学术英语写作课件4-Reviewing-Literature

AcademicWritingCourseReviewingLiteratureAcademicWritingCourseReviewiContentsGeneralFormatofResearchPaper1DefinitionofLiteratureReview2StepsinReviewingLiterature3OrganizationofLiteratureReview4ElementsinIntroductionSection5TenseinCitationandCitingVerbs6ContentsGeneralFormatofReseGeneralFormatofaResearchPaperIMRaDformatIntroductionWhyresearchneededMethodologyHowresearchcompletedandresultsanalyzedResultsAndWhatwasfound(data)DiscussionInterpretationofresultsandapplicationtoclinicalpracticeGeneralFormatofaResearchPAssignmentofpaperwriting1.Introduction2.Methodology3.Results4.Discussion5.Conclusion6.Abstract(+统稿+修改）7.CoverletterAssignmentofpaperwriting1.Whatisaliterature?worksofthecreativeimagination,includingpoetry,drama,fiction,nonfiction,journalism,andinsomeinstances,songanypublishedmaterialthatprovidesinformationinthefieldbeingdiscussed,perhapswithinaspecifictimeperiod.1.文学；文学作品2.文献资料Whatisaliterature?worksofanaccountofwhathasbeenpublishedonatopicbyaccreditedscholarsandresearchersnotsimplyasummaryofwhatyouhavereadacriticalanalysisoftherelationshipsbetweendifferentopinionsofothersoccasionallyasastand-alonesection/chapter

