国外心理学史2课件6

AHistoryofPsychologyChapter6:Functionalism:AntecedentsInfluencesI.TheFunctionalistProtestA.concern:Whatdotheminddo? B.FirstuniquelyAmericansystemofpsychology

C.againstWundt'sandTitchener'ssystemsE.Applicationofpsychology:howpeoplefunctioninandadapttodifferentenvironment

II.ForerunnersofFunctionalismA.Darwin:OntheOriginofspecies(1859)B.Fechner:Elementsofpsychophysics(1860)C.Galton:individualdifferences(1869)D.Wundt:PrinciplesofphysiologicalPsychology(1873-1874)E.Animalpsychologyexperiments(1880s)III.TheEvolutionRevolution:CharlesDarwin(1809-1882)A.hislifeAsaboy,heshowedlittleindicationofbecomingascientist.StudiedinCambridgeUniversity;buthespenttimedrinking,singing,orplayingcardsIII.TheEvolutionRevolution:CharlesDarwin(1809-1882)B.Hisworks

1.Untilatriptoobserveavarietyofplantandanimallife,hespenthistimedevelopingatheoryofevolution2.1859:OntheOriginofspecies

a.datatosupporttheideaofevolution b.variationamongmembersofaspeciesnaturalselectione.failuretoadaptresultsinfailuretosurvive….III.TheEvolutionRevolution:CharlesDarwin(1809-1882)C.Darwin'sinfluenceonpsychology1.Intriguingthepossibilityofcontinuityinmentalfunctioningbetweenhumansandloweranimals.2.PsychologistsrealizedthatthestudyofanimalbehaviorwasvitaltoourunderstandingofhumanbehaviorIII.TheEvolutionRevolution:CharlesDarwin(1809-1882)C.Darwin'sinfluenceonpsychology

3.evolutionarytheorychanged:Psychology’ssubjectmatter:fromelementstofunctionsofconsciousnessPsychology’sgoal:howhumansandanimalsfunctionedinadaptingtotheenvironment.III.TheEvolutionRevolution:CharlesDarwin(1809-1882)C.Darwin'sinfluenceonpsychology

4.Broadeningthemethodsinpsychology5.increasedfocusonindividualdifferencesandmeasuringthosedifferencesIV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)A.IndividualdifferencesbeforeGalton1.thetopicwasconsideredinappropriateforpsychologyexceptJuanHuarte.Huarte:TheExaminationofTalentedIndividuals2.hadbeenexaminedbyWeber,Fechner,HelmholtzIV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)B.Galton'slife1.Bonein1822nearBirminghan,England2.Fromawealthyandintelligentfamily;hiscousinisCharlesDarwin3.PossessedanextraordinaryIQ(200)IV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)B.Galton'slife4.Medicaltrainingunderfatherinsistence5.Pursuedhisinterestsinmathbutreturnedtomedicine6.Afterhisfather’sdeath,hepursuedwhathelikesIV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)C.Mentalinheritance

1.1869:HereditaryGeniusa.eminentmenhaveeminentsonsb.eachfamouspersoninheritedaspecificformsofgeniusc.foundedthescienceofeugenics;d.eminencewassolelyafunctionofheredity,notofopportunity

IV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)2.1874:EnglishMenofScience

3.1889:NaturalInheritance

4.1901:foundedaJournal,Biometrika

IV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)5.establishedEugenicsLaboratoryatUniversityCollege,London

6.1904:foundedorganizationforpromotinghisideaonimprovingthe

mentalqualityofthethehumanrace.

