2023学年完整版Unit1GettingalongwithothersGrammarandusage设计

Unit1Gettingalongwithothers-Grammar(动词不定式)教学设计一．不定式的五种基本形式主动被动一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing不定式的否定形式：nottodo/nottohavedone/nottobedoing/nottobedone/nottohavebeendone不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式不定式的进行式由tobe+V-ing构成，用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。eg.Somestudentspretended____________(read)Englishwhentheteachercamein.②不定式完成式由tohave+V-ed构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。eg.---IsBobstillperforming?---I’mafraidnot.Heissaid__________(leave)thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.③不定式的被动式分为一般式被动tobeV-ed和完成式被动tohavebeenV-ed。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。eg.Itisanhonourforme_____________(invite)totheparty.Thebookissaid_______________________(translate)intomanylanguages.Allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately_____intimeforChristmas.A.inordertohavereceivedB.inordertoreceiveC.soastobereceivedD.soastobereceiving二.不定式句法功能1.作主语：Tofindatruefriendisdifficult.不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语Itisdifficulttofindatruefriend.Isitdifficulttofindatruefriend?Howdifficultitistofindatruefriend!不定式作主语常见句型：a)Itis+adj.(easy,important,difficult…)+todosth.b)Itis+n.(apity,apleasure,one’sduty,ashame)+todosth.eg.It’sapleasuretogoshoppingatweekends.c)Ittakes/needs/requires+sometime(hours,months,days,patience…)+todosth.eg.Itrequirespatiencetobeagoodteacher.2.作表语：当句子的主语是aim,idea,policy,question,suggestion,wish,task,duty,job,purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。eg.Ourmostimportanttasknowistomakeaplan.注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。eg.Theonlythingwecandonowiswaitandsee.3.作宾语Theteachersaid“Remembertobringthebooktomorrow!”a)可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree,afford,tend,ask,decide,determine,expect,fail,hope,learn,intend,manage,offer,plan,promise,refuse,want,wish等当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动词＋it＋补语＋todo句式,常用动词有feel,think,find,believe,consider,make等。如:Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.Ithinkitdifficulttofindatruefriend.b)不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只有少数介词如but,except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，如果but或except前面有do,does,did,todo时，通常省略to。eg.Thebushadn’tcome.Wehadnochoicebuttowait.=Wecoulddonothingbutwait.4.宾语补足语在主语+谓语+宾语+宾补句型中，许多动词都可以接不定式作宾语补足语。a)通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to，常用于以下动词之后：ask,tell,advise,allow,permit,enable,expect,force,get,like,order,teach,want,invite,wish,beg等Youshouldgetthemtohelpyou.在谓语动词believe,find,think,feel,consider,suppose,imagine,prove等后面跟tobe…作宾补，不跟todo,有时tobe可省略WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool.但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.b)以下两类动词后跟不定式作宾补时不能带to①使役动词，如：let,have,make等②感官动词，如：see,watch,notice,lookat,listento,hear,feel,等Don’tletthechildrentroubleyou.Iheardsomeoneopenthedoor.但当这两类动词为被动态时，不定式就成了主补。作主补的不定式必须加上toHisfathermadehimgotobedearly.→Hewasmadetogotobedearlybyhisfather.动词不定式省略to的情况还有：a)wouldrather,hadbetter,whynotdoIwouldrathergoswimming.Youhadbettertidyyourbedroom.WhynotvisityourcousininJapan?b)当两个动词不定式由and,or,except,but,than,ratherthan相连接时，通常情况下第二个to要省略Doyouwanttogoshoppingorwatchafilm?Idecidedtowriteratherthanphone.WehadnothingtodobutwatchTV.=wehadnochoicebuttowatchTV.(注：一般情况下作介词but,except后接todo，但是如果but或except前面有do,does,did,todo时，通常省略to。)5.作定语不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有attempt,decision,promise,plan等eg.Hehasn’tkepthispromisetowritetohisparentsregularly.②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有ability,determination,anxiety,eagerness等eg.Hiseagernesstofinishhishomeworkwasquiteclear.③序数词、形容词最高级或被only,last,next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语：Shewastheonlypersontosurviveaftertheearthquake.（Tips:不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词。）Eg.He’salwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.主谓关系I’venotimetolistentoyourexcuse.同位关系Shehasameetingtoattend.（动宾关系=attendameeting）There’snothingtoworryabout.(动宾关系=worryaboutnothing)6.作状语⒈作目的状语①Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.②Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor.有时为了强调，不定式前可加inorder或soas。如：Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.有时为强调目的状语可把inorderto或不定式置于句首，但soasto不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为sothat,inorderthat,成为目的状语从句，如：Istayedthereinorder(soas)toseewhatwouldhappen.=Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen.⒉作原因状语在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。Wearegladtohearthenews.Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.