ofathesisordissertationWhatisaliteraturereview?moreoftenasapartoftheintroductorysectionofatermpaperorjournalpaper,toprovideatheoreticalframeworkandrationaleforaresearchstudydefinedbyresearchobjectiveorbytheproblemorissuediscussedorbyargumentativethesisanaccountofwhathasbeenpuStep1Step2Step3Step4DefiningthepurposeSearchingfortheliteratureReadingandanalyzingtheliteratureOrganizingthecontentsStep5WritingthereviewStepstoconductaliteraturereviewBooksJournalpapersThesesanddissertationsConferenceproceedingsGovernmentpublicationsTechnicalreportsInternetresourcesStep1Step2Step3Step4DefiniOrganizationofLiteratureReviewChronologicalBypublicationdateBytrendThematicAstructurewhichconsidersdifferentthemesMethodologicalFocusesonthemethodsoftheresearcher,e.g.,qualitativeversusquantitativeapproachesOrganizationofLiteratureRevWhatareincludedinIntroduction?ElementsFunctionsPara.1S1-2Para.1S3-5Para.2Para.3Para.4Para.5GeneralStatementstoprovidethereaderwithasettingfortheproblemtobeinvestigatedSpecificStatementstodescribetheaspectsoftheproblemalreadystudiedbyotherresearcherstofindthegapformoreinvestigationoftheproblemThesisStatementtopresentthepurposes/objectivesofthecurrentstudyOptionalStatementstogiveavalueorjustificationforcarryingoutthestudy,limitationofthestudy,etc.P26(LiteratureReview)topointoutthenecessitytoconductthepresentresearchWhatareincludedinIntroductListdifferentopinionsonpovertyandenvironmentaldegradationBruntlandCommissionReport,etc.ontheonesideLeachandMearnsontheothersidePovertyisamajorcauseofenvironmentalproblemsandameliorationofpovertyisanecessaryandcentralconditionofanyeffectiveprogramsaddressingtheenvironment.Environmentaldegradation,rapidpopulationgrowthandstagnantproductionarecloselylinkedwiththefastspreadofacutepovertyinmanycountriesofAsia.Poorfamilieswhohavetomeetshorttermneedsminethenaturalcapitalbyexcessivecuttingoftreesforfirewoodandfailuretoreplacesoilnutrients.Thesestudiespointtodemographic,cultural,andinstitutionalfactorsasimportantvariablesinthepoverty-environmentaldegradationnexus.Anintricateweboffactorsplustheexistenceoffeedbackloopsfromenvironmentaldegradationtopovertymakestheprocessofidentifyingcausalitylinks,ifany,betweenenvironmentaldegradationandpovertyadifficultexercise.ListdifferentopinionsonpovWritingtheobjectiveofresearch1.ThispaperwillfocusonthemostcommonuseofkeyholesurgerywhichisasaninterventionincasesofcoloncancerinHongKong.2.ThepurposeofthispaperistoexaminetheimpactonShanghaiofthecommercialapplicationofmaglevtrains.3.Thegoalofthispaperistoexaminetheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodsonthehealthofteenagers.EstablishingthetopicExplainingwhatyouwilldowiththetopicCommonformat:PURPOSE+ACTIONVERB+TOPICWritingtheobjectiveofreseaWritingtheobjectiveofresearch1.ThispaperwillfocusonthemostcommonuseofkeyholesurgerywhichisasaninterventionincasesofcoloncancerinHongKong.2.ThepurposeofthispaperistoexaminetheimpactonShanghaiofthecommercialapplicationofmaglevtrains.3.Thegoalofthispaperistoexaminetheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodsonthehealthofteenagers.FormatExamplesPurposenounspurpose,goal,aim,intention,objectiveActionverbsanalyze,examine,propose,demonstrate,investigate,show,discuss,describe,suggestTopicsTheimpactofcommercialapplicationofmaglevtrainsonShanghaiTheimpactofkeyholesurgeryonthelivesofpeopleinHongKongTheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodsonthehealthofteenagersWritingtheobjectiveofreseaPossibleelementsinIntroductionsectionIntroducethetopicorproblemwithwhichtheresearchpaperisconcernedGiveacleardefinitionofthetopicandoftherelatedkeytermsProvidetherelevantbackgroundinformation/contextofthetopicReviewthepreviousrelatedstudiesandpointouttheirlimitationifnecessaryJustifythechoiceofthetopicorgivethereasonsfortheresearchStatethepurpose/objectiveoftheessayIntroducethetheoreticalperspectivesthepapermightuseExplainhowthepaperwillbeorganized(theoutlineofthepaper)InformationofthetopicinthebroadcontextInformationspecificallyrelatedtotheproposedresearchPossibleelementsinIntroductRead,thinkandreorganizeA.Withtheworldeconomicdevelopment,thedemandforenergyhasincreasedrapidly,addinggreatlytothegreenhousegasesandthepollutionproblemsmainlycausedbyfossilfuels.B.AccordingtoWikipedia,renewableenergyisenergywhichcomesfromnaturalresourcessuchassunlight,wind,rain,andgeothermalheat,whicharerenewable.C.SincethesigningoftheKyotoTreaty,moreeffortshavebeenmadetolookforalternativeenergysources.D.Developingrenewableenergysourcesisthesolutiontotheseproblems.E.Developingrenewableenergysourcecannotonlygreatlyhelpcutdowntheamountoftoxins,theby-productsoftheconsumptionofenergy,butalsopreservemostofthenaturalresourcesthatpeopleuseasresourcesofenergy.F.Thepaperwillfirstdemonstratethesignificanceofthedevelopingrenewableenergysources,andthenanalyzetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachpossiblerenewableenergysource.G.Thepurposeofthepaperistoexaminepotentialrenewableenergysources.Read,thinkandreorganizeA.WA.Withtheworldeconomicdevelopment,thedemandforenergyhasincreasedrapidly,addinggreatlytothegreenhousegasesandthepollutionproblemsmainlycausedbyfossilfuels.B.AccordingtoWikipedia,renewableenergyisenergywhichcomesfromnaturalresourcessuchassunlight,wind,rain,andgeothermalheat,whicharerenewable.C.SincethesigningoftheKyotoTreaty,moreeffortshavebeenmadetolookforalternativeenergysources.D.Developingrenewableenergysourcesisthesolutiontotheseproblems.E.Developingrenewableenergysourcecannotonlygreatlyhelpcutdowntheamountoftoxins,theby-productsoftheconsumptionofenergy,butalsopreservemostofthenaturalresourcesthatpeopleuseasresourcesofenergy.F.Thepaperwillfirstdemonstratethesignificanceofthedevelopingrenewableenergysources,andthenanalyzetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachpossiblerenewableenergysource.G.Thepurposeofthepaperistoexaminepotentialrenewableenergysources.FunctionsNo.IntroductiontothetopicBackgroundinformationJustificationDefinitionofkeytermsPurposeoftheresearchThesisstatementOutlineofstructureFGBACDETheintroduction:()()()()()()()FGBACDEA.WiththeworldeconomicdevKeyforreferenceWiththeworldeconomicdevelopment,thedemandforenergyhasincreasedrapidly,addinggreatlytothegreenhousegasesandthepollutionproblemsmainlycausedbyfossilfuels.SincethesigningoftheKyotoTreaty,moreeffortshavebeenmadetolookforalternativeenergysources.Developingrenewableenergysourcesisthesolutiontotheseproblems.AccordingtoWikipedia,renewableenergyisenergywhichcomesfromnaturalresourcessuchassunlight,wind,rain,andgeothermalheat,whicharerenewable.Developingrenewableenergysourcecannotonlygreatlyhelpcutdowntheamountoftoxins,theby-productsoftheconsumptionofenergy,butalsopreservemostofthenaturalresourcesthatpeopleuseasresourcesofenergy.Thepurposeofthepaperistoexaminepotentialrenewableenergysources.Thepaperwillfirstdemonstratethesignificanceofthedevelopingrenewableenergysources,andthenanalyzetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachpossiblerenewableenergysource.KeyforreferenceWiththeworlTensesincitation?P29Simplepresenttense:oftenusedtociteothers’opinionsorresearch,ortoleadtotheirownideas,theories,concepts,methods,etc.Simplepasttense:usedtoprovideparticularsforrecountingpreviouseventsorresults,oraprecedinggeneralizationorthebasisforaclaim,etc.Presentperfecttense:usedtostatethattheresearchresultsarenew,expressingwhathasbeenfoundoveranextendedperiodinthepastanduptothepresenttohighlightthedirectrelationsbetweenpreviousstudiesandtheauthor’scurrentresearch.

