2023届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解考点17说明文（A卷）作业含答案

专题十二考点17说明文（A卷）1.

Whensomeonedamagestheirbackbone,theinjurycanleavethemparalyzed(瘫痪的).Now,scientistshavegiventhreeparalyzedmentheabilitytowalkagain,thankstoanimplanteddevice.

Thehumanbackbone,orthespine,doesn'tjusthelpusstandupstraight.Insideisthespinalcord,whichcarriesimportantinformationbetweentheheadandthelowerpartofthebody.Thisinformationmovesaroundasburstsofelectricitytravelsbetweenthebrainandtheotherpartsofthebody.Whenthespinalcordishurt,thispathwaygetsdamagedandthepatientscan'tmovetheirlegs.

NowscientistsinSwitzerlandhavegiventhreeparalyzedmentheabilitytowalkagain.Towalkagain,themenhadsurgery.Aspecialdevicewasplaceddirectlyonthelowerpartoftheirspinalcord,belowtheirinjury.This"implant"containssixteenelectrodes,whicharesmallobjectsthatelectricitycanpassthrough.Theresearchersmadesuretheelectrodeswerelinedupwithnervesthatcontrolthelegmuscles.Thescientistscontrolledtheimplantfromatabletcomputer.

Thepatients'brainsaren'tsending"walking"messagestotheirlegs.Instead,thetablettellstheimplanttosendthewalkingmessages.Theresearchersusedcomputerstogeneratepatternsofmovement,liketakingastep.Thepatientthenusedthetablettochoosethepatternandthemusclesmoveinthechosenway.Overtime,themenwereabletowalkusingaspecialwalkerwithbuttonstocontroleachleg.

Thesolutionisn'tperfect.It'sveryexpensive,itrequiresdifficultsurgery,andthepatientscan'twalkwithoutthesystem.Butthescientistsarehopefulthatinthefuture,thissortoftechnologywillallowmanyparalyzedpeopletobegintowalkagaininjusthours.1.What'sthemainfunctionofthespinalcord?

A.Itservesasamessagecarrier. B.Ithelpspeoplestandupstraight.

C.Ittakescontrolofthemuscles. D.Itproducessignalsformovements.

2.Whatistheimplanteddeviceexpectedtodo?

A.Activatethedamagednerves. B.Identifythepositionoftheinjury.

C.Testthedegreeofthedamage. D.Bridgethenervegapmadebytheinjury.

3.WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout?

A.Howthesurgeryisperformed. B.Howthedeviceworksonpatients.

C.Howthepatientswalkwithoutaid. D.Howmovementpatternsaredesigned.

4.Whichcanbethebesttitleofthetext?

A.Damagednervesrecoveraftersurgery B.Tabletsareusedinamedicaltreatment

C.Theimplanthelpstheparalyzedwalkagain D.Scientistsmadeadiscoveryonthebackbone2.

Dozensofhoneybees,whichusuallyfeedonwildflowersafterleavingtheirhives(蜂房)inthecampusgardens,weretrickedintothecottagetofeedfromanartificialflower.Onlyonebeewasallowedinatatime,andtheirvisitstoartificialflowerswerevideoedandtimedunderdifferentfanspeeds,whichmimicked(模拟)calmandwindydays.

Buttheresearchersaretryingtohelpthem:itisacontrolledexperimentthatrevealshowhighwindspeedssignificantlyreducetheefficiencyoftheirfeeding.

Withnowind,thebeesonaveragetooknectar(花蜜)from5.45flowersduringtheir90-secondtimetrial.Whenwindspeedswereincreased,thisfelltoanaverageof3.73flowers.

Researchersalsoexaminedtheindirectimpactofhigherwindsbymovingtheflowers.

Thefindingsrevealthat,whileflowermovementsdidnotappeartohaveaneffectonthebees,themovementofairfromthefansmadethemmuchmorehesitanttotakeofffromaflower,withtimetakenrangingfromaninitial0.05secondsto54seconds.

GeorgiaHennessy,leadauthoroftheresearch,saidthatonepossiblereasonforthewindcausinghesitancywasthatsmallincreasesinwindspeedsreducedthebees'bodytemperature,sotheyrequiredlongertimetowarmuptheflightmusclesrequiredtotakeoff.

