初中英语必备语法知识概要句子成分和词性解析

句子成分（句子结构)和词性1.差异句子成分和单词词性:错误!句子成分：主语、主补、谓语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语、状语、同位语、独立结构.错误!单词词性;名词，形容词,副词，代词，介词，数词，量词。2.解析句子成分;错误!主语：主语一般由名词，代词,动名词也许动词不定式充当.动名词和动词不定式一般用it充当形式主语.●名词做主语：Englishisveryimportant.英语是很重要的。ThestudentsalllovetheirEnglishteacher。这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。●代词作主语Theygotoschoolbybus。他们乘公共汽车上学。Mostofthestudentscomefromthecountryside.大多数学生来自农村。●动名词作主语WatchingTVtoomuchisbadforyoureyes。看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。●动词不定式(短语）作主语Toseeistobelieve.目击为实。Itisveryhardtogettosleep。入睡很难.（讲解同上)错误!谓语：谓语一般由动词充当，可作谓语的动词一般为实义动词（也就是行为动词)和连系动词（表状态)，行为动词依照此后可否可直接接宾语,又可分为及物动词和不及物动词.但动词不定式、动名词、分词（此刻分词-ing和过去分词—ed)为非谓语动词不能够作谓语。实义动词特别多，如kill,hit，cry等等。有时还有神情动词+动词原形做谓语，神情动词有will（would)，cancould）,may(might），must，need，dear，shall(should)等及其否定形式，这里就不一一说了然。系动词包括：状态系动词be、连续系动词keep，rest，remain，stay,lie,stand、表像系动词seem，appear,look、感官系动词feel，smell，sound,taste、变化系动词become，grow，turn，fall，get，go，come，run、停止系动词prove,trunout.在初中阶段,我们只要掌握以下几个系动词即可:sound听，watch，see观,feel感，make使,let让,help帮。■及物动词作谓语Weshouldhelpeachother.我们应该互相帮助.Theyrespectoneanother.他们互相敬爱（对方）.Allofthestudentslikethenovel.所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。Didyouseemanypeoplethere？你在那处看见好多人了吗？■不及物动词作谓语Helefthereyesterday.他昨天走开这儿。You’redrivingtoofast.你开车开得太快了。Theteachercamein，bookinhand。老师走进教室，手里拿着书.HewentabroadintheSeptemberof1988。他于1988年9月出国。■连系动词表状态Heisanexcellentteacher.他是位优秀的教师.Hersonisafriendofours。她的儿子是我们的朋友。Oursisagreatcountry。我们的国家是一个伟大的国家。Theboxitselfisnotsoheavy.箱子自己其实不重。Weseehimsingingintheclassroom.我们看见他正在教室里唱歌。Tommadehismotherveryangry。汤姆让他妈妈很生气.3表语：表语与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特色，一般由形容词、名词、代词、动名词、○动词不定式、分词、数词等充当。Theyarebrotherandsister。他们是兄妹。名词WhatIwanttosayisthis.我想说的就是这点。代词Herfatherissixty—five。她父亲65岁.数词Johniscaptainoftheteam。约翰是足球队的队长.名词Thepoorboywasmyself。那个可怜的孩子就是我自己.反身代词Theoneswhoreallywantitareourselves.真切想要它的是我们自己.反身代词1Allyouneeddoistotakeataxifromtheairport。你只要从机场打个的即可。动词不定式Myfavouritesportisswimming。我最喜欢的运动是游泳。动名词Heissinginginthecalssroom。他正在教室里唱歌.分词（—ing）Tommadehismotherveryangry。汤姆让他妈妈很生气。形容词错误!宾语：宾语是行为动词（实义动词）的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语,充当宾语的能够是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。IlikeChinesefood。我喜欢中国菜。名词IboughtaticketforMilan。我买了一张去米兰的车票.名词Ienjoyedtalkingtoyou。我和你发言很快乐。动名词Haveyoufinisheddressing?你衣服穿好了吗？动名词Hecertainlydidnotwanttojointhem.他确实不想参加他们的活动。动词不定式Theydecidedtoclosetheborder。他们决定封闭边境.动词不定式Wehopedthatallwouldcomewell.我们希望所有都会好转。句子Weexpectedthatyouwouldstayforafewdays。我们预计你会待几天的。句子错误!定语：定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词（短语）或句子充当。Hisfatherisadoctor。他父亲是一名医生.形容词性物主代词Mr。Greenhastwosons.格林先生有两个儿子。数词ThegirlunderthetreeisKate。在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。介词短语Themandownstairscouldn’wetsleepl。楼下的那个人不能够睡好觉。副词Iboughtanewdictionary.我买了本新字典。形容词Canyoufindouttheanswertothequestion?你能找到这个问题的答案吗？介词短语Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink？你想要些喝的东西吗？动词不定式Abarkingdogseldombites.吠狗很少咬人.分词（-ing）Amangoingtodieisalwayskind—hearted.人之将死,其言也善。分词（—ing）Thesuggestionsenttothecommitteewasadopted.送往委员会的建议被采纳了。分词（-ed）DoyouknowthemanwhoisstandingnexttoMr。Green？你认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗？定语从句错误!状语:英语中的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词,主要由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词充当，或由连词引导状语从句,表示时间、地点、程度、目的、方式，比较、退步、条件、原因、结果、陪同等.(1）时间状语Ioftengetupat5:30inthemorning.我经常在清早5：30起床。Hearingthenews，theyfeltveryexcited。听到这个信息，他们感觉很愉悦。Goalongthisstreetuntilyoureachtheend。沿着这条街走直到到达终点为止.(2）地点状语PandasonlyliveinChina.熊猫仅生活在中国。Youshouldputthebookwhereitwas。你应该把这本书放回原来的地方.(3）程度状语Ihavequitealotofworktodo.我有相当多的工作要做。（4）目的状语We’llgotothebeachforapicnicthisSunday。这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。Hetooksomechangefromhispockettobuyanewspaper.他从口袋里拿出一些零钱来买报纸.Shegotupearlysothatshecouldcatchthefirstbus.她早早地起床,以便能够追上这辆早班车。(5）方式状语Weusuallygotoschoolonfoot.我们平时步行去上学。PleasedoitasItoldyou。请按我告诉你的去做。6）退步状语Thoughshehasalotofmoney,sheisunhappy。诚然她很有钱，而她其实不幸福。Nomatterwhathappens，Iwillneverloseheart.无论发生什么，我将决不失去信心。(7)条件状语Ifyoudon'tworkhard,you’llfallbehindtheothers假.如你不努力学习，你将落后于别人。Givenmoreattention，theflowerswouldhavegrownbetter。若是恩赐更多的关心的话,这些花将长得更好.(8）比较状语Yourwatchisnotthesameasmine.你的手表与我的不一样样。2Mikeisnotas(so)tallasJack.迈克不及杰克高。9)原因状语Wedidn’gottotheparkbecauseofthebadweather.由于天气不好，我们没有去公园。I'mgladtomeetyou。见到你我很快乐。Beingill,hedidn'tgotoschool。由于病了，他没有去上学。10）结果状语Thewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.风是这样地强烈,以致于我们寸步难行。Heleftearly，sothathecaughtthetrain.他早早地走开，(结果）因此追上了火车。11）陪同状语Thedoctorhurriedoff，withamedicineboxunderhisarm。这位医生赶忙走开，胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。Theteachercameintotheclassroom，followedbyagroupofhisstudents.老师进到教室里来,后边跟着一群学生。7宾语补足语(宾补）：宾语补足语主要用来补充说明宾语，与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，可由名词、○形容词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如:Tomfoundtheclimbquiteeasy。汤姆感觉爬山很简单。形容词Don'tbesoformal.CallmeJim。不要这样正规，叫我吉姆好了。名词I’mfinished.Let’sgonow。我已干完，我们走吧。形容词Youmustkeepitclean.你要把它保持干净。形容词Ihavethecarwaiting。我让汽车等着。分词(—ing）Wehadthemachinerepaired。我们请人维修了机器。分词（—ed）Whydon’tyouhaveyourhaircut？你为什么不理发？分词（-ed）Hehadhisfingerhurt.他的手指弄伤了。分词(—ed）Ihadmywatchstolenyesterday。我的表昨天被人偷去了。分词（-ed）Ihavealotofworktodo。我有好多工作要做。动词不定式Shehasplentyofclothestowear。她有足够的衣服穿.动词不定式Hemademerepeatthestory。他要我把那事重讲一遍.动词不定式不带toRainmakesplantsgrow.雨水使植物生长。动词不定式不带to注意：后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call，name，think,make，choose等，后跟形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有keep，find,get,think，make等。动词不定式作宾语补足语时,当谓语动词为感官动词(如feel,see，hear，notice，watch,observe,listento,lookat等），使役动词（如let,have,make等),动词不定式不带to。错误!同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且,句法功能也相同，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语.如：ThisismyfriendHarry.这是我的朋友哈利。Westudentsshouldstudyhard。我们学生应该努力学习.独立成分（独立结构）:与句子其他成分没有平时的语法关系，如插入语、惋惜语、呼语等,一般用逗号将它与句子隔开.