Tensesincitation?P29SimplepQuestionsAnswersPurposesAretheresentenceswritteninthesimplepresenttense?Aretheresentenceswritteninthesimplepasttense?Aretheresentenceswritteninthepresentperfecttense?Whichtenseisusedthemost?Why?TensesusedinReadingpassageonP26-P27manysomesomesimplepresentToshowauthor’sopinionsonothers’research,andtorelatewhattheysayordiscusstothecurrentresearchToemphasizepreviousresearchfindingsorresultsTohighlightthedirectrelationsbetweenpreviousstudiesandthecurrentresearchToemphasizethesignificanceofthepresentstudyQuestionsAnswersPurposesArethP30Citing/Reportingverbsawaytoshowyourattitudetowardsthesourceofinformationyouareciting.‘positive’,‘negative’or‘neutral’SomeverbsthattendtobepositiveacknowledgesaffirmsanalysesapplaudsarguescontendsexplainsidentifiesobservespersuadesprovessupportsP30Citing/ReportingverbsawaySomeverbsthattendtobenegativeaccusesallegesapologisesassertscommentsconfusesdoubtsguesseshopesintimatesquestionsspeculatesSomeverbsthattendtobeneutralacceptsacknowledgesreportsagreesassuresclaimsconcludesconfirmsdescribesexpressesmaintainsrecognisesSomeverbsthattendtobenegP32ReadandWriteAstudybyMcClatchyNewspapers,releasedinMarchfindsthattheranksoftheseverelyimpoverishedarerapidlyescalating.

ThestudyfoundthatthepercentageofpoorAmericanswhoarelivinginextremepovertyhasreacheda32-yearhigh.