"Withwindspeedspredictedtoincreaseintheyearsahead,understandinghowwecanhelpbeesinachangingclimateisbecomingevermorepressing.Althoughwecan'tdomuchtocontrolorstopthewind,wecantakestepstoreduceitsimpactonbees,suchasplacinghivesinshelteredlocations,"saidHennessy.

TheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUNwarnedthatthedeclineinglobalbeepopulationswasa"threattoglobalfoodsecurityanddiversity".

DaveGoulson,professorofbiologyattheUniversityofSussex,said,"Beesalreadyfacemanypressuresinthemodernworld,suchaslossofhabitatsandexposuretopesticides(杀虫剂),andagreatmanyareindecline.Copingwithincreasinglywindyweatherunderclimatechangemaybethefinalstraw."1.Whattaskdidtheresearcherssetforthebees?

A.Identifyingthenewroute. B.Survivinginextremeconditions.

C.Feedingunderdifferentwindspeeds. D.Distinguishingvariouskindsofflowers.

2.Whatprobablymakesabeehesitanttotakeofffromaflower?

A.Afullstomach. B.Lossofbalance.

C.Changedflowerpositions. D.Reducedbodytemperature.

3.Whatcanwedotoreducetheimpactofhighwindsonbees?

A.Stopthewind. B.Restoretheirhabitats.

C.Addressclimatechange. D.Prohibittheuseofpesticides.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Lossofbeescausesfailureoffoodcrops

B.Beesareonthedeclineasglobalwarmingworsens

C.Beesmaystruggleinwindscausedbyglobalwarming

D.Artificialflowersareusedforthreatenedbeepopulations3.

Historyneverstopsmoving.Itdevelopsanditisfluid(易变的).Whathistorylooksliketodayisdifferentfromwhatitlookedlikeahundredyearsago,andwhattoday'shistoryinthemakinglookslikenowmaybeseendifferentlyjust20yearsfromnow.

Whencombingthepastandthepresentforalistsuchasthe100PeopleWhoChangedtheWorld,therearecriteriatoconsider,tobesure,buttherearenohardandfastrules.Therearejudgmentstobemade,buttherearenocertaintruths.Ourlistwaslessahardeneddocumentthanacurrentcollection—acollectionofmenandwomenwho,forbetterandsometimesforworse,havemadeaclearmarkonourcivilization.Suchalistisbynecessitysubjectiveandopentodeliciousdebate.

Butwhilehistorymaybefluid,itdoestendtobeclarifiedovertime.ThesignificanceofAristotleorCatherinetheGreatiseasytoseefromhere.Andcertainly,theimportanceofsomeofhistory'sgreatcharacterssuchasMotherTeresaandPabloPicassowasapparenttotheircontemporaries.Otherswerelargelyinvisibleintheirowntime.Theircontributionswererealizedonlylongaftertheyweregone:KarlMarxdiedin1883,manyyearsbeforehiswritingswouldinspirepowerfulcommunistsocieties;AlanTuring,whodiedlonelyandpainful,isnowregardedasthebrilliantfatherofthecomputer.

Perhapsthemostinterestingpartofthisexerciseisthinkingaboutthefinalimpactofpresent-dayfigures.SteveJobsmakesthelistbyvirtueofhisinfluenceonhightechandourdailylives.ButwhatofMarkZuckerberg?Hisimpactishuge,andhehasmadeitpossibleforbillionsofpeopletocometogether.Butthesocialmediasitehasalsomadeiteasiertodrivesocietyapart,upsettingthenewsbusiness.

Willthemomentlast?Onlytimewilltell.Historywillmoveunavoidablyforward;ourquestionstodaywillhaveanswerstomorrow.Andlistslikethesewillchange—againandagainandagain.1.Whatdoweknowaboutthelistof"the100PeopleWhoChangedtheWorld"?

A.Itneedstobeobjective. B.Itisbasedonstrictcriteria.

C.Itshouldbeacceptedbyall. D.Itkeepschangingwithhistory.

2.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph3?

A.Somepeople'scontributionsmayberecognizedmuchlater.

B.Mostpeoplecouldn'tbeacknowledgedattheirowntime.

C.Historywillchangeandgiants'deedswillfadeaway.

D.Theimportantfiguresalwaysstandouteasily.

