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1.在中国,笔、墨、纸、砚(inkslab),就是人们所说的“文房四宝”,在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。文房四宝不仅有实用价值,它们自身也是供人欣赏的艺术品,并逐步成为收藏品。文房四宝品类繁多,丰富多彩,选材制作不断趋于完善、精美,历代都有名品、名匠产生,成为一种深厚的文化积淀。在当今时代,使用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习、写作的人越来越少了,但是,在中国的书法、绘画、收藏以及修身养性活动中,它们仍起着不可替代的作用。InChina,“fourtreasuresofthestudy”refersto“writingbrush”,“inkstick”,“paper”and“inkslab”,playinganimportantroleinpassingonChinesecivilization.Theynotonlyhavetheirvalueofpracticaluse,butalsobecometheworksofartforappreciationandcollection.Thereisalargevarietyofthesefourtreasures.Selectingofmaterialsandmakingprocesshavebecomeincreasinglydelicateandperfect.EachdynastyofChinesehistorysawfamouscraftsmenappearandworksproduced,whichisaprofoundprocessofculturalaccumulation.Incontemporarytimes,“fourtreasuresofthestudy”havebeenincreasinglyrarelyusedforstudyorwrithing,buttheyarestillplayinganirreplaceableroleinthefieldofChinesecalligraphy,painting,collectionandintheactivitiesofcultivatingone'smind.2.孔子(Confucius)是春秋时期(theSpringandAutumnPeriod)的大思想家、大教育家和儒家学派(Confucianism)的创始人,是古代中国人心目中的圣人。孔子的言论和生平活动记录在由他的弟子或再传弟子编成的《论语》(TheAnalects)一书中。《论语》是中国古代文化的经典著作。在孔子之后几千年的中国历史上,没有哪一位思想家、文学家和政治家不受《论语》的影响。不研究《论语》,就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。Asagreatthinker,educatorandfounderofConfucianismduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,ConfuciusisasagetotheancientChinesepeople.HiswordsandlifestorywererecordedbyhisdisciplesandtheirstudentsinTheAnalects.AsanenduringclassicofChineseculture,TheAnalectshasinfluencedallthinkers,writersandpoliticiansinthethousandyears’ChinesehistoryafterConfucius.Noscholarcouldtrulyunderstandthislong-standingcultureortheinnerworldoftheancientChinesewithoutthisbook.3.大约在两千数年前,中国就出现了蜡染(waxprinting)。在中国服饰中,蜡染是一种流传时间长、流行范围大、使用领域广的服装工艺。蜡染是在布匹着色的过程中,以蜂蜡(beeswax)作为防止染色的材料。蜂蜡干了之后,会产生一些裂纹,这些裂纹在染色过程中渗透进靛蓝色,于是形成了如冰花式样的美妙纹理。这样自然天成的纹理可以说是蜡染的灵魂所在。WaxprintingappearedinChinaabout2,000yearsago.WaxprintinghaslongbeenawidespreadtechniqueusedinthehistoryofChinesefashion.Duringthedyeingprocess,beeswaxisappliedtopreventsomepartsoftheclothformbeingdyed.Whenthebeeswaxdries,itdevelopscracks,whichabsorbindigointheprocessofdyeing,thusformingthebeautifulnaturallinesresemblingbreakingice.Thesenaturallyformedlinesrepresentthebeautyandsoulofwaxprinting.4.景泰蓝(cloisonné)是驰名中外的传统工艺,它集青铜艺术、瓷器和雕刻诸种工艺制作技巧于一身,是一门地道的北京绝活。它是收藏家收藏的佳品,也是人们居家使用的精美物品。这项工艺始创于明代景泰年间,初创时的颜色重要是蓝色,故得名“景泰蓝”。到了成化年间,景泰蓝技术进一步成熟,这个时期的作品沉稳凝重又透明灵动,并且铜胎也极为讲究。CloisonnéisatraditionalartwidelyknowninandoutsideChina.ItisakindofsuperblocalexpertiseformofBeijing,whichcombinestheskillsofbronzeart,porcelain,carvingandothertypesoffolkarts.Itisdeemedvaluableintheeyesofcollectors,aswellasrefinedornamentsfordailyuse.ThemakingofcloisonnéfirstappearedduringtheJingtaireignoftheMingDynasty,withthemaincolourusedbeingblue,hencethename“JingtaiBlue”asitbecameknownlateron.BythetimeoftheChenghuareign,thetechniquesformakingcloisonnéwerefurtherdeveloped,withproductsofthisperiodlookingheavyanddignifiedyetnotlackingineloquenceorvividness.Moreover,itscastwasalwaysmadeofchoicecopper.5.饺子是深受中国人民爱慕的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是涉及:1)擀皮、2)备馅、3)包馅水煮三个环节。其特点是皮薄馅嫩,味道鲜美,形状独特,百食不厌。民间有“好吃但是饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗,寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说,“更岁交子”吃饺子,更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。