Introduction-to-Nondestructive-Testing教学讲解课件

IntroductiontoNondestructiveTestingIntroductiontoNondestructiveOutlineIntroductiontoNDTOverviewofSixMost

CommonNDTMethodsSelectedApplicationsOutlineIntroductiontoNDTTheuseofnoninvasivetechniquestodeterminetheintegrityofamaterial,componentorstructure orquantitativelymeasuresomecharacteristicofanobject.

i.e.Inspectormeasurewithoutdoingharm.DefinitionofNDTTheuseofnoninvasivei.e.IMethodsofNDTVisualLiquidPenetrantMagneticParticleEddyCurrentUltrasonicX-rayMicrowaveAcousticEmissionThermographyLaserInterferometryReplicationFluxLeakageAcousticMicroscopyMagneticMeasurementsTapTestingMethodsofNDTLiquidPenetrantWhatareSomeUses

ofNDEMethods?FlawDetectionandEvaluationLeakDetectionLocationDeterminationDimensionalMeasurementsStructureandMicrostructureCharacterizationEstimationofMechanicalandPhysicalPropertiesStress(Strain)andDynamicResponseMeasurementsMaterialSortingandChemicalCompositionDeterminationFluorescentpenetrantindicationWhatareSomeUses

ofNDEMetWhenareNDEMethodsUsed?ToassistinproductdevelopmentToscreenorsortincomingmaterialsTomonitor,improveorcontrolmanufacturingprocessesToverifyproperprocessingsuchasheattreatingToverifyproperassemblyToinspectforin-servicedamageThereareNDEapplicationatalmostanystageintheproductionorlifecycleofacomponent.WhenareNDEMethodsUsed?ToaSixMostCommonNDTMethodsVisualLiquidPenetrantMagneticUltrasonicEddyCurrentX-raySixMostCommonNDTMethodsVMostbasicandcommoninspectionmethod.Toolsincludefiberscopes,borescopes,magnifyingglassesandmirrors.Roboticcrawlerspermitobservationinhazardousortightareas,suchasairducts,reactors,pipelines.Portablevideoinspectionunitwithzoomallowsinspectionoflargetanksandvessels,railroadtankcars,sewerlines.VisualInspectionMostbasicandcommoninspectiAliquidwithhighsurfacewettingcharacteristicsisappliedtothesurfaceofthepartandallowedtimetoseepintosurfacebreakingdefects.Theexcessliquidisremovedfromthesurfaceofthepart.Adeveloper(powder)isappliedtopullthetrappedpenetrantoutthedefectandspreaditonthesurfacewhereitcanbeseen.Visualinspectionisthefinalstepintheprocess.ThepenetrantusedisoftenloadedwithafluorescentdyeandtheinspectionisdoneunderUVlighttoincreasetestsensitivity.LiquidPenetrantInspectionAliquidwithhighsurfacewetMagneticParticleInspectionThepartismagnetized.Finelymilledironparticlescoatedwithadyepigmentarethenappliedtothespecimen.Theseparticlesareattractedtomagneticfluxleakagefieldsandwillclustertoformanindicationdirectlyoverthediscontinuity.Thisindicationcanbevisuallydetectedunderproperlightingconditions.

MagneticParticleInspectionThMagneticParticleCrackIndications

MagneticParticleCrackIndicaRadiographyTheradiationusedinradiographytestingisahigherenergy(shorterwavelength)versionoftheelectromagneticwavesthatwe

seeasvisiblelight.TheradiationcancomefromanX-raygeneratororaradioactivesource.HighElectricalPotentialElectrons-+X-rayGeneratororRadioactiveSourceCreatesRadiationExposureRecordingDeviceRadiationPenetratetheSampleRadiographyTheradiationusedFilmRadiographyTopviewofdevelopedfilm

X-rayfilmThepartisplacedbetweentheradiationsourceandapieceoffilm.Thepartwillstopsomeoftheradiation.Thickerandmoredenseareawillstopmoreoftheradiation.=moreexposure=lessexposureThefilmdarkness(density)willvarywiththeamountofradiationreachingthefilmthroughthetestobject.FilmRadiographyTopviewofdeRadiographicImagesRadiographicImagesConductive

materialCoilCoil'smagneticfieldEddycurrentsEddycurrent'smagneticfieldEddyCurrentTestingConductiveCoilCoil'smagneticEddyCurrentTestingEddycurrenttestingisparticularlywellsuitedfordetectingsurfacecracksbutcanalsobeusedtomakeelectricalconductivityandcoatingthicknessmeasurements.