3.WhatcanbeMarkZuckerberg'simpactontheworld?

A.Positive. B.Mixed. C.Negative. D.Uncertain.

4.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?

A.Toeducatereaders. B.Topersuadereaders.

C.Toinformreaders. D.Todescribesomething.4.

Whilepsychologistshavestudiedtopicslikehappiness,optimism,andotherhumanstrengthsfordecades,positivepsychologywasn'tofficiallyidentifiedasabranchofpsychologyuntil1998whenMartinSeligmanwaselectedpresidentoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA).Seligmansuggestedthatpsychologyhadbecometoofocusedonmentalillness.Whilethishadbroughtaboutvaluabletreatmentsthatenabledpsychologiststotreatanumberofdiseasesanddisordersthatmadepeopleunhappy,itmeantthatpsychologywasneglectingwhatwasgoodaboutlife—andwhattheaveragepersoncouldimprove.

Seligmancalledforresearchintowhatmakesnormalpeople'slivespositiveandfulfilling,andsuggestedthatthefieldshoulddevelopinterventionsthatcouldmakepeoplehappier.Hestatedthatpsychologyshouldbejustasconcernedwithnurturingthegoodthingsinlifeasitiswithhealingthebad.

SeligmanmadepositivepsychologythethemeofhistermasAPApresidentandusedhisroletopopularizetheword.Fromtherethefieldtookoff.Itreceivedagreatdealofattentionfrommainstreammediaoutlets.Meanwhile,thefirstPositivePsychologySummitwasheldin1999,followedbytheFirstInternationalConferenceonPositivePsychologyin2002.

Interestinpositivepsychologyhasremainedhigheversince.In2018,aboutaquarteroftheundergraduatestudentsatYaleUniversityenrolledinacoursedevotedtothesubjectofhappiness.In2019,morethan1,600delegatesattendedtheWorldCongressonPositivePsychologyandresearchinthefieldhasgeneratedtensofthousandsofacademicpapers.

PsychologistChristopherPetersonpointedoutthatpositivepsychologyismeanttoserveasanextensionoftheareasofpsychologythatfocusesonmentalillnessandhumanweaknesses.Positivepsychologistsdon'twishtoreplaceorabandonthestudyofhumanproblems.Theysimplywishtoaddthestudyofwhat'sgoodinlifetothefield.1.WhatshouldpositivepsychologyfocusonaccordingtoSeligman?

A.Solvinghumanproblems. B.Treatingbademotions.

C.Healingmentalillness. D.Helpingdevelopgoodthings.

2.Whatmadepositivepsychologybecomepopular?

A.Seligman'seffortstospreadit. B.Internationalconferences'beingheld.

C.Attentionfromthemedia. D.Furtherresearchinthisfield.

3.WhatisChristopherPeterson'sattitudetowardpositivepsychology?

A.Ambiguous. B.Doubtful. C.Objective. D.Critical.

4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.TheLimitationofPositivePsychology

B.Seligman,FatherofPositivePsychology

C.Psychology:Past,PresentandPossibleFuture

D.PositivePsychology:aNewSubfieldofPsychology5.

Itcanbeincrediblydifficulttoencourageourselvestogoforarunduringwinter,particularlywhenit'swetandwindyoutside.Butnewresearchhasfoundthatevenasuper-quickruncouldhavegreathealthbenefits.Infact,itseemsjusta10-minutesessionwillnotonlymakeusfeelbetter,butcouldactuallyimprovebrainhealth,too.Now,weallknowthatexercisecanimprovementalandphysicalhealthinmanyways.

Butwhenitcomestomentalwellbeing,there'sbeenrelativelylittleresearchdoneonthespecificbenefitsofrunning,comparedwithotherphysicalactivities,suchascycling.Sothiswassomethingputtothetestduringarecentstudy.ResearchersfromUniversityofTsukubainJapanaskedparticipantstorunonatreadmill(跑步机)forjust10minutes.TheythenhadtotakeaStroopColorandWordTestwhichisusedtomeasurereactiontimesinbrainprocessing.Resultsshowedtherewasahighestpointinself-reportedpleasureandanincreaseindegreeofactivityofthebrain.

Inotherwords,runnerswerefoundtohaveanincreaseinbloodflowinthepartofthebrainthat'sassociatedwithdealingwithfunctionsandcontrollingmood(情绪).Researchersthencomparedtheseresultstoasimilarstudyoncycling,whichalsoshowedimprovedcognition(认知),butnomoodimprovement.Therefore,itseemsvarioustypesofexercisecanmakeusfeeldifferently.

Theauthorsnoted,"Givenexerciseismedicine,theeffectsofdrugsdifferdependingonthetypeofdrug,differenttypesofexercisesuchasrunningandcyclingshouldbeobservedtohavedifferenteffectsonmentalhealthandbrainfunctionsaswell.''

Sopushingourselvestogetoutsideforarunreallywillmakeusfeelbetter,potentiallymorethanotherfitnessactivities.Andthesefindingsshowthatwedon'tnecessarilyneedtodoalotofexercisetofeelthebenefitofit.1.Whatdidthenewresearchfind?

A.Runningfastbenefitsallofus. B.Runningisthebestexercise.

C.Ashorttimeruncanbebeneficial. D.Ahealthymindencouragesustorun.

2.Howdidtheresearchersgettheresult?

A.Byusingdifferentdrugs. B.Bytakingsomewordtests.

C.Bycollectingtheformerinformation. D.Bydoingexperimentsandcomparisons.

3.Whichisrelatedtoourhappiness?

A.Cycling. B.Medicine. C.Bloodflow. D.Colors.

4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

A.Weshouldgoforaruninwinter.B.Runningbenefitsusphysicallyandmentally.

C.Wedon'tneedalotofexercise.D.Runningonatreadmillisbetterthanrunningoutside.6.

Decadesofresearchhasshownthattheabilitytoforgiveisalifeskillthathelpstheyoungbuildresilience(恢复力).Asenseofpurposehelpsthemrealizeschoolworkismoremeaningfulandmorepowerful.Beingthankfulchangestheverynatureoftheirlives,enablingthemtogathertheirmotivationtolearnandfindlifelongsuccess.Humble(谦卑的)kidslovelearning.Learningrequirescuriosity,andcuriosityrequiresthemtoexplorewhattheydon'tknow.

Allofthisresearchsuggestshowcharactercanoftenbeapowerfulcatalyst(催化剂)forlearning.Whenchildrencanfeelthankfulnessfortheirteachers,humility(谦卑)inthefaceofnewknowledge,purposeinconnectingsmalltaskstobiggoals,andforgivenesswhenlosingattentionbecauseofbeinghurt,theycanbetteropenthemselvestothetiringprocessoflearningabouttheworld.Butaschildrenlearn,thiscanalsohelpthemtogoalongthewayforfurthercharacterdevelopment.

Inourprogramaboutlove,wespoketoAmyWarren,aresearcheratTuftUniversity'sInstituteforAppliedResearchandYouthDevelopment,whostudied"greatloveandsympathy",theabilityforpeopletowidentheircircleofcaretothewholehumanbeings.Afterin-depthinterviewswith100teenagers,shediscoveredthatthebottomlinethatinfluencedyoungpeople'sabilityforgreatloveandsympathywasnotmoralinstructionorareligiouseducation,butexposuretodifferentexperiencesand

knowledge—everything

fromplayingsportsandconversationswithpeoplefromdifferentcommunitiestoknowingasecondlanguageandscientificknowledge.Inotherwords,learning.

SheendedherdiscoverieswithasentencefromthepoetOrtegaYGasset:"Somanythingsfailtointerestus,simplybecausetheydon'tfindinusenoughsurfacesonwhichtolive,andwhatwehavetodoistoincreasethenumberofideasinourmind,sothatamuchlargernumberofthemescanfindaplaceinitatthesametime."So,it'seasytoseeparentssupportingtheirchild'scharactersandlearningasoneandthesame.1.Whatcanthefourcharactersgivetheyoung?

A.Feelingnotiredness. B.Avoidinghurt.

C.Findingsomethingbad. D.Gettingsomethingunknown.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"thebottomline"inParagraph3mean?

A.Thekeyfactor. B.Themainmistake.

C.Theuselessmethod. D.Thepossibletheory.

3.Whoisimportanttohelpkidsaccordingtothetext?

A.Poets. B.Parents. C.Teachers. D.Researchers.

