofofferAnofferisaproposalbyonepersontoanotherindicatinganintentiontoenterintoacontractunderspecifiedterms.2.Offer要约92TheSecondRestatementofContracts:“Anofferisamanifestationofwillingnesstoenterintoabargain,somadeastojustifyanotherpersoninunderstandingthathisassenttothatbargainisinvitedandwillconcludeit.”TheSecondRestatementofCont932)RequirementsofOffera)Anoffermustbeaddressedtooneormorespecificpersons.b)anoffermustbesufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobebound.(Definiteness:descriptionofgoods,expresslyorimplicitlyspecifiesthequantityandpriceetc.)2)RequirementsofOffer943)LapseofOffer要约的失效a)Onthedeatheitheroftheofferorortheoffereebeforeacceptance.b)Bynon-acceptancewithinthetimeprescribedforacceptance.3)LapseofOffer要约的失效95c)Whennotimeforacceptanceisprescribed,bynon-acceptancewithinareasonabletime.(Howtodecidereasonabletime?)d)Expressrejection.明确拒绝e)Counteroffer.反要约f)Revocationbytheofferor.撤销/撤回要约c)Whennotimeforacceptance964)Revocationofoffer要约的撤销a)Definition:Theofferornotifiestheoffereeoftheinvalidityoftheoffersoastobefreefromitbeforeacceptanceoftheofferee.4)Revocationofoffer要约的撤销97b)Englishlaw:Anoffermayberevokedatanytimebeforeacceptance.b)Englishlaw:Anoffermayb98c)CISG:Anoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance;Anoffercan’tberevoked(a)ifitindicatesthatitisirrevocableor(b)ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.c)CISG:Anoffermayberevok993.Acceptance承诺Article

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acceptance

becomes

effective.

承诺生效时合同成立。3.Acceptance承诺100Article26Anacceptancebecomeseffectivewhenitsnoticereachestheofferor.Ifnoticeofacceptanceisnotrequired,theacceptanceshallbecomeeffectivewhenanactofacceptanceisperformedinaccordancewithtransactionpracticesorasrequiredintheoffer.承诺通知到达要约人时生效。承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。Article26Anacceptancebecom1011)DefinitionOfferee’smanifestationoftheintentiontobeboundtothetermsoftheoffer.Acontractisn’tformeduntiltheofferisacceptedbytheofferee.The