Todaynearly16millionAmericanslivein“deeporseverepoverty.”Thisisdefinedasindividualslivingathalfofthefederalpovertyline.

Thisdrasticriseinthelevelofpovertyextendsbeyondthetraditionalghettoand,reachestosuburbanandruralcommunities.Atthesametime,thepovertyrisecreatesseveresocialproblems.(ByJosephWilliams,2011)Startingfromthe70s,studiesintheUSpointedmoreandmoreatthelinkbetweenunemployment,povertyandcrime.Afterthat,otherconnectionswithincomelevel,schooling,neighborhoodquality,education,etc,wererevealedaswell.FreshresearchfromtheUKevenindicatesthateconomiccyclesmayaffectvariationsinpropertyandviolentcrimes.Butmostimportantofall,theunmistakablecharacteristicofpovertyandcrimeisthatthey’rebothgeographicallyconcentratedinthesameareas.Inotherwords,whereyoufindpovertyisalsowhereyoufindcrime.Andthisrevealsthestrongconnectionbetweenthetwoissues.(ByCarlHolmes,2006)Sociologistandcriminaljusticescholarshavefoundadirectcorrelationbetweenpovertyandcrime.

Oneeconomictheoryofcrimeassumesthatpeopleweightheconsequencesofcommittingcrime.

Theyresorttocrimeonlyifthecostorconsequencesareoutweighedbythepotentialbenefitstobegained.

Thelogicalconclusiontothistheoryisthatpeoplelivinginpovertyarefarmorelikelytocommitpropertycrimessuchasburglary,larceny,ortheft.(ByDavidGarland,2008)P32ReadandWriteAstudybyMcP32ReadandWriteAstudybyMcClatchyNewspapers,releasedinMarchfindsthattheranksoftheseverelyimpoverishedarerapidlyescalating.

ThestudyfoundthatthepercentageofpoorAmericanswhoarelivinginextremepovertyhasreacheda32-yearhigh.

Todaynearly16millionAmericanslivein“deeporseverepoverty.”Thisisdefinedasindividualslivingathalfofthefederalpovertyline.

Thisdrasticriseinthelevelofpovertyextendsbeyondthetraditionalghettoand,reachestosuburbanandruralcommunities.Atthesametime,thepovertyrisecreatesseveresocialproblems.(ByJosephWilliams,2010)AstudybyWilliams(2010)reportsthatthepercentageofpoorAmericanswhoarelivinginextremepovertyhasreacheda32-yearhigh,resultinginseveresocialproblems.P32ReadandWriteAstudybyMcP32ReadandWriteStartingfromthe70s,studiesintheUSpointedmoreandmoreatthelinkbetweenunemployment,povertyandcrime.Afterthat,otherconnectionswithincomelevel,schooling,neighborhoodquality,education,etc,wererevealedaswell.FreshresearchfromtheUKevenindicatesthateconomiccyclesmayaffectvariationsinpropertyandviolentcrimes.Butmostimportantofall,theunmistakablecharacteristicofpovertyandcrimeisthatthey’rebothgeographicallyconcentratedinthesameareas.Inotherwords,whereyoufindpovertyisalsowhereyoufindcrime.Andthisrevealsthestrongconnectionbetweenthetwoissues.(ByCarlHolmes,2006)Holmes(2011)furtherstatesthattherearemoreandmorestudiespointingatthelinksbetweenunemployment,povertyandcrime,andthattheunmistakablecharacteristicofpovertyandcrimeisthattheyarebothgeographicallyconcentratedinthesameareas.P32ReadandWriteStartingfromP32ReadandWriteSociologistandcriminaljusticescholarshavefoundadirectcorrelationbetweenpovertyandcrime.

Oneeconomictheoryofcrimeassumesthatpeopleweightheconsequencesofcommittingcrime.

Theyresorttocrimeonlyifthecostorconsequencesareoutweighedbythepotentialbenefitstobegained.