4.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.PourGreatCharactersInspireKidsToLearnB.TheImportanceOfForgiveness

C.WhatShouldKidsLearnAfterSchoolD.TheMostImportantCharactersForKids7.

Humanshavebeenlivingandworkingonthespacestationfor20years.Theirmealsarepackaged,thoughsometimesastronautsreceivefreshtreatsfromresupplymissions.Thelongerthatpackagedfoodisstored,themoreitlosesnutrientslikevitaminCandvitaminK.

Astronautshavesuccessfullygrown10differentcropsonthespacestationsince2015andhadthechancetosampleeachone.TheInternationalSpaceStationhostedapartyforastronautsonFridayastheycelebratedtheharvestofthefirstChili(辣椒)growninspace.ThecrewfinallyhadachancetotastethepeppersalterinitiallykickingofftheplantexperimentonthespacestationinJuly.

PlantHabitat-04isoneofthemostcomplexplantexperimentsontheorbitinglaboratorytodatebecausepepperstakemuchlongertogrowthanthepreviousexperimentplants.Aftergrowingforfourmonths,thepepperswereharvestedonFriday.

PeppersprovideagreatsourceofvitaminC,aswellasotherkeynutrients.Pepperplantsself-pollinate,sotheyareeasytogrow,andtheyareapick-and-eatcropthatdoesn'thavetobecooked.Theyarealsosafetoeatraw.

Asideeffectoflifeinzerogravityisthatastronautsoftenlosesomeoftheirtasteandsmell,sospicyorwell-seasonedfoodsareafavorite.Addingfreshgreensorpepperstothemenuallowsastronautstolivenuptheirregularmeals.Butgrowingandtendingtotheplantscanalsoproduceotherbenefits.

Astronautshavedescribedthejoyfromseeing—aswellassmellingandcaringfor—leafygreenplantsonthespacestationthatremindthemofEarth.

"Growingcolorfulvegetablesinspacecanhavelong-termbenefitsforphysicalandpsychologicalhealth,''saidMattRomeyn,principalinvestigatorfortheexperiment."Wearediscoveringthatgrowingplantsandvegetableswithcolorsandsmellshelpstoimproveastronauts'well-being.''1.Whatdoesunderlined"kickingoff"inthe2ndparagraphmean?

A.Launch. B.Complete. C.Quit. D.Announce.

2.WhatmakesPlantHabitat-04oneofthemostcomplexplantexperiment?

A.Thetechnology. B.Growingprocess.

C.Thevarietiesofplants. D.Growingtimerequired.

3.Whyarepeppersaddedtothemenuforastronauts?

A.Theyaredelicious. B.Theyrestoretheirappetite.

C.Theyhelpkilldiseases. D.Theyimprovetheirmemory.

4.Whatisthesuitabletitleforthepassage?

A.TheFunintheSpaceLife B.TheCommonGoalintheSpaceMission

C.TheFirstChiliPeppersGrowninSpace D.AResearchFindingfromtheSpaceMission8.

InMelbourneliesan87-square-meter,three-story,two-bedroomandone-bathroomhouse.Thatmaysoundlikearealpropertyadvertisement,butitcouldbethehomeofthefuture.

Madefromorganicmaterialsandrunonsustainable(可持续的)energy,thebuilding,knownas"TheGreenhouse",iscompletelyzerowaste.ItwasdesignedbyzerowasteadvocateBakker,aspartofhisFutureFoodSystemhousingexperiment."Thegreenhouseisinspiredbynature—it'sanecosystemwherenothingiswasted,"Bakkersays.

Organicwasteisfedintoabio-digesterwhereitferments(发酵)andturnedintogasforcookingorfertilizerforproduce;rainwaterisharvestedandusedforirrigationandaspecificsystem,whereplantsgrowusingwastefromfish;andhotsteamfromtheshowerenablesawallofmushroomstoboost.Thehouseisdesigned,saysBakker,withtheroofasthefoundation,loadedwith35tonsofsoil,whichprovidesfertile(肥沃的)groundforproduce—morethan200plantspeciesgrowontheroof,aswellasinsects,snails,fishandchickens.

Thesiteismorethanjustamodelhome;it'sbeenarealoneforJoBarrettandMattStone,whowerechefsalthesmallin-houserestaurant."Tobeabletogrowandproducefoodonatinyfootprintinthecityandturnitintoexcitingdishesiscompletelyunique,"saysStone.