DumplingsareoneoftheChinesepeople’sfavoritetraditionaldishes.AccordingtoanancientChineselegend,dumplingswerefirstmadebythemedicalsaint---ZhangZhongjing.Therearethreestepsinvolvedinmakingdumplings:1)makedumplingwrappersoutofdumplingflour;2)preparethedumplingstuffing;3)makedumplingsandboilthem.Withthinandelasticdoughskin,freshandtenderstuffing,delicioustaste,anduniqueshapes,dumplingsarewortheatinghundredsoftimes.There’sanoldsayingthatclaims,“Nothingcouldbemoredeliciousthandumplings”.DuringtheSpringFestivalandotherholidays,orwhentreatingrelativesandfriends,Chinesepeopleliketofollowtheauspiciouscustomofeatingdumplings.ToChinesepeoplewhoshowhighreverenceforfamilylove,havingdumplingsatthemomenttheoldyearisreplacedbythenewisanessentialpartofbiddingfarewelltotheoldandusheringinthenewyear.6.汉字是从原始人用以记事的简朴图画,通过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文,被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后,汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“,源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画,即:横、竖、撇、捺、折。Chinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusedtohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquecharactersystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.Thewritingsystem,whichwasextremelyadvancedinancienttimes,beganwithinscriptionsonbonesandtortoiseshells,andtheseareregardedastheoriginalformsofChinesecharacters.Afterwards,Chinesecharacterswentthroughnumerouscalligraphicstyles:bronzeinscriptions,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,runningscript,etc.Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularEarth.ThefivebasicstrokesofChinesecharactersare“---“(thehorizontalstroke)“│”(theverticalstroke),“/”(theleft-fallingstroke),“\”(theright-fallingstroke),and“乙”(theturningstroke).7.中国的青铜器时代(BronzeAge)从夏开始,经历商、西周到春秋时期(theSpringandAutumnPeriod),前后连续了一千五百数年的时间。大量出土的青铜器物表白,中国发明了灿烂的青铜文明。这些青铜器物不仅有丰富的政治和宗教内涵,并且还具有很高的艺术价值。今藏于中国历史博物馆的大盂鼎(theGreatDingforYu)是中国青铜器时代的代表性作品之一。它是西周康王(KingKang)时期的作品,距今大约有三千数年。TheBronzeAgeinChinalastedmorethan1,500years,fromtheXiathroughtheShangandWesternZhouDynasties,totheSpringandAutumnPeriod.Largenumbersofunearthedartifactsindicateahighlevelofancientbronzecivilizationinthecountry.Theyfeaturerichpoliticalandreligiousthemes,andareofhighartisticvalue.ArepresentativeexampleistheGreatDingforYu,whichisnowpreservedintheMuseumof8.1911年,中国爆发了历史上的第一次资产阶级革命——辛亥革命(theRevolutionof1911),它推翻了中国封建社会的最后一个朝代——清朝,废除了中国延续了2023数年的封建帝制,建立了中国的第一个民主共和国——中华民国。民国政府成立以后,规定全国人民都剪掉头上的辫子(queues),选择自己喜欢的发型。至此,在中国延续了280数年的辫子法令终于被解除。In1911,thefirstbourgeoisrevolutioninChinesehistory—theRevolutionof1911brokeout.ThelastdynastyoftheChinesefeudalsociety,QingDynasty,wasover-thrownandthemonarchsystemthathadahistoryofmorethan2,000yearswasabolished.TheRepublicofChina,thefirstdemocraticrepublicinChina,wasfoundedin1912.Afteritsfoundation,thegovernmentofRepublicofChinahadrequiredthecitizenstocutofftheirqueuesandmakethehaircuttheyliked.Sincethen,thewearing-queueorderthathadlastedformorethan280yearsinChinahasbeenabolished.9.端午节,又叫龙舟节,是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣(minister),他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后由于受到诽谤(vilify)而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方,抛下粽子,希望鱼儿吃粽子,不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来,端午节的特色在于吃粽子(glutinousdumplings)和赛龙舟,特别是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。