2018年考研英语二真题

本资料由淘宝店铺：光速考研工作室整理汇编如需题型分类版试题可进店获取SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybepainful?Becausehumanshaveaninherentneedto1uncertainty,accordingtoarecentstudyinPsychologicalScience.Thenewresearchrevealsthattheneedtoknowissostrongthatpeoplewill2tosatisfytheircuriosityevenwhenitiscleartheanswerwill3.Inaseriesoffourexperiments,behavioralscientistsattheUniversityofChicagoandtheofto4themselvestounpleasantstimuliinanefforttosatisfycuriosity.Forone5,eachparticipantwasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwerefromapreviousexperiment.Thetwist?Halfofthepenswould6anelectricshockwhenclicked.Twenty-sevenstudentsweretoldwhichpenswereelectrified;anothertwenty-sevenweretoldonlythatsomewereelectrified.7leftaloneintheroom,thestudentswhodidnotknowwhichoneswouldshockthemclickedmorepensandincurredmoreshocksthanthestudentswhoknewwhatwould 8 .Subsequentexperimentsreproducedthiseffectwithotherstimuli,9 thesoundoffingernailsonachalkboardandphotographsofdisgustinginsects.Thedriveto10isdeeplyrootedinhumans,muchthesameasthebasicdrivesfororshelter,saysChristopherHseeoftheUniversityofChicago.Curiosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinct–itcan12newscientificadvances,forinstance–butsometimessuch13canbackfire.Theinsightthatcuriositycandriveyoutodo14thingsisaprofoundone.Unhealthycuriosityispossibleto15,Inafinalexperiment,participantswhowereencouragedto16howtheywouldfeelafterviewinganunpleasantpicturewerelesslikelyto17toseesuchanimage.Theseresultssuggestthatimaginingthe18offollowingthroughoncuriosityaheadoftimecanhelpdetermine19itisworththeendeavor.“Thinkingaboutlong-term20iskeytoreducingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity,”Hseesays.Inotherwords,don’treadonlinecomments.1.A.protectB.resolveC.discussD.ignore2.A.refuseB.waitC.regretD.seek3.A.hurtB.lastC.misleadD.rise4.A.alertB.tieC.treatD.expose5.A.messageB.reviewC.trialD.concept6.A.removeB.weakenC.interruptD.deliver7.A.WhenB.IfC.ThoughD.Unless8.A.continueB.happenC.disappearD.change9.A.ratherthanB.regardlessofC.suchasD.owingto10.A.discoverB.forgiveC.forgetD.disagree11.A.payB.marriageC.schoolingD.food12.A.leadtoB.restonC.learnfromD.beginwith13.A.withdrawalB.persistenceC.inquiryD.diligence14.A.self-reliantB.self-destructiveC.self-evidentD.self-deceptive15.A.defineB.resistC.replaceD.trace16.A.overlookB.predictC.designD.conceal17.A.rememberB.promiseC.chooseD.pretend18.A.reliefB.planC.dutyD.outcome19.A.whyB.whetherC.whereD.how20.A.consequencesB.investmentsC.strategiesD.limitationsSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1ItiscuriousthatStephenKoziatekfeelsalmostasthoughhehastojustifyhiseffortstogivehisstudentsabetterfuture.Koziatekispartofsomethingpioneering.HeisateacherataNewHampshirehighschoolwherelearningisnotsomethingofbooksandtestsandmechanicalmemorization,butpractical.Whendiditbecomeacceptedwisdomthatstudentsshouldbeabletonamethe13thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesbutbeutterlyoverwhelmedbyabrokenbikechain?AsKoziatekknows,thereislearninginjustabouteverything.Nothingisnecessarilygainedbyforcingstudentstolearngeometryatagraffitieddeskstuckwithgenerationsofdiscardedchewinggum.Theycanalsolearngeometrybyassemblingabicycle.Buthe’salsofoundakindofinsidiousprejudice.Workingwithyourhandsisseenasalmostamarkofinferiority.Schoolsinthefamilyofvocationaleducation“havethatstereotype...thatit’sforkidswhocan’tmakeitacademically,”hesays.Ononehand,thatviewpointisalogicalproductofAmerica’sevolution.Manufacturingisnottheeconomicenginethatitoncewas.ThejobsecuritythattheUSeconomyonceofferedtohighschoolgraduateshaslargelyevaporated.Moreeducationisthenewprinciple.Wewantmoreforourkids,andrightfullyso.Buttheheadlongpushintobachelor’sdegreesforall–andthesubtledevaluingofanythingless–missesanimportantpoint:That’snottheonlythingtheAmericaneconomyneeds.Yes,abachelor’sdegreeopensmoredoors.Butevennow,54percentofthejobsinthecountryaremiddle-skilljobs,suchasconstructionandhigh-skillmanufacturing.Butonly44percentofworkersareadequatelytrained.Inotherwords,atatimewhentheworkingclasshasturnedthecountryonitspoliticalhead,frustratedthattheopportunitythatoncedefinedAmericaisvanishing,oneobvioussolutionisstaringusintheface.Thereisagapinworking-classjobs,buttheworkerswhoneedthosejobsmostaren’tequippedtodothem.Koziatek’sManchesterSchoolofTechnologyHighSchoolistryingtofillthatgap.Koziatek’sschoolisawake-upcall.Wheneducationbecomesone-size-fits-all,itrisksoverlookinganation’sdiversityofgifts.Abrokenbikechainismentionedtoshowstudents’lackof .practicalabilityacademictrainingpioneeringspiritmechanicalmemorizationThereexiststheprejudicethatvocationaleducationisforkidswho .haveastereotypedmindhavenocareermotivationarenotacademicallysuccessfularefinanciallydisadvantagedcaninferfromParagraph5thathighschoolgraduates .usedtohavebigfinancialconcernsusedtohavemorejobopportunitiesarereluctanttoworkinmanufacturingareentitledtomoreeducationalprivilegesTheheadlongpushintobachelor’sdegreesforall .helpscreatealotofmiddle-skilljobsmaynarrowthegapinworking-classjobsisexpectedtoyieldabetter-trainedworkforceindicatestheovervaluingofhighereducationTheauthor’sattitudetowardKoziatek’sschoolcanbedescribedas .supportivetolerantdisappointedcautiousText2Whilefossilfuels–coal,oil,gas–stillgenerateroughly85percentoftheworld’senergysupply,it’sclearerthaneverthatthefuturebelongstorenewablesourcessuchaswindandsolar.Themovetorenewablesispickingupmomentumaroundtheworld:Theynowaccountformorethanhalfofnewpowersourcesgoingonline.Somegrowthstemsfromacommitmentbygovernmentsandfarsightedbusinessestofundcleanerenergysources.Butincreasinglythestoryisabouttheplummetingpricesofrenewables,especiallywindandsolar.Thecostofsolarpanelshasdroppedby80percentandthecostofwindturbinesbyclosetoone-thirdinthepasteightyears.Inmanypartsoftheworldrenewableenergyisalreadyaprincipalenergysource.InScotland,forexample,windturbinesprovideenoughelectricitytopower95percentofhomes.Whiletherestoftheworldtakesthelead,notablyChinaandEurope,theUnitedStatesisalsoseeingaremarkableshift.InMarch,forthefirsttime,windandsolarpoweraccountedformorethan10percentofthepowergeneratedintheUS,reportedtheUSEnergyInformationAdministration.PresidentTrumphasunderlinedfossilfuels–especiallycoal–asthepathtoeconomicgrowth.InarecentspeechinIowa,hedismissedwindpowerasanunreliableenergysource.ButthatmessagedidnotplaywellwithmanyinIowa,wherewindturbinesdotthefieldsandprovide36percentofthestate’selectricitygeneration–andwheretechgiantslikeMicrosoftarebeingattractedbytheavailabilityofcleanenergytopowertheirdatacenters.Thequestion“whathappenswhenthewinddoesn’tbloworthesundoesn’tshine?”hasprovidedaquickput-downforskeptics.Butaboostinthestoragecapacityofbatteriesismakingtheirabilitytokeeppowerflowingaroundtheclockmorelikely.Theadvanceisdriveninpartbyvehiclemanufacturers,whoareplacingbigbetsonbattery-poweredelectricvehicles.Althoughelectriccarsarestillararityonroadsnow,thismassiveinvestmentcouldchangethepicturerapidlyincomingyears.Whilethere’salongwaytogo,thetrendlinesforrenewablesarespiking.Thepaceofchangeinenergysourcesappearstobespeedingup–perhapsjustintimetohaveameaningfuleffectinslowingclimatechange.WhatWashingtondoes–ordoesn’tdo–topromotealternativeenergymaymeanlessandlessatatimeofaglobalshiftinthought.Theword“plummeting”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto .stabilizingchangingfallingrisingAccordingtoParagraph3,theuseofrenewableenergyinAmerica .isprogressingnotablyisasextensiveasinEuropefacesmanychallengeshasprovedtobeimpracticalItcanbelearnedthatinIowa, .windisawidelyusedenergysourcewindenergyhasreplacedfossilfuelstechgiantsareinvestingincleanenergythereisashortageofcleanenergysupplyWhichofthefollowingistrueaboutcleanenergyaccordingtoParagraphs5&6？Itsapplicationhasboostedbatterystorage.Itiscommonlyusedincarmanufacturing.Itscontinuoussupplyisbecomingareality.Itssustainableexploitationwillremaindifficult.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatrenewableenergy .willbringtheUSclosertoothercountrieswillaccelerateglobalenvironmentalchangeisnotreallyencouragedbytheUSgovernmentisnotcompetitiveenoughwithregardtoitscostText3Thepowerandambitionofthegiantsofthedigitaleconomyisastonishing-AmazonhasjustannouncedthepurchaseoftheupmarketgrocerychainWholeFoodsfor＄13.5bn,buttwoyearsagoFacebookpaidevenmorethanthattoacquiretheWhatsAppmessagingservice,whichdoesn’thaveanyphysicalproductatall.WhatWhatsAppofferedFacebookwasanintricateandfinelydetailedwebofitsusers’friendshipsandsociallives.FacebookpromisedtheEuropeancommissionthenthatitwouldnotlinkphonenumberstoFacebookidentities,butitbrokethepromisealmostassoonasthedealwentthrough.Evenwithoutknowingwhatwasinthemessages,theknowledgeofwhosentthemandtowhomwasenormouslyrevealingandstillcouldbe.Whatpoliticaljournalist,whatpartywhip,wouldnotwanttoknowthemakeupoftheWhatsAppgroupsinwhichTheresaenemiesarecurrentlyplotting?ItmaybethatthevalueofWholeFoodstoAmazonisnotsomuchthe460shopsitowns,buttherecordsofwhichcustomershavepurchasedwhat.Competitionlawappearstobetheonlywaytoaddresstheseimbalancesofpower.Butitisclumsy.Foronething,itisveryslowcomparedtothepaceofchangewithinthedigitalBythetimeaproblemhasbeenaddressedandremedieditmayhavevanishedinthemarketplace,tobereplacedbynewabusesofpower.Butthereisadeeperconceptualproblem,too.Competitionlawaspresentlyinterpreteddealswithfinancialdisadvantagetoconsumersandthisisnotobviouswhentheusersoftheseservicesdon’tpayforthem.Theusersoftheirservicesarenottheircustomers.Thatwouldbethepeoplewhobuyadvertisingfromthem–andFacebookandGoogle,thetwovirtualgiants,dominatedigitaladvertisingtothedisadvantageofallothermediaandentertainmentcompanies.Theproductthey’resellingisdata,andwe,theusers,convertourlivestodataforthebenefitofthedigitalgiants.Justassomeantsfarmthebugscalledaphidsforthehoneydewtheyproducewhentheyfeed,soGooglefarmsusforthedatathatourdigitallivesyield.Antskeeppredatoryinsectsawayfromwheretheiraphidsfeed;Gmailkeepsthespammersoutofourinboxes.Itdoesn’tfeellikeahumanordemocraticrelationship,evenifbothsidesbenefit.AccordingtoParagraph1,FacebookacquiredWhatsAppforits .digitalproductsuserinformationphysicalassetsqualityserviceLinkingphonenumberstoFacebookidentitiesmay .worsenpoliticaldisputesmessupcustomerrecordsposearisktoFacebookusersmisleadtheEuropeancommissionAccordingtotheauthor,competitionlaw .shouldservethenewmarketpowersmayworsentheeconomicimbalanceshouldnotprovidejustonelegalsolutioncannotkeeppacewiththechangingmarketCompetitionlawaspresentlyinterpretedcanhardlyprotectFacebookusersbecause .theyarenotdefinedascustomerstheyarenotfinanciallyreliabletheservicesaregenerallydigitaltheservicesarepaidforbyadvertisersTheantsanalogyisusedtoillustrate .awin-winbusinessmodelbetweendigitalgiantsatypicalcompetitionpatternamongdigitalgiantsthebenefitsprovidedfordigitalgiants’customerstherelationshipbetweendigitalgiantsandtheirusersText4combatthetrapofputtingapremiumonbeingCalNewport,authorofDeepRulesforFocusedSuccessinaDistractedrecommendsbuildingahabitof“deepwork”–theabilitytofocuswithoutdistraction.Thereareanumberofapproachestomasteringtheartofdeepwork–beitlengthyretreatsdedicatedtoaspecifictask;developingadailyritual;ortakinga“journalistic”approachtoseizingmomentsofdeepworkwhenyoucanthroughouttheWhicheverapproach,thekeyistodetermineyourlengthoffocustimeandsticktoit.Newportalsorecommends“deepscheduling”tocombatconstantinterruptionsandgetmoredoneinlesstime.“Atanygivenpoint,Ishouldhavedeepworkscheduledforroughlythenextmonth.Onceonthecalendar,IprotectthistimelikeIwouldadoctor’sappointmentorimportantmeeting”,hewrites.Anotherapproachtogettingmoredoneinlesstimeistorethinkhowyouprioritiseyourday–inparticularhowwecraftourto-dolists.TimHarford,authorofMessy:ThePowerofDisordertoTransformOurLives,pointstoastudyintheearly1980sthatdividedundergraduatesintotwogroups:somewereadvisedtosetoutmonthlygoalsandstudyactivities;othersweretoldtoplanactivitiesandgoalsinmuchmoredetail,daybyday.Whiletheresearchersassumedthatthewell-structureddailyplanswouldbemosteffectivewhenitcametotheexecutionoftasks,theywerewrong:thedetaileddailyplansdemotivatedstudents.Harfordarguesthatinevitabledistractionsoftenrenderthedailyto-dolistineffective,whileleavingroomforimprovisationinsuchalistcanreapthebestresults.Inordertomakethemostofourfocusandenergy,wealsoneedtoembracedowntime,orasNewportsuggests,“belazy”.“Idlenessisnotjustavacation,anindulgenceoravice;itisasindispensabletothebrainasvitaminDistothebody…[idleness]is,paradoxically,necessarytogettinganyworkdone,”heargues.SriniPillay,anassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool,believesthiscounterintuitivelinkbetweendowntimeandproductivitymaybeduetothewayourbrainsoperate.Whenourbrainsswitchbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocusedonatask,theytendtobemoreefficient.