Throughtheproject,Bakkerwantedtodemonstratehecouldfeedafamilywithhisdesign."Ithinkwe'veprovedthatit'sactuallymoreproductivethanevenIimagined,"hesays."We'veharvested35kilosofpotatoesfromasquaremeter."

Hehopestheexamplewillofferablueprinttofuturehomesandanalternativetocurrentfoodsystem,whichistoblameforoverathirdoftheworld'sgreenhousegasemissions.Creatingacircularsystemcouldalsogreatlyreducefoodwaste.

"We'retheonlyspeciesthatgenerateswaste.Innature,thereisnowaste;everythingbecomesafoodsourceforsomethingelse,"saysBakker."Ifwetransformtoacircularsystem,wehavesomuchpotentialtostopthedestructionofwildernessandforest."1.Whatisthemainideaofthe3rdparagraph?

A.Thefunctionofthegreenhousebuilding.B.Thewaythegreenhousebuildingworks.

C.Theadvantagesofthegreenhousebuilding.D.Thereasonfordesigningthegreenhousebuilding.

2.Whatdowelearnaboutthegreenhousehome?

A.Itcanprovideagoodsupplyofproduce.B.Waterisrecycledforuseinthehouse.

C.ItispossessedbythedesignerBakker.D.Plantgrowingisfreeofsoilinthehouse.

3.Whyarethechefsmentionedinthe4thparagraph?

A.Tointroducethetopic. B.Toinformpeopleofthelatestrestaurant.

C.Todemonstratethefuturemodernhome. D.Toillustratetheadvantageofthehouse.

4.Whatdoesthelastparagraphsuggest?

A.Peoplehavetoexplorenaturemore.B.Humanreliesheavilyontheenvironment.

C.Thegreenhouseisawaytoreducewaste.D.Thegreenhousehelpsreducerelianceonnature.

答案以及解析1.答案：1-4ADBC解析：1.根据第二段中的"Insideisthe...ofthebody"可知,脊髓携带着大脑和下肢之间的重要信息,即它充当着信息载体。故选A。

2.根据第二段中的"Whenthespinal...movetheirlegs"可知,一旦脊髓受损,传输信息的通道会被损坏,病人就无法移动双腿;根据第三段中的"Theresearchersmade...thelegmuscles"可知,移植的电极会帮助连接控制腿部肌肉的神经,据此可以推断,植入的设备应该能够连接受伤的神经。故选D。

3.根据第四段中的"thetablettells...thechosenway"可知,本段主要讲了植入物如何在病人身上起作用,帮助病人重新行走。故选B。

4.本文介绍了一项医学进步,根据本文中心句即第一段中的"scientistshavegiven...animplanteddevice"和文章大意可知,本文主要介绍了科学家通过植入物帮助瘫痪病人重新行走。故选C。2.答案：1-4CDCC解析：1.根据第一段第二句"Onlyonebeewas...calmandwindydays"可知,该项研究的内容是在不同的风扇转速下,模拟无风和有风的天气,且研究人员对蜜蜂造访人造花的过程进行录像和计时。故选C。

2.根据第六段中的"onepossiblereason...requiredtotakeoff"可知,风导致蜜蜂犹豫不决的一个可能原因是,风速的升高降低了蜜蜂的体温,因此它们需要更长的时间来热身起飞。据此可以推知,体温的降低导致蜜蜂犹豫是否要起飞。故选D。.根据尾段尾句"Copingwithincreasingly...maybethefinalstraw"可知,应对气候变化下日益多风的天气可能是最后一根稻草。故选C。

4.通读全文可知,本文尾句"Copingwithincreasingly...thefinalstraw"是全文的主旨句,又结合文章内容可知,本文主要介绍了气候变暖引起的日益多风的天气对蜜蜂采蜜的影响,及对蜜蜂的数量的影响。故选C。3.答案：1-4DABC解析：1.根据第二段中的"Whencombingthe...arenohardandfastrules"可知,关于"100位改变世界的人"虽然有一些标准,但没有硬性规定,故可推知它是随历史不断变化的。故选D。