IV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)D.Statisticalmethods

AdolphQuetelet(1796-1874):1.firsttoapplystatisticalmethodsandnormalcurvetobiologicalandsocialdataFrancisGalton(1822-1911):1.assumedsimilarresultswouldholdformentalcharacteristics(e.g.,grades)IV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)2.developedmeanandstandarddeviation

3.producedthecorrelationa)validity,reliability,andfactoranalysiswerefromGalton’sresearchoncorrelationb)hisstudentPearsondevelopedproduct-momentcoefficient

ofcorrelationC).Pearson'sr:forrecognitionofGalton'sdiscoveryofregressiontowardthemeanIV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)E.Mentaltests

1.originatedbyGalton,butthetermwasfromMcKeenCattell

2.Assumedthatintelligencecanbemeasuredintermsofsensorycapacities

3.ThisassumptionbasedonLocke'sempiricismIV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)E.Mentaltests4.developedhisowninstrumentstomeasuresensorycapacities;laterbecameastandardpsychologylabequipment

IV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)E.Mentaltests5.1884:establishedAnthropometricLaboratorya.aim:thedefinitionoftherangeofhumancapacitiesoftheentireBritishpopulationb.humancapacities:height,weight,strengthofpullandsqueeze,hearing,version,etc.c.todetermineitscollectivementalresourcesIV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)E.Mentaltests6.hisdatareanalyzedbyAmericanpsychologists.a.Theyfoundhisdatawerestatisticallyreliable(1985)videdinformationondevelopmentaltrendsonweight,armspan,breathing,andstrengthofsqueeze.IV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)F.Theassociationofideas1.twoissuesinassociationa.diversityofassociationsofideasb.thetimerequiredtoproduceassociationsIV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)F.Theassociationofideas2.Galtonfounda.40%ofassociationstracedtoeventsinchildhoodandadolescenceb.foundtheimportanceofunconscious(laterimpactedFreud)c.word-associationtest:firstexperimentalattempttoexamineassociationsIV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)G.Mentalimagery

1.firstextensiveuseofpsychologicalquestionnaire(e.g.,imagesweredimorclear..etc)2.determinedimagerydistributednormallyinthepopulation3.Imagesdescribedbywomenandchildrenweremoredetailedandconcrete.4.foundsimilarimagesmorelikelytooccurbetweensiblingsthanbetweenunrelatedpersons

IV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)H.Additionalresearch

1.self-inducedparanoia2.validityofreligiousbeliefs

3.powerofprayer4.SocietygoalsshouldbetoimprovehumanracethrougheugenicsIV.IndividualDifferences:FrancisGalton(1822-1911)5.Countingyawnsandcoughsatthetheaterorlecturesasameasureofboredom6.arithmeticbysmellAssignednumericalvaluestoodorsandlearnedtoaddandsubtractbythinkingofthemG.Comment1.breadthoftopicsresearched2.greaterimpactthanWundt

V.AnimalPsychologyandtheDevelopmentofFunctionalismA.BeforeDarwin:

noconcernsabouttheanimalmindB.Darwin:1.Nosharpdistinctionbetweenhumansmindsandanimalsminds2.Mentalabilitiesexistinanimals,e.g.,pain,pleasure,orsexualpassion3.searchforevidenceonanimalintelligence

V.AnimalPsychologyandtheDevelopmentofFunctionalismC.Wundt1.Evenanimalsthatdisplayedminimalsensorycapacitiesimplythepossessionofjudgmentandconsciousinference2."inferior"animalshadlesseducationandtrainingratherthannecessarilylesserabilitiesV.AnimalPsychologyandtheDevelopmentofFunctionalismD.Studiesofanimalintelligence

1.GeorgeJohnRomanes(1848-1894)2.ConwyLloydMorgan(1852-1936)V.AnimalPsychologyandtheDevelopmentofFunctionalism1.GeorgeJohnRomanes(1848-1894)Britishphysiologistformalizedandsystematizedstudyofanimalintelligence

DarwinchoseRomanestoapplytheoryofevolutiontotheanimal’smindV.AnimalPsychologyandtheDevelopmentofFunctionalism1.GeorgeJohnRomanes(1848-1894)1883:AnimalIntelligence

1.firstbookoncomparativepsychology2.purpose:demonstratehighlevelofanimalintelligenceitssimilarityofanimalintelligencetohumanintellectualfunctioningthecontinuityinmentaldevelopmentV.AnimalPsychologyandtheDevelopmentofFunctionalism1.GeorgeJohnRomanes(1848-1894)Two