在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语如：Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.常这样用的形容词有:easy,difficult,heavy,light,comfortable,fit,impossible等。

⒊作结果状语Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.

不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：

so…asto;such…asto

I'mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。

I'mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting.

②enough…to

Theboyisn’toldenoughtogotoschool.=Theboyistooyoungtogotoschool.

onlyto用于表示意想不到的结果

Janehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.

③too…to

I'mtootiredtostayuplonger.但在下列结构中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如：

①I'monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰gladtohave…，相当于very）

②Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。

4.不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：

Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome常见的短语有tobeexact（确切地说），tobeginwith（首先），todohimjustice（说句对他公道的话），tobesure（真的）等等。Eg.Totellyouthetruth,Idislikeyou.7.作同位语eg.Theordertostartthegeneralattacksooncame.不定式的复合结构，以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如果其前的形容词是指行为的性质就用：forsb.todosth.这种复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。ItisnecessaryformetolearnEnglishwell.如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行为的人，则用ofsb.todosth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right,wrong,brave,careful,careless,clever,wise,stupid,cruel,foolish,good,honest,kind,nice,silly等。eg.It’sverykindofyoutocometoseeme.连接代（副）词+不定式（包括whether,what,which,whom,where,when,how,不包括why），在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在诸如tell,know,show,decide,learn,wonder,explain等动词后作宾语,也可作主语或表语。eg.NoonecantellmewheretofindJohn.Whentostarttheexamisstillunknown.Theproblemishowtogetenoughmoney.动词不定式巩固练习1.I'veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat________inmynewjob.A．expectedB．toexpectC．tobeexpectingD．expects2._______lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.A．TosleepB．SleepingC．SleepD．Havingslept3.Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand_______them.A．correctB．correctingC．correctsD．tocorrectmotherdidn'tknow_________toblameforthebrokenglassasithappenedwhileshewasout.Ａ．whoＢ．whenＣ．howＤ．What5.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains_________whethertheywillenjoyit.Ａ．toseeＢ．tobeseenＣ．seeingＤ．Seen6.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows_______.Ａ．itwhattodowithＢ．whattodoitwithＣ．whattodowithitＤ．todowhatwithit7. ―Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?―Thekey____theproblemistomeetthedemand____bythecustomers.A.tosolving;making B.tosolving;madeC.tosolve;making D.tosolve;made8.Theteacheraskedus__________somuchnoise.A.don’tmakeB.notmake C.notmaking D.nottomake9.Myadvisorencouraged______asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.Aformetaking Bmetaking Cformetotake Dmetotake10.Themaninsisted_______ataxiformeeventhoughItoldhimIlivednearby.A.find B.tofindC.onfindingD.infinding11.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only______thefilmstarshadleft.A．totell B．tobetold C．telling D．told12.Havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtime_____theexam.A．pass B．topass C．passed D．passing13.Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,better______it—you’vegotsomebigbillscoming.A.forgetB.forgotC.forgettingD.toforget14.Helenhadtoshout_____abovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhear B.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheard D.tomakeherselfheard15.Youweresillynot____yourcar.A.tolock B.tohavelocked C.locking D.havinglocked16.Idon’tknowwhetheryouhappen,butI’mgoingtostudyinthethisSeptember.A．tobeheardB．tobehearingC．tohear D．tohaveheard17.Accordingtoarecent.survey,childrenspentupto25hoursaweek_________TV.A.towatchB.towatching C.watchingD.watch18.Thefluisbelieved_______byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.A.causingB.beingcaused C.tobecaused D.behavecaused19.I'mgoingtothesupermarketthisafternoon.Doyouhaveanything________?A.tobebuyingB.tobuyC.forbuyingD.bought20.Victorapologizedfor__________toinformmeofthechangeintheplan.A.hisbeingnotableB.himnottobeableC.hisnotbeingableD.himtobenotable21.It’snecessarytobepreparedforajobtheanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.A.Tohavehad B.Havinghad C.Have D.Having22.Heglancedoverather,______thatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywellputtogether.A.notingB.notedC.tonoteD.havingnoted23.Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest______inayear.A.followsB.followedC.tofollowD.beingfollowed24.----IsBobstillperforming?----I'mafraidnot.Heissaid________thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficialA.tohaveleftB.toleaveC.tohavebeenleftD.tobeleft25.Ithinkyou’llgrow________himwhenyouknowhimbetter.A．liking B．tobelike C．tolike D．tobeliking26.Whilewatchingtelevision,__________.A．thedoorbellrangB．thedoorbellringsC．weheardthedoorbellringD．weheardthedoorbellrings27.Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust_______alookatthesportsstars.A.had B.having C.tohave D.have28._________moreaboutuniversitycourses,call(920)746-3789.A．Tofindout B．FindingoutC．FindoutD．Havingfoundout29.Idon'twant_______likeI'mspeakingillofanybody,butthemanager’splanisunfair.A.tosoundB.tobesoundedC.soundingD.tohavesounded30.Soontheysawtheboy_________inthecrowd.A.disappear B.todisappear C.disappears D.disappeared31.Didyounoticethelittleboy__________away?A.tookthecandyandrun B.takethecandyandrunC.takingthecandyandrun D.whotakingthecandyrunning32.Iheardhim__________so.A.says B.saying C.say D.said33.ProfessorBlackhadus__________compositionseveryFriday.A.towrite B.written C.write D.writing34.MrsSmithmadeherpupils__________thetextthreetimesaweek.A.recite B.recited C.reciting D.torecite35.Shewasseen__________modelshipsintheroom.A.made B.tomake C.makes D.make36.Birdsareseldomheard__________atnight.A.sing B.singing C.tosing D.tobesinging37.Theareoplanewasnoticed__________atsix.A.takeoff B.totakeoff C.getoff D.togetoff38.MrCrossettwasmake__________histeachingbecauseofhispoorhealthandoldage.A.giveup B.givein C.togiveup D.togivein39.Thebookissaid__________intomanyforeignlanguages.A.tohavebeentranslated B.tohavetranslatedC.tobetranslating D.havingbeentranslated40.TheMarquiswasthought_________someterriblewrongstohistenants.A.ofdoing B.thathehaddone C.tohavedone D.tohavebeendone41.Doyouthinkitdifficult__________ahorse__________?A.totrain,jumping B.training,forjumpingC.totrain,jump D.totrain,tojump42.Mycarhasbrokendown.Wouldyouhelpme__________?A.togetthecartostart B.getthecarstartC.togetthecarstarted D.gettostartthecar43.Heorderedtheroom__________.A.tosweep B.tobeswept C.shouldsweep D.swept44.TellTomandJack_________eachother.A.notquarrel B.nottoquarrelwithC.tonotquarrelwith D.theynotquarrel45.Hewouldlikethem__________everyday.A.topractice B.topractise C.practicing D.practicing46.---“Areyougoingtoleavingnow?”---“Unlessyouwouldpreferme__________here.”A.tostay B.willstay C.thatI’llstay D.staying47.Whatapity!Onecannothelp__________sorryfortheinjured.A.tofeel B.oneselftofeel C.feeling D.oneselffromfeeling48.Nothingcould__________theboyfrom__________thetallbuilding.A.prevent,riskingclimbing B.prevent,riskingtoclimbC.stop,riskclimbing D.keep,riskingclimb49.OnSundaysIprefer__________athometo__________out