如:He'saniceperson,tobesure。必然他是一个好人。Strangetosay，hedidpasshisexamafterall.说也奇怪，考试他竟然经过了。时态一、一般此刻时：看法:经常、屡次发生的动作或行为及此刻的某种情况。时间状语：always，usually,often，sometimes,everyweek(day，year，month）,onceaweek,onSundays,etc.基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词否定形式：①am/is/are+not；②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn’t，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时还原行为动词。二、一般过去时：看法：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语:ago,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday，lastweek（year,night，month），in1989,justnow，attheageof5，oneday,longlongago，onceuponatime，etc.基本结构：①be动词;②行为动词否定形式：①was/were+not;②行家为动词前加didn’t，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。3三、此刻进行时：看法：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。时间状语：now，atthistime,thesedays，etc.基本结构：am/is/are+doing否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing。一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。四、过去进行时：看法：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语：atthistimeyesterday，atthattime或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。基本结构:was/were+doing否定形式：was/were+not+doing。一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。五、此刻完成时：看法：过去发生或已经完成的动作对此刻造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始，连续到此刻的动作或状态.时间状语:recently，lately，sincefor，inthepastfewyears，etc.基本结构：have/has+done否定形式:have/has+not+done.一般疑问句：have或has。六、过去完成时：看法:以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作以前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”.时间状语:before，bytheendoflastyear(term,month，etc).基本结构：had+done。否定形式：had+not+done.一般疑问句：had放于句首.七、一般将来时:看法：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事.时间状语：tomorrow，nextday(week,month,year)，soon,inafewminutes,by，thedayaftertomorrow，etc。基本结构:①am/is/are/goingto+do;②will/shall+do。否定形式:①was/were+not；②行家为动词前加didn’t，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。八、过去将来时：看法：立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。时间状语：thenextday（morning,year），thefollowingmonth（week）,etc。基本结构:①was/were/goingto+do；②would/should+do。否定形式：①was/were/not+goingto+do;②would/should+not+do。一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首;②would/should提到句首。Ⅱ。几种常見时态的互相变换英语中的几种时态在必然情况下能够互相变换，以下是几种常見的变换形式：一、一般过去时与此刻完成时的变换在此刻完成时中，连续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语連用,刹时动词却不能够。但是，可用別的表达方式：①刹时动词用于“一段时间+ago"的一般过去时的句型中;②刹时动词可改成与之相对應的连续性动词及短语，与一段时间連用;③刹时动词用于“Itis+一段时间+since+一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从以来有时间”的意思，主句一般用itis来代替Ithasbeen;④刹时动词用于“Sometimehaspassedsince+一般过去时”的句型中。请看：A.HejoinedtheLeaguetwoyearsago.B。HehasbeenintheLeaguefortwoyears。C。ItistwoyearssincehejoinedtheLeague.D.TwoyearshaspassedsincehejoinedtheLeague。二、一般此刻时与此刻进行时的变换在一般此刻时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如atwork（在工作）,atschool（上学、上课）等.此短语可与进行时态变换。请看：Peterisatwork,butMikeisatplay.Peterisworking，butMikeisplaying。三、此刻进行时与一般将来时的变换在此刻进行时态中go,come，leave,start,arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：Iamcoming，Mum!意为“我就来，妈妈!”