Thelogicalconclusiontothistheoryisthatpeoplelivinginpovertyarefarmorelikelytocommitpropertycrimessuchasburglary,larceny,ortheft.(ByDavidGarland,2008)Garland(2012)explainstheoreticallyfromaneconomicperspectiveofcrimethatpeopleweightheconsequencesofcommittingcrime—theyresorttocrimeonlyifthecostorconsequencesareoutweighedbythepotentialbenefitstobegainedP32ReadandWriteSociologistaAnswerforreferenceAstudybyWilliams(2010)reportsthatthepercentageofpoorAmericanswhoarelivinginextremepovertyhasreacheda32-yearhigh,resultinginseveresocialproblems.ThefindingsaresupportedbyHolmes(2011)whofurtherstatesthattherearemoreandmorestudiespointingatthelinksbetweenunemployment,povertyandcrime,andthattheunmistakablecharacteristicofpovertyandcrimeisthattheyarebothgeographicallyconcentratedinthesameareas.Thisopinionistheoreticallyexplainedfromaneconomicperspectiveofcrimethatpeopleweightheconsequencesofcommittingcrime—theyresorttocrimeonlyifthecostorconsequencesareoutweighedbythepotentialbenefitstobegained(Garland,2012).AnswerforreferenceAWhatdowealreadyknowintheimmediateareaconcerned?Whatarethecharacteristicsofthekeyconceptsorthemainfactorsorvariables?Whataretherelationshipsbetweenthesekeyconcepts,factorsorvariables?Whataretheexistingtheories?Wherearetheinconsistenciesorothershortcomingsinourknowledgeandunderstanding?Whatviewsneedtobe(further)tested?Whatevidenceislacking,inconclusive,contradictoryortoolimited?Whystudy(further)theresearchproblem?Whatcontributioncanthepresentstudybeexpectedtomake?Whatresearchdesignsormethodsseemunsatisfactory?

someofthequestionsaliteraturereviewshouldanswerWhatdowealreadyknowintheLiteratureReviewUntilrecentlymanyresearchershaveshowninterestinthefieldofcoastalerosionandtheresultingbeachprofiles.Theyhavecarriedoutnumerouslaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservationstoilluminatethedarknessofthisfield.

Theirfindingsandsuggestionsarereviewedhere.JACHOWSKI(1964)developedamodelinvestigationconductedontheinterlockingprecastconcreteblockseawall.AfteraresultofasurveyofdamagescausedbytheseverestormalongthecoastofUSA,anewandespeciallyshapedconcreteblockwasdevelopedforuseinshoreprotection.Thisblockwasdesignedtobeusedinarevetmenttypeseawallthatwouldbebothdurableandeconomicalaswellasreducewaverun-upandovertopping,andscouratitsbaseortoe.Itwasprovedthateffectiveshoreprotectioncouldbedesignedutilisingtheseunits.HOM-MAandHORIKAWA(1964)studiedwaveforcesactingontheseawallwhichwaslocatedinsidethesurfzone.Onthebasisoftheexperimentalresultsconductedtomeasurewaveforcesagainstaverticalwall,theauthorsproposedanempiricalformulaofwavepressuredistributiononaseawall.Thecomputedresultsobtainedbyusingtheaboveformulawerecomparedwellwiththefielddataofwavepressureonaverticalwall.SELEZOVandZHELEZNYAK(1965)conductedexperimentsonscourofseabottominfrontofharbourseawalls,basingonthetheoreticalinvestigationofsolitarywaveinteractionwithaverticalwallusingaBoussinesquetypeequation.Itshowedthatthenumericalresultswereinreasonableagreementwithlaboratoryexperimentaldata.Read,ThinkandAnswerP35LiteratureReviewRead,Thinka4.Isitagoodliteraturereview?Why?Wedon'tbelievethatitisagoodliteraturereview.Itonlygivesasummaryofpreviousresearch;itdoesnotusetheliteraturetoexplainmoreaboutthewriter'sownresearchproblem.Also,itisnotcritical:afterwereaditwestilldonotknowwhichtheoriesorfindingsareimportant,whichareinconclusiveandwhattheshortcomingsare.Themainproblemwiththisliteraturereviewisthatitdoesnotshowhowpreviousresearchrelatestothewriter'sownresearchproblem,ortherelationshipbetweendifferentresearchalreadycarriedout.Giventheorganisationthewriterhasused,thisliteraturereviewcouldnotbeeffectivebecausethereislittlescopeforshowingrelationships,drawingcomparisonsormakingevaluations.

4.Isitagoodliteraturerev1.Whichofthequestionsdoesthisliteraturereviewanswer?Thisliteratureoffersasummaryofpreviousresearch,soitdoesanswerthefirstquestion.Itsimplytellsthereaderwhatwasdiscoveredinpreviousresearch.

2.Whichofthemdoesn'titanswer?Thisliteraturereviewdoesn'tansweranyofthequestionsfrom2to10.Itdoesn'tevaluatetheresearchitsummarises,nordoesitshowtherelationshipsbetweenthedifferenttheories,viewsandapproachesitdescribes.

3.Whichmethodhasthewriterusedtoorganisetheliteraturereview?Thewriterhasorganisedthisliteraturereviewaroundtheresearchersandhaspresenteditchronologically(arrangingtheworkbywhenitwaspublished).Noticethatbyorganisingitaroundtheresearchers(thesummariesarelistedafterthenamesofthepeoplewhodidtheresearch)andnotaroundtheresearch(aroundkeyconcepts)thewriteremphasisesthepeopleandnottheirwork.1.WhichofthequestionsdoesTipsforWritinganIntroductionTipsforWritinganIntroductiThankYou!AcademicWritingCourseThankYou!AcademicWritingCoAcademicWritingCourseReviewingLiteratureAcademicWritingCourseReviewiContentsGeneralFormatofResearchPaper1DefinitionofLiteratureReview2StepsinReviewingLiterature3OrganizationofLiteratureReview4ElementsinIntroductionSection5TenseinCitationandCitingVerbs6ContentsGeneralFormatofReseGeneralFormatofaResearchPaperIMRaDformatIntroductionWhyresearchneededMethodologyHowresearchcompletedandresultsanalyzedResultsAndWhatwasfound(data)DiscussionInterpretationofresultsandapplicationtoclinicalpracticeGeneralFormatofaResearchPAssignmentofpaperwriting1.Introduction2.Methodology3.Results4.Discussion5.Conclusion6.Abstract(+统稿+修改）7.CoverletterAssignmentofpaperwriting1.Whatisaliterature?worksofthecreativeimagination,includingpoetry,drama,fiction,nonfiction,journalism,andinsomeinstances,songanypublishedmaterialthatprovidesinformationinthefieldbeingdiscussed,perhapswithinaspecifictimeperiod.1.文学；文学作品2.文献资料Whatisaliterature?worksofanaccountofwhathasbeenpublishedonatopicbyaccreditedscholarsandresearchersnotsimplyasummaryofwhatyouhavereadacriticalanalysisoftherelationshipsbetweendifferentopinionsofothersoccasionallyasastand-alonesection/chapter

