太原理工大学研究生基础英语试卷及答案

07-1PARTIIVOCABULARY(10minutes,10points)SectionApointeach)theincentiveIfinnovatorsarenotfinanciallyrewardedfortheirinnovations,forpath-breakinginnovationwilleventuallydryup.theincentiveA.investmentB.resourceC.inspirationD.stimulusTheseillegalimmigrantshavetoworklonghoursadaydespitetheappallingworkingconditions.A.bewildering23.Manycriticsandphotography.A.allatonceB.exasperatingC.dismayingagreedthatbyandlarge,thisB.byandbyC.tosomeextent24.Thecountrytheconsequences.carriedonnucleartestsA.optimisticB.anxious25.ThereisthefearthatC.uncertain

babiesmightD.upsettingmoviewasasuccessintermsofactingD.onthewholewithoutfeelingapprehensiveaboutD.scaredbegeneticallyalteredtosuittheparents'wishes.A.enhanced26.TheAmericanrevisedCivilWarisA.arisenfromB.contributedtoalternatedD.modifiedbelievedtohavestemmedfromA.enhanced26.TheAmericanrevisedCivilWarisA.arisenfromB.contributedtoalternatedD.modifiedbelievedtohavestemmedfromdifferencesC.patchedupD.participatedinoverslavery.Expertssaidtheamountofcompensationforsicksmokerswouldbereducedifcoolerjurorsprevailed.A.resignedB.compromisedC.persisted28.Hamiltonhopedforanationofcountryshouldremainchieflyagricultural.D.dominatedcitieswhileJeffersoncontendedthattheA.inclinedB.struggled29.TherehavebeensomespeculationsA.onoccasionB.atpresentC.bynowC.arguedD.competed

attimesastowhowilltakeovertheD.forsureA.resignedB.compromisedC.persisted28.Hamiltonhopedforanationofcountryshouldremainchieflyagricultural.D.dominatedcitieswhileJeffersoncontendedthattheA.inclinedB.struggled29.TherehavebeensomespeculationsA.onoccasionB.atpresentC.bynowC.arguedD.competed

attimesastowhowilltakeovertheD.forsurecompany.TWAwascriticizedfortryingtocoverupthetruthratherthanpromptlynotifyingvictims'families.A.brieflyB.quicklyC.accuratelyD.earnestlySectionBpointeach)NewYorkprobablyhasthelargestnumberofdifferentlanguageintheworld.neighborhoods B.communitiesC.clusters D.assemblies32.Nuclearwastesareconsideredtoathreattohumanhealthandmarinelife.imposeC.exposeD.poseSomestatesintheUShavesetstandardsconcerningmathandsciencetests.A.C.rigorousD.graveThisschoolpromisedtomakeclassessmallerandoffermoreindividualizedA.presentationB.instructionC.convictionBecauseofwaysoflife,thecouplehassomedifficultygettingalongwitheachother.A.incomprehensible B.incomparableC.inconceivableD.incompatibleAsChinaandotheremergingexportpowers,effortstostrengthenanti-corruptionactivitiesaregainingmomentum.A.inthelightofB.intheeventofC.in thecaseofD.inthecourseofAccordingtoanAustralianresearch,moderatedrinkersbetterthinkersthanheavydrinkersorthosewhoneverdrink.A.endupB.takeupC.putupD.turnupStrangelyenough,anoldmanmeandintroducedhimself,whoturnedouttobeafriendofmyfather's.A.stooduptoB.walkeduptoC.liveduptoD.addeduptoManychildrenoftenwhyairplanescanflylikebirdswhilewehumanscannot.A.assumeB.anticipateC.assureD.wonderTheFDAwascreatedtothesafetyofproducts,reviewapplicationsandgrantapprovals.A.manipulateB.adjustC.regulateD.managePARTIIICLOZETEST(10minutes,10points,1pointeach)Tallpeopleearnconsiderablymoremoneythroughouttheirlivesthantheirshorterco-workers,witheachinchaddingaboutUS$789ayearinpay,accordingtoanewstudy."Height41careersuccess,"saysTimothyJudge,aUniversityofFloridaprofessorofmanagement,wholedthestudy."Thesefindingsaretroublingsince,withafew42_,suchasprofessionalbasketball,noonecouldarguethatheightissomethingessentialrequiredforjob43,"Judgepointsout.Judgeanalyzedresultsoffourlarge-scalestudiesintheUSandBritainthatfollowedthousandsofpeoplefromchildhoodtoadulthood,examiningdetailsoftheirworkandpersonallives."Ifyoutakethis44_the courseofa30-yearcareer,we'retalkingaboutliterallyhundredsofthousandsofdollarsofearnings45 _thatatallpersonenjoys,"Judgesaid.Greaterheightboostedbothsubjectiveratingsofworkperformance--asupervisor's46ofhoweffectivesomeoneis--and 47 measuresofperformance--suchassalesvolume.Beingtallmayboostself-confidence,improvingperformance.Otherpeoplemayalsogivehigher48_and greaterrespecttoatallperson,givingthemanedgeinnegotiatingstates,hesays.Thecommandinginfluenceofheightmaybearemainderofourevolutionary49-Maybefromatimewhenhumanslivedamonganimalsandsizewas50powerandstrengthusedwhenmaking"fightorrun"decisions.A.makesoutB.worksinC.takesonD.mattersfor.casesB.exceptionsC.examplesD.problemsA.performanceB.operationC.conditionD.environment.onB.withC.overD.toA.deficiencyB.advantageC.lossD.necessityA.A.relativeA.statestatueA.imaginationB.decisionC.judgeB.absoluteA.A.relativeA.statestatueA.imaginationB.decisionC.judgeB.absolutestatusoriginsobjectiveC.situationD.B.sourcesD.evaluationC.coursesD.organizations.atimeinB.aholdonC.aworkatD.asignofPARTIVREADINGCOMPREHENSION(45minutes,30points,1pointeach)PassageOneAttheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles(UCLA),astudentloadedhisclassnotesintoahandhelde-maildeviceandtriedtoreadthemduringanexam:aclassmateturnedhimin.AttheUniversityofNevadaatLasVegas(UNLV)studentsphotographedtestquestionswiththeircellphonecamerasandtransmittedthemtoclassmates.Theuniversityputinplaceanewexamination-supervisionsystem."Ifthey'dspendasmuchtimestudying, they'dallbeAstudents,"saysRonYasbin,deanoftheCollegeofSciencesofUNLV.Withavarietyofelectronic devices,Americanstudentsfinditeasiertocheat.Andcollegeofficialsfindthemselvesinanewgameofcatandmouse.Theyaretryingtofightwould-becheatsintheexamseasonbycuttingoffInternetaccessfromlaptops,demandingthesurrenderofcellphonesbeforetestsorsimplyrequiringthatexamsbetakenwithpensandpaper."Itisannoying.Myhand-writingissobad,"saidRyanDapremont,21whojustfinishedhisthirdyearatPepperdineUniversityinCalifornia.Hehadtotakehisexamsonpaper.Dapremontsaidtechnologyhasmadecheatingeasier,butplagiarism(剽窃)inwritingpaperswasprobablythebiggestproblem.Studentscanliftotherpeople'swritingsofftheInternetwithoutattributingthem.Still,somestudentssaidtheythoughtcheatingthesedayswasmoreaproductofthemindset,notthetoolsathand."Somepeopleputtoomuchemphasisonwherethey'regoingtogointhefuture,andallthey'rethinkingaboutisgraduateschoolandthenextstep,"saidLindsayNicholas,athird-yearstudentatUCLA.Sheaddedthatpressuretosucceed"sometimescloudseverythingandmakespeopledothingsthattheyshouldn'tdo."Someprofessorssaidtheytriedtowriteexamsforwhichitwashardtocheat,posingquestionsthatoutsideresourceswouldnothelpanswer.Manyofficialssaidthattheyrelyoncampushonorcodes.Theysaidthemostimportantthingwastoteachstudentsnottocheatinthefirstplace.OnestudentatUCLAwasfoundcheating .whenhewasloadinghisclassnotesintoahandhelde-maildevicewhenhewastryingtotelltheanswerstohisclassmatesaftertheuniversityputinplaceanewexamination-supervisionsystemafterhisclassmatereportedhischeatingtotheauthorityAccordingtoRonYasbin,allthecheatingstudents .shouldbeseverelypunishedfortheirdishonestydidn'thavemuchtimetostudybeforetheexamcouldgetthehighestgradesiftheyhadstudiedhardenoughcouldbeexcusedbecausetheywerenotfamiliarwiththenewsystemTowinthenewgameofcatandmouseinexaminations,thecollegeofficialshaveto .usemanyhigh-techdevicescutoffInternetaccessoncampusturntotheoralexanimationformscutofftheuseofhigh-techdevicesAccordingtoRyanDapremont, .examinationstakenwithpensandpaperwereuselessinfightingcheatinghisexaminationpaperwasunder-gradedbecauseofhisbadhand-writingcheatingwasmoreseriousinwritingpapersthaninexaminationsitwasmoredifficultforhimtoliftotherpeople'swritingsofftheInternetWhichofthefollowingisprobablythemostSignificantmeasuretofightcheating?Puttinglessemphasisonwherethestudentsaregoingtogointhefuture.Lettingstudentsknowthathonestyismoreimportant.Writingexaminationsforwhichitishardtocheat.Settingupmorestrictcampushonorcodes.Thebesttitleofthepassagemightbe .CheatingHasGoneHigh-techGameofCatandMouseANewExamination-supervisionSystemMeasurestoFightAgainstDishonestyPassageTwoTopmarathonrunnerstendtobeleanandlight,starswimmersarelongthighswithhugefeetandgoldmedalweightliftersaresolidblocksofmusclewithshortarmsandlegs.So,doesyourphysicalshape--andthewayyourbodyworks--fityouforaparticularsport?Ordoesyourbodydevelopacertainwaybecauseofyourchosensport?"It'sabout55:45,genestotheenvironment,"saysMikeRennie,professorofclinicalphysiologyatBritain'sUniversityofNottinghamMedicalSchool.RenniecitesthecaseofidenticaltwinsfromGermany,oneofwhomwasalong-distanceathlete,theotherapowerfulsportsman,so,"Theylookquitedifferent,despitebeingidenticaltwins."Someonewho'stallhaslittlechanceofbecominganelitebasketballplayer.Still,beingovertwometerstallwon'tautomaticallypushyoutoOlympicgold."Unlessyouhavetacticalsensewhereneeded,unlessyouhaveaccesstogoodequipment,medicalcareandthepsychologicalconditions,andunlessyouareabletodriveyourselfthroughpain,allthephysicalstrengthwillbeinvain,"saidCraigSharp,professorofsportsscienceatBritain'sBrunelUniversity.JonathanRobinson,anappliedsportsscientistattheUniversityofBath'ssportsdevelopmentdepartment,insouthwestEngland,pointstotheimportanceoftechnique."Inswimmingonly5-10percentofthepropellingforcecomesfromthelegs,sotechniqueisvital."Havingtherightphysiquefortherightsportisagoodstartingpoint.Seventeenyearsago,theAustralianInstituteofSportstartedanationalTalentSearchProgram,whichsearchedschoolsfor14-16-year-oldswiththepotentialtobeeliteathletes.OneoftheirfirstfindswasMeganStill,worldchampionrower.In1987,Stillhadneverpickedupanoarinherlife.Butshehadalmosttheperfectphysiqueforarower.Afterintensivetraining,shewongoldinwomen'srowinginthe1996AtlantaOlympics.OthercountrieshavefollowedtheAustralianexample.Nowtheexplosionofgeneticknowledgehasmeantthatthereisnowasearch,notjustforappropriatephysiquebutalsofor"performancegenes."Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat .physicalstrengthismoreimportantforsportspersons'successtrainingconditionsaremoreimportantforsportspersons'successgenesaremoreimportantforsportspersons'successpsychologicalconditionsaremoreimportantforsportspersons'successThecaseofidenticaltwinsfromGermanyshowsthat .environmentcanhelpdeterminepeople'sbodyshapegenesarethedecisivefactorsforpeople'sbodyshapeidenticaltwinsarelikelytoenjoydifferentsportsidenticaltwinsmayhavedifferentgenesfordifferentsportsWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedbyCraigSharpasarequiredqualityforasportspersontowinanOlympicgoldmedal?Thephysicalstrength.Therighttrainingconditions.Thetalentforthesports.Theenduranceforpains.SeventeenyearsagoMeganStillwaschosenforrowingbecause .shehadthetalentforrowingherbodyshapewasrightforarowershehadtheperformancegenesshewasaskillfulrowerTheword"elite"inParagraph5means .themostwealthythemostskilledthemostindustriousthemostintelligentTheeliteathletesofthefuturemaycomefrompeoplewhonaturallypossess .thebestbodyshapesandanironpurposetheextremesoftherightphysiqueandstrongwillstherightpsychologicalconditionsandsportstalentsD.therightphysiqueandgenesforsportsPassageThreeForyears,anetworkofcitizens'groupsandscientificbodieshasbeenclaimingthatscienceofglobalwarmingisinconclusive.Butwhofundedthem?Exxon'sinvolvementiswellknown.ExxonMobilistheworld'smostprofitablecorporation.Itmakesmostofitsmoneyfromoil,andhasmoretolosethananyothercompanyfromeffortstotackleclimatechange.Tosafeguarditsprofits,ExxonMobilneedstosowdoubtaboutwhetherseriousactionneedstobetakenonclimatetherearedifficulties: itmustconfrontascientificconsensusasstrongasthatwhichmaintainsthatsmokingcauseslungcancerorthatHIVcausesAids.Sowhat'sitsstrategy?Thewebsite,usingdatafoundinthecompany'sofficialdocuments,lists124organizationsthathavetakenmoneyfromthecompanyorworkcloselywiththosethathave.Theseorganizationstakeaconsistentlineonclimatechange:thatthescienceiscontradictory,thescientistsaresplit,environmentalistsareliarsorlunatics,andifgovernmentstookactiontopreventglobalwarming,theywouldbeendangeringtheglobaleconomyfornogoodreason.Thefindingstheseorganizations dislikearelabeled"junkscience".Thefindingstheywelcomearelabeled"soundscience".Thisisnottoclaimthatallthesciencethesegroupschampionis bogus.Onthewhole,theyuseselection,notinvention.Theywillfindonecontradictorystudy-suchasthediscoveryoftropospheric(对流层的)cooling-andpromoteitrelentlessly.Theywillcontinuetodosolongafterithasbeendisprovedbyfurtherwork.So,forexample,JohnChristy,theauthorofthetropospherepaper,admittedinAugust2005thathisfigureswereincorrect,yethisinitialfindingsarestillbeingcirculatedandchampionedbymanyofthesegroups,asaquickinternetsearchwillshowyou.WhiletheyhavebeenmosteffectiveintheUnitedStates,theimpactsoftheclimate-changedenierssponsoredbyExxonhavebeenfeltallovertheworld.Bydominatingthemediadebateonclimatechangeduringsevenoreightcriticalyearsinwhichurgentinternationaltalksshouldhavebeentakingplace,byconstantlyseedingdoubtaboutthesciencejustasitshouldhavebeenmostpersuasive,theyhavejustifiedthemoneytheirsponsorshavespentonthemmanytimesover.WhichofthefollowinghasNOTbeendonebytheorganizationstoestablishtheirpositiononclimatechange'?Damagingthereputationofenvironmentalists.Emphasizingthelackofconsensusamongscientists.Stressingtheunnecessaryharmtotileglobaleconomy.Protectingthescientificdiscoveriesfrombeingmisused.