Hereasmallsurfaceprobeisscannedoverthepartsurfaceinanattempttodetectacrack.EddyCurrentTestingEddycurreHighfrequencysoundwavesareintroducedintoamaterialandtheyarereflectedbackfromsurfacesorflaws.Reflectedsoundenergyisdisplayedversustime,andinspectorcanvisualizeacrosssectionofthespecimenshowingthedepthoffeaturesthatreflectsound.fplatecrack0246810initialpulsecrackechobacksurfaceechoOscilloscope,orflawdetectorscreenUltrasonicInspection(Pulse-Echo)HighfrequencysoundwavesareUltrasonicImagingGrayscaleimageproducedusingthesoundreflectedfromthefrontsurfaceofthecoinGrayscaleimageproducedusingthesoundreflectedfromthebacksurfaceofthecoin(inspectedfrom“heads”side)Highresolutionimagescanbeproducedbyplottingsignalstrengthortime-of-flightusingacomputer-controlledscanningsystem.UltrasonicImagingGrayscaleiCommonApplicationofNDTInspectionofRawProductsInspectionFollowingSecondaryProcessingIn-ServicesDamageInspectionCommonApplicationofNDTInspeInspectionofRawProductsForgings,Castings,Extrusions,etc.InspectionofRawProductsForgMachiningWeldingGrindingHeattreatingPlatingetc.InspectionFollowing

SecondaryProcessingMachiningInspectionFollowingCrackingCorrosionErosion/WearHeatDamageetc.InspectionFor

In-ServiceDamageCrackingInspectionFor

In-SerPowerPlantInspectionProbeSignalsproducedbyvariousamountsofcorrosionthinning.Periodically,powerplantsareshutdownforinspection.Inspectorsfeededdycurrentprobesintoheatexchangertubestocheckforcorrosiondamage.PipewithdamagePowerPlantInspectionProbeSigWireRopeInspectionElectromagneticdevicesandvisualinspectionsareusedtofindbrokenwiresandotherdamagetothewireropethatisusedinchairlifts,cranesandotherliftingdevices.WireRopeInspectionElectromagStorageTankInspectionRoboticcrawlersuseultrasoundtoinspectthewallsoflargeabovegroundtanksforsignsofthinningduetocorrosion.Camerasonlongarticulatingarmsareusedtoinspectundergroundstoragetanksfordamage.StorageTankInspectionRoboticAircraftInspectionNondestructivetestingisusedextensivelyduringthemanufacturingofaircraft.NDTisalsousedtofindcracksandcorrosiondamageduringoperationoftheaircraft.Afatiguecrackthatstartedatthesiteofalightningstrikeisshownbelow.AircraftInspectionNondestructJetEngineInspectionAircraftenginesareoverhauledafterbeinginserviceforaperiodoftime.Theyarecompletelydisassembled,cleaned,inspectedandthenreassembled.Fluorescentpenetrantinspectionisusedtocheckmanyofthepartsforcracking.JetEngineInspectionAircraftSiouxCity,Iowa,July19,1989AdefectthatwentundetectedinanenginediskwasresponsibleforthecrashofUnitedFlight232.CrashofUnitedFlight232SiouxCity,Iowa,July19,198PressureVesselInspectionThefailureofapressurevesselcanresultintherapidreleaseofalargeamountofenergy.Toprotectagainstthisdangerousevent,thetanksareinspectedusingradiographyandultrasonictesting.PressureVesselInspectionTheRailInspectionSpecialcarsareusedtoinspectthousandsofmilesofrailtofindcracksthatcouldleadtoaderailment.RailInspectionSpecialcarsarBridgeInspectionTheUShas578,000highwaybridges.Corrosion,crackingandotherdamagecanallaffectabridge’sperformance.ThecollapseoftheSilverBridgein1967resultedinlossof47lives.Bridgesgetavisualinspectionaboutevery2years.Somebridgesarefittedwithacousticemissionsensorsthat“listen”forsoundsofcracksgrowing.BridgeInspectionTheUShas57NDTisusedtoinspectpipelinestopreventleaksthatcoulddamagetheenvironment.Visualinspection,radiographyandelectromagnetictestingaresomeoftheNDTmethodsused.