请看：Thetrainisleavingsoon。Thetrainwillleavesoon.四、“begoingto+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的轉换“begoingto+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时,常用助动词shall.在口语中,所有人称都能够用will。请看：WearegoingtovisittheGreatWallnextSunday.WeshallvisittheGreatWallnextSunday此刻完成时一此刻完成时的构成：主语+have/has+过去分词(过去分词：规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同；不规则动词需要特别记忆。－略)4选择填空(）1。IEnghishinthisschoolsince1999（A）taught（B）havetaught(C)tea（D)wouldteach（)2。Lileithepenforfiveyears（A）hashad(B）bought（C)havehad(D)havebought(）3.Katehergrandmother'sphotobeforeA.haven’tseenB。haveseenC。seeD。hasn’tseen（)4。Maryyouthesedays？（A）Has,seen(B）Do，see（C)Did,see(D)Is，seeing(）5。sofar,wethousandsofBuildinginQuanzhou(A）build（B）havebuild（C)build(D)willbuild二、否定式：主语+haven’t/hasn’过t+去分词疑问式:Have/Has+主语+过去分词？简单答语:Yes，主语+have/has。（必然)No，主语+haven’t/hasn。（否’t定）选择填空(）1.——Haveyoufinishedyourwork?——。(A)Yes，Ihave。（B）Yes,Ido。（C)Yes,Iam。(D)Yes,Idid。（）2.—-HassheeverlearnedEnglish?——（A)Yes,shehas.（B)Yes，shedoes.（C)No，shedoesn't(D）No,shehas(）3.Hefinishedhishomeworkyet?(A)doesn’t（B）haven’t（C）hasn’t(D)doesn’thave三此刻完成时的含义之一表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对此刻造成的影响或结果,常与never/ever，just，already/yet，before。sofar等连用。这些标志词能够表达这种含义⑴以already，just和yet为标志already，just和yet表示到此刻为止动作或状态已经、方才或还没有发生.Hehasalreadygotherhelp.Hehasjustseenthefilm。Hehasn’tcomebackyet..⑵以ever和never为标志ever和never表示到此刻为止动作或状态以前或向来没有发生过。ThisisthebestfilmIhaveeverseen。HehasneverbeentoBeijing。⑶以动作发生的次数为标志若某一动作到此刻为止已经发生了若干次,则要使用此刻完成时.HesayshehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes。⑷以sofar为标志sofar经常表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生。HehasgottoBeijingsofar。Shehaspassedtheexamsofar。选择填空（)1.——Haveyoutravelledonthetrain。—-Yes,Ihave.(A）never(B)ever(C）just(D）yet（)2。-—Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?—-Not。（A)ever（B)already(C)yet(D）just（)3。Wehaven'tfinishedourhomework.(A）already(B)ever(C)yet(D)never()4.——HaveyoulearnedEnglish？——Yes,I’velearnedalot。（A)never,ever(B）ever，never(C）ever,already（D）already.ever（）5.——Haveyoufinihedyourhomework？——Yes，I'vedonethat（A）yet,already(B)already，yet（C)ever,never(D)still，just(）6。John'sfatherborrowedsomepictures(A)havealready（B)hasjust（C）haveever(D)hasyet四、此刻完成时含义之二表示过去已经开始，向来连续到此刻的动作或状态。常与for,since，howlong，,thesedays等连用。5⑴Since+过去点的时间（since短语或从句表示过去的动作连续到此刻，since此后的时间为一点）Mr。Smithhasworkedheresince1984。He’slearnedabout5,000Englishwordssincehewenttocollege。⑵for+一段时间（数词+量词），（for短语表示动作连续多长时间,for的宾语为时间段）。此划线部分用howlong提问。Wehaveknowneachotherfortwentyyears.Ihaven’tseenforheralongtime。[Exercises4]A）用since和for填空1）______twoyears2)_______twoyearsago3）_______lastmonth4）______19995)_______yesterday6）_______4o’clock7）______4hours8)_______anhourago9)_______wewerechildren10)_____lunchtime11)______shelefthereB）用since和for填空HehaslivedinNanjing________theyearbeforelast.I’veknownhim__________wewerechildren。3。OurteacherhasstudiedJapanese_________threeyears。Shehasbeenawayfromthecity___________abouttenyears.It’sabouttenyears__________sheleftthe。