ofathesisordissertationWhatisaliteraturereview?moreoftenasapartoftheintroductorysectionofatermpaperorjournalpaper,toprovideatheoreticalframeworkandrationaleforaresearchstudydefinedbyresearchobjectiveorbytheproblemorissuediscussedorbyargumentativethesisanaccountofwhathasbeenpuStep1Step2Step3Step4DefiningthepurposeSearchingfortheliteratureReadingandanalyzingtheliteratureOrganizingthecontentsStep5WritingthereviewStepstoconductaliteraturereviewBooksJournalpapersThesesanddissertationsConferenceproceedingsGovernmentpublicationsTechnicalreportsInternetresourcesStep1Step2Step3Step4DefiniOrganizationofLiteratureReviewChronologicalBypublicationdateBytrendThematicAstructurewhichconsidersdifferentthemesMethodologicalFocusesonthemethodsoftheresearcher,e.g.,qualitativeversusquantitativeapproachesOrganizationofLiteratureRevWhatareincludedinIntroduction?ElementsFunctionsPara.1S1-2Para.1S3-5Para.2Para.3Para.4Para.5GeneralStatementstoprovidethereaderwithasettingfortheproblemtobeinvestigatedSpecificStatementstodescribetheaspectsoftheproblemalreadystudiedbyotherresearcherstofindthegapformoreinvestigationoftheproblemThesisStatementtopresentthepurposes/objectivesofthecurrentstudyOptionalStatementstogiveavalueorjustificationforcarryingoutthestudy,limitationofthestudy,etc.P26(LiteratureReview)topointoutthenecessitytoconductthepresentresearchWhatareincludedinIntroductListdifferentopinionsonpovertyandenvironmentaldegradationBruntlandCommissionReport,etc.ontheonesideLeachandMearnsontheothersidePovertyisamajorcauseofenvironmentalproblemsandameliorationofpovertyisanecessaryandcentralconditionofanyeffectiveprogramsaddressingtheenvironment.Environmentaldegradation,rapidpopulationgrowthandstagnantproductionarecloselylinkedwiththefastspreadofacutepovertyinmanycountriesofAsia.Poorfamilieswhohavetomeetshorttermneedsminethenaturalcapitalbyexcessivecuttingoftreesforfirewoodandfailuretoreplacesoilnutrients.Thesestudiespointtodemographic,cultural,andinstitutionalfactorsasimportantvariablesinthepoverty-environmentaldegradationnexus.Anintricateweboffactorsplustheexistenceoffeedbackloopsfromenvironmentaldegradationtopovertymakestheprocessofidentifyingcausalitylinks,ifany,betweenenvironmentaldegradationandpovertyadifficultexercise.ListdifferentopinionsonpovWritingtheobjectiveofresearch1.ThispaperwillfocusonthemostcommonuseofkeyholesurgerywhichisasaninterventionincasesofcoloncancerinHongKong.2.ThepurposeofthispaperistoexaminetheimpactonShanghaiofthecommercialapplicationofmaglevtrains.3.Thegoalofthispaperistoexaminetheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodsonthehealthofteenagers.EstablishingthetopicExplainingwhatyouwilldowiththetopicCommonformat:PURPOSE+ACTIONVERB+TOPICWritingtheobjectiveofreseaWritingtheobjectiveofresearch1.ThispaperwillfocusonthemostcommonuseofkeyholesurgerywhichisasaninterventionincasesofcoloncancerinHongKong.2.ThepurposeofthispaperistoexaminetheimpactonShanghaiofthecommercialapplicationofmaglevtrains.3.Thegoalofthispaperistoexaminetheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodsonthehealthofteenagers.FormatExamplesPurposenounspurpose,goal,aim,intention,objectiveActionverbsanalyze,examine,propose,demonstrate,investigate,show,discuss,describe,suggestTopicsTheimpactofcommercialapplicationofmaglevtrainsonShanghaiTheimpactofkeyholesurgeryonthelivesofpeopleinHongKongTheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodsonthehealthofteenagersWritingtheobjectiveofreseaPossibleelementsinIntroductionsectionIntroducethetopicorproblemwithwhichtheresearchpaperisconcernedGiveacleardefinitionofthetopicandoftherelatedkeytermsProvidetherelevantbackgroundinformation/contextofthetopicReviewthepreviousrelatedstudiesandpointouttheirlimitationifnecessaryJustifythechoiceofthetopicorgivethereasonsfortheresearchStatethepurpose/objectiveoftheessayIntroducethetheoreticalperspectivesthepapermightuseExplainhowthepaperwillbeorganized(theoutlineofthepaper)InformationofthetopicinthebroadcontextInformationspecificallyrelatedtotheproposedresearchPossibleelementsinIntroductRead,thinkandreorganizeA.Withtheworldeconomicdevelopment,the