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto"bogus'(inParagraph4)?D.Inconsistent.A.Reasonable.B.Fake.C.Limitless.D.Inconsistent.JohnChristyismentionedtoshow .howcloselytheseorganizationsworkwithscientistshowtheseorganizationsselectscientificfindingsfortheirownpurposehowimportantcorrectdataareforscientiststomakesounddiscoverieshowoneman'smistakemaysetbacktheprogressofscienceTheorganizationssponsoredbyExxon .haveliveduptotheirpromiseshavealmostcausedworldwidechaoshavefailedtoachievetheiroriginalgoalhavemisunderstoodtherequestofthesponsor67.Thepassageismainlyfocusedon .Exxon'sinvolvementinscientificscandalsExxon'scontributionstotheissueofclimatechangeExxon'sroleindelayingsolutionstoglobalwarmingExxon'seffortstopromotemorescientificdiscoveriesWhatistheauthor'stoneinpresentingthepassage?A.Factual.B.Praiseful.C.Biased.D.Encouraging.PassageFourWhereanyonereachingtheageof60wasconsideredtobeneardeath'sdoorattheturnofthe20thcentury,itisbarelyoldenoughforretirementattheturnofthe21stcentury.Andscientistsarestillnotholdingback.Theysaythatasnewanti-ageingtreatments becomeavailable,ourspecieswillgetevenolder.Whilefewwouldarguethatliving longerisanattractiveidea,therapidincreaseinthenumberofyearsbegsaquestion:Canourhealthexpectancybeascloseaspossibletoourlifeexpectancy?Predictionsforfuturehealthexpectancyhavechangedoverthepastfewdecades.Inthe1980s,lifeexpectancywasincreasingbutthebestdatasuggestedthatforeveryincreasedyearoflifeexpectancy,agreaterfractionwasdisabledlifeexpectancy.Whatwewouldseewasapilingupofchronicillnessandrelateddisabilitywhichmedicalsciencecouldn'tprevent.Butthatworldviewchangedsuddenlyintheearly1990swiththepublicationofastudybyresearchersatDukeUniversity,whohadbeenfollowingthehealthof20,000peopleforalmostadecade.Theyshowedthatdisabilityamongtheelderlywasnotonlydropping,butitwasdoingsoatanever-increasingrate.ArianRichardson,directoroftheBarshopInstituteforAgeingandLongevityresearch,predictsthatunderstandingthemechanismsbehindcalorierestrictionandothergeneticreasonsbehindageingcouldbeusedwithinthenexttwodecadestogivepeopleseveralextrahealthyyearsoflife.Restricthowmuchananimaleats,forexample,anditwilllivelonger.Inlabexperiments,ratsoncalorie-restricteddietswerefoundtobephysiologicallyyounger,gotdiseaseslaterinlifeand,atanyrate,hadlessseverecases."Fromthemodelsthathavebeenlookedat,theincreaseinlifespanisusuallyintherangeof15-30%maximum,"saysRichardson.Cuttingcaloriesisthoughttotriggeraswitchinananimal'sbehaviourfromnormaltoastateofstasisinwhichgrowthandageingaretemporarilyputonhold.Whenfoodbecomesavailableagain,theanimal'sbehaviourswitchesback.Richardsonsaysthatthinkingaboutstoppingageingisa"littlebitsilly"atthemomentbutdoesn'tdismissitaltogether,arguingthatnoneoftheillnessesrelatedtoageingshouldbeinevitable.Startwithahigh-qualitybody(andthatmeanseatingyourgreens,notsmokinganddoinglotsofexerciseinyouryoungerdays)andyoucankeepitgoingforlongerwithhighqualitymaintenance."It'llbelikethedifferencebetweenaRolls-Royceandacheapcar."Itcanbeseenfromthefirstparagraphthatpeoplehavedoubtsonwhetherispossibletolivealongerhealthyandlifehumanscanliveaslongasscientistspredictlivinglongerisstillconsideredagoodideanewanti-ageingtreatmentsaresafeforhumansInthe1980s,thedataonpeople'shealthexpectancy .gaveanoptimisticpredictionshowedanunclearfutureledtoapessimisticperceptionturnedouttobeamixedblessingInthelabexperimentonrats, .foodrestrictionisnottheonlyfactorprovedtohaveworkedresponsestofoodrestrictionvaryfromanimaltoanimaltheanimals'lifespanincreaseswiththeamountoffoodeatenamountsoffoodcauseachangeintheanimals'behavior72.Richardsonbelievesthat .itisimpossibleforhumanstostopageingitisworthlesstotalkaboutstoppingageingstoppingageingisadreamthatmaycometrueillnessisthebiggestobstacletostoppingageingRolls-Royceisusedtoconveytheideathat .qualitylifeisoutofreachformostpeoplequalitylifecanslowdowntheprocessofaginghowlongonecanlivedependsonthegenesonecarriesthemoremoneyoneinvestsinhealth,thehealthieronewillbe.Themostsuitabletitleforthepassageis “ ”.ProblemsofAnAgeingSocietyHealthCarefortheElderlyEatingHealthier,LivingLongerFutureofOldAgePassageFiveIndealingwithastudentwhoisactingaggressivelytowardhisclassmates,youwanttosendastrongmessagethataggressivebehaviorwillnotbetoleratedinyouraddition,youwanttohelphimdevelopmoreappropriatewaysofsettlingdisputeswithhispeers.Iftwoelementaryschoolstudentsareengagedinafight,useastrongloudvoicetostopit.Ifthatdoesn'twork,youmightsaysomethingodd("Lookup!Theceilingisfalling!")todiverttheirattention.Iftheystilldon'tstopandyoucan'tseparatethem,sendastudenttotheofficetogethelp.Ifacrowdofchildrenisgathering,insistthattheymoveawayorsitdown,perhapsclappingyourhandstogettheirattention:Aftertheincidentisover,meetwiththecombatantstogethersotheycangiveyoutheirversionsofwhathappenedandyoucanhelpthemresolveanylingeringproblems.Alsonotifytheparents.Speakinafirm,no-nonsensemannertostopastudent'saggressivebehavior:usephysicalrestraintasalastresort.Whenrespondingtothestudent,payattentiontoyourverbalaswellasnon-verballanguage.Evenifheisyellingatyou,staycalm.Allowhimtoexpresswhatheisupsetaboutwithoutinterruptinghimandthenacknowledgehisfeelings.Avoidcrossingyourarms,pointingafingerormakingthreats:anyofthoseactionscouldintensifyhisangerandstiffenhisresistance.Youmightconcludethatastudent'saggressivebehaviorwarrantsseparatinghimfromtherestoftheclass,eithertosendhimastrongmessagethatwhathedidmeritsaseriousconsequenceortoprotecttheotherstudents.Youcandothatbygivinghimatimeoutinclassorbysendinghimtotheoffice.Althoughhemightexpectyoutoreactpunitively,surprisehimbyreactingsupportively.Expressyourconfidencethathecanresolveproblemswithoutbeinghurtfultohispeers.Tellhimthatyouthinkhemustbeupsetaboutsomethingtolosecontrolashedidandyouwanttounderstandwhatmightbebotheringhim.Ifhedoesopenuptoyou,listenattentivelywithoutinterrupting.Speakingmacalmvoice,tellhimthatyouunderstandwhyhewasupset,butstressthathehastofindawaytoexpresshisangerwithwordsratherthanwithhishands.Youdon'twanttoforceanaggressivestudenttosayheissorrybecausethatmightfuelhisanger,however,youdowanttostronglyencouragehimtomakeamendswiththestudenthehit.Ifheiswillingtodothat,itwillhelpsoothehurtfeelingsandavoidfutureconflicts.Whatisthepurposeofsayingsomethingoddwhenseeingstudentsinafight?Topleasethestudents.Tosurprisethestudents.Togetthestudents'attention.D.Todistractthestudents'attention.Whatistobedoneaboutastudent'saggressivebehavior?A.Respondcalmlybutfinny.Tellthestudent'sparentsimmediately.Askotherstudentsforhelptostoptheaction.Havethestudentgotoseetheprincipal.WhatisNOTencouragedtodotowardanaggressivestudent?Usephysicalrestraint.Givethestudentatimeout.C.Pointatthestudentormakethreats.D.Talkwiththestudentprivately.Whatdoestheword"'punitively"(inParagraph5)probablymean?A.Surprisingly.Depressingly.Involvingpersuasion.Involvingpunishment.Whatmightbethelaststepto