cityC)选择填空(）1.I'vebeenlikethiseversnice(A)lastweek(B)foraweek(C）aweekbefore(D）thelastweek（）2。Mymotherhasworkedinthisfactory2years。（A）about（B)for(C)in（D)since（)3.Ihaven'theardfromhimlastweek.（A）since(B）for(C)ago(D)before(）4。Hisfatherjoinedtheparty_________（A)forthreeyears（B）sincethreeyearsago(C)threeyearsago(D)intwoyears'time(）5。Hemovedherein1999，andhehasbeenhere。(A)atthattime(B)forfiveyearsago（C)sincefouryears(D）forfouryears（）6.Tomhasbeenawayfromhomeaboutfivedaysago（.A)\(B)in（C）since（D）for五、句式:主句（此刻完成时）＋since+从句（一般过去时）Exercies5]选择填空(）1。sheEnghishinourschooleversinceshehere。（A)hastaught,come（B）taught,came（C）hastaught，hascome（D）teaches,hascome(）2.OurEnghishteacherinourschoolsincehetoChina。（A）e（B)taught,come(C）hastaught,e(D）teaches,hascome(）3.SheinQuanzhousinceshebornin1980(A)haslived,hasbeen（B)haslived,was（C)lived，hasbeen(D)lived,was六、句式：It’＋s一段时间＋since从句(用一般过去时)［Exercies6]选择填空（)1.Itten’syearssinceshe。（A）hasleft（B)hasbeenaway(C)left（D）leave(）2.It'sthreeyearssincehethearmy。（A）hasjoined（B)hasbeenin(C）join(D）joined七、havebeenin，havebeento与havegoneto的用法⑴have（has)beenin表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since,for，howlong等.比方：Mr。BrownhasbeeninShanghaiforthreedays.▲其他还有这些搭配：havebeenhere（there)/athome(school）/onthefarmhavebeenhere(there)/abroad⑵have(has）beento表示“以前往过某地"，此刻已经不在那处了。可与just，ever，never等连用，Ihavejustbeentothepostoffice。6MaryhasneverbeentotheGreatWall。HaveyoueverbeentoHangzhou？▲have(has）beento后边可接次数,表示去过某地几次。：IhavebeentoBeijingthreetimes。。Theyhavebeentothatvillageseveraltimes。⑶have（has)goneto意为“到某地去了"，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之,说话时该人不在现场,一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。---—WhereisTom?-—-—Hehasgonetothebookshop。.JackJohnsonhasgonetoLondon。[Exercises7]A)用have(has）been或have(has)gone填空。A：Where____________LiFei___________?B:He____________toHainanIsland。A：Howlong___________he___________there？B：He_____________thereforthreedays。A：Whenwillhecomeback，doyouknow？B:I'mafraidhewon’tcomebackrecently。A:CouldyoutellmethewaytoHainanIsland？B:Sorry,I_________never___________there。A：Howmanytimes___________LiFei__________tothatplace?B:He_____________thereonlyonce.B）用have/hasbeento/in，havegoneto的各种形式填空。WhereisJack？He__________hiscountry.David________theparkjustnow.John_______Englandsincehecameback.Howlong_____have_____thisvillage?TheSmiths______Beijingforyears.6)_____youever____America？-—Yes，I_____theremanytimes.I_____thisschoolsincethreeyearsago。WhereisJim?He_____thefarm。C）选择填空（）1.Mrswhitesisn’there，sheLondon，shetheremanytimes（A）hasbeento，went（B）hasgoneto,hasbeen（C)wentto,hasgone（D）hasbeento，hasgone(）2.Shehas__________toBeijingtwice。（A）gone（B）got（C）been（D）come（）3。——whereyourfather，LiLei？——ToBeijing(A）have，been(B)has，been（C）have，gone(D)has，gone()4.MrGreenisn'tintheoffice,Hetothelibrary（A)hasgone（B)went（C)hasbeen(D)willgo（）5.MrsmithtoTokyoandhewillbebackinaweek（A）hasbeen(B)hasvisited（C）hassent(D）hasgone（)6.They_Chinafortwoyears（A）havebeento(B)havebeenin(c)havegoneto（D)havecometo八、此刻完成时的反意疑问句【have（n’t）/has（n’＋t)代词】[Exercises8］选择填空7（）1。