Remotevisualinspectionusingaroboticcrawler.

Radiographyofweldjoints.

Magneticfluxleakageinspection.Thisdevice,knownasapig,isplacedinthepipelineandcollectsdataontheconditionofthepipeasitispushedalongbywhateverisbeingtransported.PipelineInspectionNDTisusedtoinspectpipelinSpecialMeasurementsBoeingemployeesinPhiladelphiaweregiventheprivilegeofevaluatingtheLibertyBellfordamageusingNDTtechniques.EddycurrentmethodswereusedtomeasuretheelectricalconductivityoftheBell'sbronzecasingatavariouspointstoevaluateitsuniformity.SpecialMeasurementsBoeingempIntroductiontoNondestructiveTestingIntroductiontoNondestructiveOutlineIntroductiontoNDTOverviewofSixMost

CommonNDTMethodsSelectedApplicationsOutlineIntroductiontoNDTTheuseofnoninvasivetechniquestodeterminetheintegrityofamaterial,componentorstructure orquantitativelymeasuresomecharacteristicofanobject.

i.e.Inspectormeasurewithoutdoingharm.DefinitionofNDTTheuseofnoninvasivei.e.IMethodsofNDTVisualLiquidPenetrantMagneticParticleEddyCurrentUltrasonicX-rayMicrowaveAcousticEmissionThermographyLaserInterferometryReplicationFluxLeakageAcousticMicroscopyMagneticMeasurementsTapTestingMethodsofNDTLiquidPenetrantWhatareSomeUses

ofNDEMethods?FlawDetectionandEvaluationLeakDetectionLocationDeterminationDimensionalMeasurementsStructureandMicrostructureCharacterizationEstimationofMechanicalandPhysicalPropertiesStress(Strain)andDynamicResponseMeasurementsMaterialSortingandChemicalCompositionDeterminationFluorescentpenetrantindicationWhatareSomeUses

ofNDEMetWhenareNDEMethodsUsed?ToassistinproductdevelopmentToscreenorsortincomingmaterialsTomonitor,improveorcontrolmanufacturingprocessesToverifyproperprocessingsuchasheattreatingToverifyproperassemblyToinspectforin-servicedamageThereareNDEapplicationatalmostanystageintheproductionorlifecycleofacomponent.WhenareNDEMethodsUsed?ToaSixMostCommonNDTMethodsVisualLiquidPenetrantMagneticUltrasonicEddyCurrentX-raySixMostCommonNDTMethodsVMostbasicandcommoninspectionmethod.Toolsincludefiberscopes,borescopes,magnifyingglassesandmirrors.Roboticcrawlerspermitobservationinhazardousortightareas,suchasairducts,reactors,pipelines.Portablevideoinspectionunitwithzoomallowsinspectionoflargetanksandvessels,railroadtankcars,sewerlines.VisualInspectionMostbasicandcommoninspectiAliquidwithhighsurfacewettingcharacteristicsisappliedtothesurfaceofthepartandallowedtimetoseepintosurfacebreakingdefects.Theexcessliquidisremovedfromthesurfaceofthepart.Adeveloper(powder)isappliedtopullthetrappedpenetrantoutthedefectandspreaditonthesurfacewhereitcanbeseen.Visualinspectionisthefinalstepintheprocess.ThepenetrantusedisoftenloadedwithafluorescentdyeandtheinspectionisdoneunderUVlighttoincreasetestsensitivity.LiquidPenetrantInspectionAliquidwithhighsurfacewetMagneticParticleInspectionThepartismagnetized.Finelymilledironparticlescoatedwithadyepigmentarethenappliedtothespecimen.Theseparticlesareattractedtomagneticfluxleakagefieldsandwillclustertoformanindicationdirectlyoverthediscontinuity.Thisindicationcanbevisuallydetectedunderproperlightingconditions.