2.根据第三段中的"Otherswerelargely...theyweregone"可知,有些人的贡献可能会在很久以后才得到承认。故选A。

3.根据第四段中的"Butwhatof...upsettingthenewsbusiness"可知,MarkZuckerberg使数十亿人聚集在一起成为可能,但这个社交网站也使社会分裂变得更容易,扰乱了新闻行业。由此可推知,MarkZuckerberg的影响既有积极的,又有消极的,故其影响是混合的。故选B。

4.分析全文内容可知,文章主要通过一些例子说明历史是易变的,时间会告诉我们一切,历史会不可避免地向前发展。所以纵观全文来看,文章的目的就是告知读者一种历史现象。故选C。4.答案：1-4DACD解析：1.根据第二段中的"Hestatedthat...withhealingthebad"可知,Seligman指出,心理学应该像关注治愈生活中的坏事物一样关注培育生活中的美好事物,故Seligman认为积极心理学应该重点培养美好的事物。故选D。

2.根据第三段中的"Seligmanmadepositive...mainstreammediaoutlets"可知,Seligman把积极心理学作为他担任APA主席期间的主题,并利用自己的职务来普及这个词,从此积极心理学受到了主流媒体的极大关注。由此可推断,Seligman在传播积极心理学方面所做的努力使得积极心理学颇受欢迎。故选A。

3.根据最后一段的内容可知,ChristopherPeterson指出,积极心理学是心理学领域的一个扩展,关注精神疾病和人类的弱点。积极心理学家不想更换或放弃人类问题的研究,他们只是想把对生活中美好事物的研究添加到这个领域。由此可推断,ChristopherPeterson客观地评价了积极心理学,所以他对积极心理学的态度是客观的。故选C。

4.根据第一段中的"Whilepsychologistshave...AmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA)"可知,虽然心理学家研究幸福、乐观和其他人类优势等主题已有几十年,但积极心理学直到1998年才被正式认定为心理学的一个分支,当时MartinSeligman当选美国心理学会主席。再结合全文内容可知,本文主要介绍心理学的新分支—积极心理学,并介绍了积极心理学的发展以及心理学家对积极心理学的态度等。故D项"积极心理学:心理学的一个新分支"为最佳标题。故选D。5.答案：1-4CDCB解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段第三句"Infact,itseemsjusta10-minutesessionwillnotonlymakeusfeelbetter,butcouldactuallyimprovebrainhealth,too."可知,事实上,仅仅10分钟的锻炼时间似乎不仅能让我们感觉更好,而且居然能改善大脑健康。由此可推知,新的研究发现,短时间的跑步可能是有益的。故选C。2.细节理解题。根据第二段第三句"ResearchersfromUniversityofTsukubainJapanaskedparticipantstorunonatreadmill(跑步机)forjust10minutes."以及第三段第二句中的"Researchersthencomparedtheseresultstoasimilarstudyoncycling"可知,日本筑波大学的研究人员做了一项实验,要求参与者们在跑步机上跑步10分钟,并与相同条件下的骑自行车(的参与者们)的结果进行比较,即研究者们通过做实验和比较得出了研究结果。故选D。3.推理判断题。根据第二段内容尤其是最后一句"Resultsshowedtherewasahighestpointinself-reportedpleasureandanincreaseindegreeofactivityofthebrain."和第三段第一句"Inotherwords,runnerswerefoundtohaveanincreaseinbloodflowinthepartofthebrainthat'sassociatedwithdealingwithfunctionsandcontrollingmood(情绪)."可知,实验结果表明自我报告的快乐程度达到了最高点,大脑的活跃程度也有所增加。换句话说,跑步者大脑中的与执行功能和控制情绪相关的部分的血流量增加了。由此可推知,血流量与人们的快乐相关。故选C。4.主旨大意题。通读全文可知,文章主要介绍了一项研究,研究表明跑步对人们的身心健康有好处。B项符合文章主旨。故选B。6.答案：1-4DABA解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段"Decadesofresearchhasshownthattheabilitytoforgiveisalifeskillthathelpstheyoungbuildresilience(恢复力).Asenseofpurposehelpsthemrealizeschoolworkismoremeaningfulandmorepowerful.Beingthankfulchangestheverynatureoftheirlives,enablingthemtogathertheirmotivationtolearnandfindlifelongsuccess.Humble(谦卑的)kidslovelearning.Learningrequirescuriosity,andcuriosityrequiresthem