Jim'sbeentotheGreatwallbefore,？（A)isn't(B)wasn’t（C）hasn’t(D)doesn’t()2。She’sneverbeentoEngland，she？（A）has(B）hasn't（C）isn't（D)is九、Howlong与此刻完成时[Exercies9］选择填空（）1.--——___haveyoubeenhere?--—--Sincelastyear（A)Howfar(B)Howlong(C）Howoften（D）Howsoon(）2。___________hasHanmeibeeninthelibrary.(A）Howlong（B)Howsoon（C）Howfar（D)Howoften()3.Howlong___he___thelibrarybook。(A)has,borrow（B)has，kept(C)has，bought(D）did,buy十、短暂性变换连续性［Exercises10]A）按要求把短暂性变换为连续性动词arriveat/insw.getto/e/go/movetosw.beinsw。/atschool/athome/onthefarm/behere/bethereHegottoBeijingfiveminutesago。He__________________________Beijingfor__________________.ImovedtotheUSAlastyear。I__________________________theUSAsince____________________.Iwenthomeyesterday。I________________________homefor___________________.Theycameherelastweek.They__________________heresince___________________。②come/goback,return→bebackcome/goout→beout1)Hecameouttwoyearsago.He____________________________for____________________.WereturntoFuzhouyesterday.We_________________________toFuzhousince__________.become→be1)Ibecameateacherin2000.I__________________ateacherfor__________________.2)Theriverbecamedirtylastyear。Theriver__________________dirtyfor___________________。close→beclosedopen→beopen1)Theshopclosedtwohoursago.heshop__________________________for__________________。Thedooropenedatsixinthemorning.Thedoor________________________forsixhours.⑤getup→beupdie→bedeadleavesw。→beawayfromsw.fallasleep/gettotsleep→beasleepfinish/end→overbemarry→bemarried1)Igotuptwohoursago.I________________________since________________。HeleftFuzhoujustnow。He________________________________Fuzhouforfiveminutes。Mygrandpadiedin2002.Mygrandpa______________________for_______________.4)Themeetingfinishedatsix.Themeeting____________________forsixhours。Igottosleeptwohoursago。I__________________________since___________________。Theymarriedin1990.They___________________________since_________。⑥start/begintodosth.→。dosthbegin→beonIbegantoteachatthisschoolin1995。I________atthisschoolsince____.2)Thefilmbegantwominutesago.Thefilm____________for________。⑦borrow→keeplose→nothavebuy→haveputon→wearcatch/getacold→haveacoldgettoknow→know1)Theyborroweditlastweek.They__________________itsince____________________.Iboughtapentwohoursago.I__________________apenfor__________________。Igottoknowhimlastyear。I___________________himsince____________________.Iputonmyglassesthreeyearsago.I____________________myglassesfor__________________.⑧have/hasgoneto→havebeeninHehasgonetoBeijing.He_____________Beijingfortwodays.jointheleague/theParty/thearmybealeague/aPartymember/asoldierbeamemberoftheleague/theParty8beintheleague/theParty/thearmyHejoinedtheleaguein2002.He_________________a__________________fortwoyears。He__________________a_____________________the__________fortwoyears.He__________________________________theleaguefortwoyears.Mybrotherjoinedthearmytwoyearsago。Mybrother____________________a___________for______________________。Mybrother______________________in