MagneticParticleInspectionThMagneticParticleCrackIndications

MagneticParticleCrackIndicaRadiographyTheradiationusedinradiographytestingisahigherenergy(shorterwavelength)versionoftheelectromagneticwavesthatwe

seeasvisiblelight.TheradiationcancomefromanX-raygeneratororaradioactivesource.HighElectricalPotentialElectrons-+X-rayGeneratororRadioactiveSourceCreatesRadiationExposureRecordingDeviceRadiationPenetratetheSampleRadiographyTheradiationusedFilmRadiographyTopviewofdevelopedfilm

X-rayfilmThepartisplacedbetweentheradiationsourceandapieceoffilm.Thepartwillstopsomeoftheradiation.Thickerandmoredenseareawillstopmoreoftheradiation.=moreexposure=lessexposureThefilmdarkness(density)willvarywiththeamountofradiationreachingthefilmthroughthetestobject.FilmRadiographyTopviewofdeRadiographicImagesRadiographicImagesConductive

materialCoilCoil'smagneticfieldEddycurrentsEddycurrent'smagneticfieldEddyCurrentTestingConductiveCoilCoil'smagneticEddyCurrentTestingEddycurrenttestingisparticularlywellsuitedfordetectingsurfacecracksbutcanalsobeusedtomakeelectricalconductivityandcoatingthicknessmeasurements.

Hereasmallsurfaceprobeisscannedoverthepartsurfaceinanattempttodetectacrack.EddyCurrentTestingEddycurreHighfrequencysoundwavesareintroducedintoamaterialandtheyarereflectedbackfromsurfacesorflaws.Reflectedsoundenergyisdisplayedversustime,andinspectorcanvisualizeacrosssectionofthespecimenshowingthedepthoffeaturesthatreflectsound.fplatecrack0246810initialpulsecrackechobacksurfaceechoOscilloscope,orflawdetectorscreenUltrasonicInspection(Pulse-Echo)HighfrequencysoundwavesareUltrasonicImagingGrayscaleimageproducedusingthesoundreflectedfromthefrontsurfaceofthecoinGrayscaleimageproducedusingthesoundreflectedfromthebacksurfaceofthecoin(inspectedfrom“heads”side)Highresolutionimagescanbeproducedbyplottingsignalstrengthortime-of-flightusingacomputer-controlledscanningsystem.UltrasonicImagingGrayscaleiCommonApplicationofNDTInspectionofRawProductsInspectionFollowingSecondaryProcessingIn-ServicesDamageInspectionCommonApplicationofNDTInspeInspectionofRawProductsForgings,Castings,Extrusions,etc.InspectionofRawProductsForgMachiningWeldingGrindingHeattreatingPlatingetc.InspectionFollowing

SecondaryProcessingMachiningInspectionFollowingCrackingCorrosionErosion/WearHeatDamageetc.InspectionFor

In-ServiceDamageCrackingInspectionFor

In-SerPowerPlantInspectionProbeSignalsproducedbyvariousamountsofcorrosionthinning.Periodically,powerplantsareshutdownforinspection.Inspectorsfeededdycurrentprobesintoheatexchangertubestocheckforcorrosiondamage.PipewithdamagePowerPlantInspectionProbeSigWireRopeInspectionElectromagneticdevicesandvisualinspectionsareusedtofindbrokenwiresandotherdamagetothewireropethatisusedinchairlifts,cranesandotherliftingdevices.WireRopeInspectionElectromagStorageTankInspectionRoboticcrawlersuseultrasoundtoinspectthewallsoflargeabovegroundtanksforsignsofthinningduetocorrosion.Camerasonlongarticulatingarmsareusedtoinspectundergroundstoragetanksfordamage.StorageTankInspectionRoboticAircraftInspectionNondestructivetestingisusedextensivelyduringthemanufacturingofaircraft.NDTisalsousedtofindcracksandcorrosiondamageduringoperationoftheaircraft.Afatiguecrackthatstartedatthesiteofalightningstrikeisshownbelow.AircraftInspectionNondestructJetEngineInspectionAircraftenginesareoverhauledafterbeinginserviceforaperiodoftime.Theyarecompletelydisassembled,cleaned,inspectedandthenreassembled.Fluorescentpenetrantinspectionisusedtocheckmanyofthepartsforcracking.JetEngineInspectionAircraftSiouxCity,Iowa,July19,1989Adefectt