“Whatpeopledon’trealiseisthatinordertocompletethesetaskstheyneedtouseboththefocusandunfocuscircuitsintheirbrain,”saysPillay.Thekeytomasteringtheartofdeepworkisto .keeptoyourfocustimelistyourimmediatetasksmakespecificdailyplansseizeeveryminutetoworkThestudyintheearly1980scitedbyHarfordshowsthat .distractionsmayactuallyincreaseefficiencydailyschedulesareindispensabletostudyingstudentsarehardlymotivatedbymonthlygoalsdetailedplansmaynotbeasfruitfulasexpectedAccordingtoNewport,idlenessis .adesirablementalstateforbusypeopleamajorcontributortophysicalhealthaneffectivewaytosavetimeandenergyanessentialfactorinaccomplishinganyworkPillaybelievesthatourbrains’shiftbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocused .canresultinpsychologicalwell-beingcanbringaboutgreaterefficiencyisaimedatbetterbalanceinworkisdrivenbytaskurgencyThistextismainlyabout .waystorelievethetensionofbusylifeapproachestogettingmoredoneinlesstimethekeytoeliminatingdistractionsthecauseofthelackoffocustimePartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlesfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)JustsayitBepresentPayauniquecomplimentName,places,thingsFindthe“metoo”sSkipthesmalltalkAskforanopinionFivewaystomakeconversationwithanyoneConversationsarelinks,whichmeanswhenyouhaveaconversationwithanewpersonalinkgetsformedandeveryconversationyouhaveafterthatmomentwillstrengthenthelink.meetnewpeopleeveryday:thegroceryworker,thecabdriver,newpeopleatworkorthesecurityguardatthedoor.Simplystartingaconversationwiththemwillformalink.Herearefivesimplewaysthatyoucanmakethefirstmoveandstartaconversationwithstrangers.41. Supposeyouareinaroomwithsomeoneyoudon’tknowandsomethingwithinyousays“Iwanttotalkwiththisperson”–thisissomethingthatmostlyhappenswithallofus.wantedtosaysomething–thefirstword–butitjustwon’tcomeout,itfeelslikeitisstucksomewhere.Iknowthefeelingandhereismyadvice:justgetitout.Justthink:whatistheworstthatcouldhappen?Theywon’ttalkwithyou?Well,theyarenottalkingwithyounow!Itrulybelievethatonceyougetthatfirstwordouteverythingelsewilljustflow.Sokeepitsimple:“Hi”,“Hey”or“Hello”–dothebestyoucantogatheralloftheenthusiasmandenergyyoucan,putonabigsmileandsay“Hi”.42. Itisaproblemallofusface;youhavelimitedtimewiththepersonthatyouwanttotalkwithandyouwanttomakethistalkmemorable.Honestly,ifwegotstuckintherutof“hi”,“hello”,“howareyou?”and“whatisgoingon?”,youwillfailtogivetheinitialjolttotheconversationthatcanmakeitsomemorable.Sodon’tbeafraidtoaskmorepersonalquestions.Trustme,you’llbesurprisedtoseehowmuchpeoplearewillingtoshareifyoujustask.43. Whenyoumeetapersonforthefirsttime,makeanefforttofindthethingswhichyouandthatpersonhaveincommonsothatyoucanbuildtheconversationfromthatpoint.Whenyoustartconversationfromthereandthenmoveoutwards,you’llfindallofasuddenthattheconversationbecomesaloteasier.44. Imagineyouarepouringyourheartouttosomeoneandtheyarejustbusyontheirphone,andifyouaskfortheirattentionyougettheresponse“Icanmultitask”.Sowhensomeonetriestocommunicatewithyou,justbeinthatcommunicationwholeheartedly.Makeeyecontact.Trustme,eyecontactiswhereallthemagichappens.Whenyoumakeeyecontact,youcanfeeltheconversation.45. allcameintoaconversationwhereyoufirstmettheperson,butaftersometimeyoumayhavemetagainandhaveforgottentheirname.Isn’tthatawkward!So,rememberthelittledetailsofthepeopleyoumetoryoutalkedwith;perhapstheplacestheyhavebeento,theplacestheywanttogo,thethingstheylike,thethingstheyhate–whateveryoutalkabout.Whenyouremembersuchthingsyoucanautomaticallybecomeinvestorintheirwellbeing.Sotheyfeelaresponsibilitytoyoutokeepthatrelationshipgoing.it.Fiveamazingwaysthatyoucanmakeconversationwithalmostanyone.Everypersonisareallygoodbooktoread,ortohaveaconversationwith!SectionIII TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationneatlyontheANS