医学英语第五讲

第五讲方法论文的材料与方法部分在结构式摘要中简称为“methods”，或“patientsandmethods”或“designandmethods”或“researchdesignandmethod”方法部分主要陈述研究设计(studydesign)研究对象的特性(identityofsubjects)干预或处理方法(intervention)测定或观察方法(measurement)示例(p.119)

ExampleObjective:Totestprospectivelywhetherserumlaminin(昆布氨酸)levels,whichistakentoindicateportalhypertension,canpredicttheoccurrenceofseverecomplicationsinadvancedcirrhosisoftheliver.[目的及研究设计]PatientsandMethods:In38patients(21menand17women;meanage55.6+13.4years)withliverfibrosis(n=4)orlivercirrhosis(n=34)serumlamininwasmeasuredbyacommerciallyavailableradioimmunoassay(Behring,Marburg)[研究对象特性、测定内容及方法].TheseverityoflivercirrhosiswasgradedaccordingtotheChild-Pugh-Christensencriteria.Portalhypertensionwasassessedbystandardendoscopicmethodsandportal-veinduplex（多普勒）sonography.Withinameanobservationperiodof12.5+3.5months,thefollowingwereusedassignsofsevereclinicalcomplicationsoflivercirrhosis:stageIIIandIVofhepaticcoma,treatment-refractoryascites(顽固性腹水),portalveinthrombosisanddeathduetomulti-organfailure.[评价标准及方法]

1.研究对象的选择、来源与排除

Example1

Patientswererandomlyselectedfromvolunteerswithcutaneousleishmanniasis(皮肤利什曼病)wholivedinahyperendemicarea(高流行病区).Exclusioncriteriawerepregnancy,gestation,ageyoungerthan12years,anddurationofdiseaseofmorethan4months.(p.120)语言点：随机选择/分组：berandomlyselectedfrom/berandomizedinto排除/选择标准：exclusioncriteriafor…/inclusioncriteriafor…included/were12岁以下12岁或12岁以下：youngerthan12years/12yearsoryoungerNOT:youngerthan12yearsold病程：theduration/courseofdiseaseExample2Atotalof169patientswereincludedinthestudy,83ofwhomreceivedtrimetazidine（心康宁）orallyataninitialdoseof60mgfollowedby20mgtidfor5days.Thesepatientsformedthestudygroup(groupT)whiletheremaining86,thecontrolgroup(groupC).(p.120)语言点：总共：atotalof接受/使用（药物）：receive/beadministered/begiven起始剂量：initialdosage维持剂量：maintenancedosage冲击剂量：aggressivedosage/abolus随后：(be)followedby研究组：thestudygroup/theinterventiongroup/thetreatmentgroup其余的…：theremaining/theother(25patients)…NOT:theremained25patientsExample3

Methods:Twenty-sevenpatientsoverage65,withleftventricularsystolicdysfunction,wereageandsex-matchedwith19patientswithnormalleftventricularsystolicfunction.Patientswithsignificantmitraloraorticvalvulardiseaseswereexcluded.(p120)语言点：年龄、性别、身体状况相对应：bematchedwith…in(age,genderandgeneralcondition)2.研究对象的分组及标准

Example1Basedongestationalage,32normalprimigravid(初产的)patientsweredividedintothreegroups:GroupI(n=11),lessthan12gestationalweeks;GroupII(n=10),13to26gestationalweeks,andGroupIII(n=11),27gestationalweeksormore.语言点：分组的叙述Example2

Toclarifytheseissues,werandomized60patientsundergoingaorticvalvereplacementtoanaortichemorrhagegroup(groupA=37patients;53%;34male,3female)orapulmonaryautograftgroup(groupB=33patients;47%;28male,5female).(p121)语言点：怎样用括号表述性别、年龄3.年龄、性别

Example1The120patientsrangedinagefrom18monthsto71yearswithameanof36.5years.Example2Themale-to-femaleratiowas1:4.Themeanageatonsetwas11.5years(range7-16years)andthemeandurationofdiseasewas6.5years(range3-13years).4.时间点Example1Bodyweightandbiochemicalparametersweremeasuredweekly,andaliverbiopsywasobtainedat4,8and12weeks.Hemodynamicswereevaluatedat12weeks.Example2Thetimelagfromonsetofthesymptomstoconfirmeddiagnosisofthediseaseaveraged7.2daysinthe1980sversus4.5daysinthe1990s.注意“分别”的用法respectively的不当写法：Fourpatientsdied3monthsto8yearsafterrenaltransplantationrespectively.Graftsurvivalwas88%at1year,75.2%at5years,and83%at8years,respectively.比较：Fourpatientsdied3monthsto8yearsafterrenaltransplantation.Graftsurvivalwas88%,75.2%,and83%at1year，5yearsand8yearsrespectively.或：1-,5-and8-yearsurvivalwas88%,75.2%and83%respectively.respectivelyorindependently/separately?Theangiogramswereinterpretedbytwoseniorradiologistsindependently.5.固定、切片、染色Example1Immunohistochemical(免疫组化)stainingwasperformedonformalinfixed,paraffinwaxembeddedhistologicalsections.Example2

Allthetissueswerefixedin10%bufferedformalinandembeddedinparaffinwax.Slidesstainedwithhematoxylinandeosin(HE)andperiodicacid-Schiff（高碘酸席夫试剂）beforeandafterdiastase（淀粉酶制剂）digestionwasevaluated.Example3

Immunohistochemicalstainingwasperformedusingastreptavidin-biotinimmunoperoxidase（抗生蛋白链霉素－生物素免疫过氧化酶）method.Waxedsections(4μm)weretreatedwith3%hydrogenperoxidefor10minutestoblockendogenousperoxidase（内原性过氧化酶）.Thesectionswerethenincubatedwith5%bovineserumalbumin(BSA)intris-bufferedsaline(TBS)for30minutestoeliminateanynon-specificstaining（非特异性染色）.Example3Immunohistochemicalstainingwasperformedusingastreptavidin-biotinimmunoperoxidase（抗生蛋白链霉素－生物素免疫过氧化酶）method.Waxedsections(4m)weretreatedwith3%hydrogenperoxidefor10minutestoblockendogenousperoxidase（内原性过氧化酶）.Thesectionswerethenincubatedwith5%bovineserumalbumin(BSA)intris-bufferedsaline(TBS)for30minutestoeliminateanynon-specificstaining（非特异性染色）.6.实验研究常用词组样本：specimens石蜡（包裹）切片：paraffin(embedded)sections切片(v.&n)：section/slice染色(v.&n)：stain/beHEstained洗/冲淋：wash/rinse:ThestainedsectionswerewashedtwiceandrinsedwithPBS/normalsalinefor5minutes.6.制成匀浆：behomogenized:Themucosasampleswerehomogenizedwith1ml1mol/Laceticacid（醋酸）andneutralized（中和）with…7.滴（入）：pipette:capillarypipette（毛细滴管）/dropinto:Thesupernatantwaspipetted/pi‘pet/intoa96-wellplateandincubatedat37ºCovernight.8.底物：substrate9.引物：primer10.载体：carrier/vehicle11.逆转录：reversetranscribe/transcription12.介导：mediate/mediation13.编码：encode/encoding14.测序：sequence/sequencing15.转染：transfect/transfection16.酶切：enzymecut/enzymecutting17.复制：replicate/duplicate/copy18.扩增：amplify/amplification19.片段：segment20.结合：conjugate/conjugation121.转化：transform/transformation22.转导：transduce/transduction23.转座：transpose/tranposition24.调节：regulate/regulation25.下调：downregulate25.上调：upregulate26.归巢：home/homing27.迁移：migrate/migration28.凋亡：apoptosis/apoptic/apoptose29.坏死：necrosis/necrose/necrotic30.位点：sitepoint31.高表达：overexpress/overexpression32.融化/冻解：：thaw/freezethaw33.缓冲：bebuffered/use/withtherecommendedbuffer34.探针：probe探索：probeinto35.插入探针：inserttheprobeinto36.取样：sample/sampling:Thebloodwassampledfrom125malepatientswhoweresuspectedtohaveHIVinfection/suspectedashavingHIVinfection

37.重组基因组：recombinantgenome38.基因片断：genesegments39.基因工程：geneengineering40.基因治疗：genetherapy41.上（下）游：up(down)stream42.与…结合：bindto43.与…反应：reactwith/towards44.测试盒：anassaykit45.40人份：40assaysinduplicate46.－20C保存待用：bestoredat–20Cfor(until)use/assay/measurement/study/analysis47.问卷调查：aquestionnaire（survey）48.将…置于…之下：besubjectedto:Themiceweresubjectedtowholebody60Cor-rayirradiation.案例分析1

CaseanalysisThepatientsinthetreatmentgroupwerediagnosedassquamouscellcarcinomaandadenocarcinoma.Inthecontrolgroup,therewere30cases(male18,female12,aged31.8+9.5)问题：bediagnosedas(having)30cases还是30patients?Correction

Thepatientsinthetreatmentgroupwerediagnosedashavingsquamouscellcarcinomaandadenocarcinoma.Inthecontrolgroup,therewere30patients(male18,female12;meanage31.8+9.5years)Methods:PatientsingroupAacceptedFentany(2mg/Kg,intravenously)beforehand,theninfusedwithPropofolatarateof40mgper10seconds,pausedfor10secondswhentheproposaldosage

reachedto1.5mg/Kg.Ifpatients’eyelashreflexwasdisappeared,gavemusclerelaxant.

【写后忘前】案例分析2

CaseanalysisCorrection

Methods:ThepatientsingroupAreceived2mg/KgFentanyi.v.priortoinfusionwithPropofolatarateof40mgper10seconds.Whentheproposeddosagereached1.5mg/Kg,infusionwasdiscontinuedfor10seconds.Ifeyelashreflexofthepatientsdisappeared,a(the)musclerelaxantwasgiven.Chinese-Engl