TheDuanwuFestival,alsocalledtheDragonBoatFestival,istocommemoratethepatrioticpoetQuYuan.QuYuanwasaloyalandhighlyesteemedminister,whobroughtpeaceandprosperitytothestatebutendedupdrowninghimselfinariverasaresultofbeingvilified.Peoplegottothespotbyboatandcastglutinousdumplingsintothewater,hopingthatthefishesatethedumplingsinsteadofQuYuan’sbody.Forthousandsofyears,thefestivalhasbeenmarkedbyglutinousdumplingsanddragonboatraces,especiallyinthesouthernprovinceswheretherearemanyriversandlakes.10.京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”,是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧,特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末,京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术,集唱(歌唱)、念(念白)、做(表演)、打(武)、舞(舞蹈)为一体,通过程式化的表演手段,叙述故事,刻画人物。角色重要分生(男性)、旦(女性)、净(男性)、丑(男性女性皆有)四大行当。ChineseBeijingOperaPraisedas“OrientalOpera”,BeijingOperaisagenuinenationalquintessenceofChina.Itoriginatedfrommanykindsofancientlocaloperas,especiallyhuibaninsouthernChina.Attheendofthe19thCentury,BeijingOperaevolvedandtookshape,becomingthegreatestkindofoperainChina.BeijingOperaisablendofperformingarts---song,speech,performance,acrobatixfightinganddance.BeijingOperaportraysandnarratestheplotandcharactersthroughstylizedacting.ThemaintypesofrolesinBeijingOperaaresheng(male),dan(youngfemale),jing(paintedface,male),andchou(clown,maleorfemale).11.北京烤鸭是自封建帝王时代就在北京城流行的著名菜肴,如今它被认为是中国的一道国菜。这道菜以它薄而脆的酥皮,以及厨师们在客人面前片鸭子的真实情形而著称。专门用于制作烤鸭的鸭子在养殖65天后就被屠宰了,鸭子在烤制前要先用调料腌制(season),然后才送进焖炉或者挂炉。鸭肉通常配上葱(scallion)、黄瓜和甜面酱,用薄饼卷着食用。PekingduckisafamousduckdishthathasbeenpopularsincetheimperialerainBeijing,andisnowconsideredanationaldishofChina.Thedishisprizedforthethin,crispskinwithauthenticvisionofthedishservingslicedinfrontofthedinersbythecook.Ducksbredspeciallyforthedishareslaughteredafter65daysandseasonedbeforebeingroastedinaclosedorhungoven.Themeatisusuallyeatenwithpancakes,scallion,cucumbersandsweetbeansauce.12.在中国,品茗是一种典礼(ritual),一种精致品味(refinedtaste)的展示。人们在饮茶的同时,也领略着(takedelightin)品茶的情趣之意。品茗聊天是中国人中最流行的打发时间的方式。过去,他们是以进有名的茶馆(teahouse)而开始一天的生活的。中国的茶馆相称于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。到这里不仅是为了品茗,也是为了议论本地的新闻或就政治话题进行剧烈的(furious)争论。TeadrinkinginChinaisaritualandademonstrationoftherefinedtaste.Whiledrinkingtea,peoplealsotakedelightintheessenceOfteaitself.ChattingoverapotofteaisaverypopularwayOfpastimeamongChinese.Inthepast,theywouldstartthedaywithavisittoawell—knownteahouse.ChineseteahouseswouldbetheequivalentofFrenchcafesandEnglishpubs.Peoplecomeherenotjustfortea,butalsotodiscusslocalnewsortohavefuriouspoliticaldebates.13.中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千数年。筷子古时称为箸,它看似简朴,但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物,如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同,成双结对的筷子具有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。ChineseChopsticksTheChinesewayofeatingwithchopsticksisuniqueintheworld.Therecordedhistoryofchopsticksstartedmorethanthreethousandyearsago.ChopstickswerenamedzhuinancientChinese.Theylookdeceptivelysimpletouse,butpossessmulti-variousfunctions,suchasclamping,turningover,liftingup,raking,stirring,scooping,poking,tearing,andsoon.ChopsticksweretakenasanauspiciousmascotbyordinarypeopleinancientChina.Forexample,thepartialtoneofchopsticksisoftenusedbypeopleasametaphoratweddingstoindicateablessingorbenedictionforthecoupletohaveababysoon.Unlikeusingaknifeandforkorone’sownhands,apairofchopsticksalsoimpliesthemeaningof“Harmonyiswhatmatters”.ChopsticksarehighlypraisedbyWesternersasahallmarkofancientorientalcivilization.14.《三国演义》由罗贯中创作于14世纪,是一部中国历史题材小说。小说以汉朝末年和三国时期的历史演变为背景,叙述了在这个动荡(turbulent)时期发生的一系列重大事情。整个故事情节从公元168年开始一直到公元280年领土统一(reunification)时结束。小说篇幅长达80万字,分为120个章节,共描述了1,191个人物角色,堪称中国文学史上四大经典小说之一。RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,writtenbyLuoGuanzhonginthe14thcentury,isaChinesehistoricalnovelbaseduponeventsintheturbulentyearsneartheendoftheHanDynastyandtheThreeKingdomsera,startinginAD168andendingwiththereunificationofthelandinAD280.ItisacclaimedasoneoftheFourGreatClassicalNovelsofChineseliterature,withagrandtotalof800,000words,1,191characters,and120chapters.15.秧歌舞(Yangko)是中国汉族的一种传统民间舞蹈,通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装(costume),他们的表演动作有力而迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期闻,人们一旦听到锣(gong)鼓声,不管外面天气有多冷,他们都会蜂拥到街上观看秧歌舞表演。近年来,中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了秧歌队,队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康,同时他们也乐在其中。TheYangkodanceisatraditionalfolkdanceoftheHanChinese,commonlyperformedinthenorthernprovinces.Yangkodancersusuallywearbrightandcolorfulcostumes,andtheirmovementsarevigorousandquick.DuringholidayssuchaslunarNewYearandtheLanternFestival,assoonaspeoplehearthesoundofdrumsandgongstheyswarmintothestreetstowatchYangkodanceperformances,nomatterhowcolditisoutside.Inrecentyears,elderlypeopleinsomecitiesinNortheastChinahavebeenorganizingthemselvesintoYangkoteams,withthedancersmostlyenjoyingthemselveswhilekeepingfitallyearround.16.词,是中国古代诗歌的一种。它始于南梁代,形成于唐代,至宋代达成顶峰。词多配合音乐可以演唱,是唐宋时代的重要文学形式之一。词最早产生于民间,大都是反映爱情相思之类的内容。词基本可以分为两个流派:一派以李煜、李清照等为代表,其语言优美;另一派以苏轼、辛弃疾等为代表,其语言宏大豪放。核心词汇:词:Ci南梁:SouthernLangDynasty流派:schoolWords,isanancientChinesepoetry.ItbeganinSouthernLiangDynasty,formedintheTangDynastytotheSongDynastypeaked.Morethanwordscansingwiththemusic,istheTangandSongDynastiesoneofthemajorliteraryforms.Thewordoriginatedintheprivatesector,mostlyreflectingtheloveofAcaciaclasscontent.Wordscanbebasicallydividedintotwoschools:onefactiontoLiYu,LiQingzhaoastherepresentatives,anditslanguageisbeautiful;factionofSuShi,Xinastherepresentatives,theirlanguageambitiousbold.17.长城是人类发明的世界奇迹之一。假如你到了中国却没去过长城,就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔,或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔同样。人们常说:“不到长城非好汉。”事实上,长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙,直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而,今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关,西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。TheGreatWallisoneofthewondersoftheworldthatcreatedbyhumanbeings!IfyoucometoChinawithoutclimbingtheGreatWall,it'sjustlikegoingPariswithoutvisitingtheEiffelTower;orgoingtoEgyptwithoutvisitingthePyramids!Menoftensay,"HewhodoestnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman."Infact,itbeganasindependentwallsfordifferentstateswhenitwasfirstbuilt,anddidnotbecomethe"GreatWall"untiltheQinDynasty.However,thewallweseetoday,startingfromShanhaiguanPassintheeasttoJiayunguan18.中国的菜肴拥有许多种不同的流派(genre),但是最具影响力并且最为公众所熟悉的就是“八大菜系“the“EightCategoriesofChinesecuisine”)。它们是:鲁菜、川菜、粤菜、闽菜、苏菜、浙菜、湘菜以及徽菜。.拟定一种流派形式的关键要素十分复杂,涉及历史、烹调特性、地理、气候、资源以及生活方式。不同地区的菜肴各具特色,因此尽管有时两个地区互相毗邻,但是它们的风格却完全不同。Chinesecuisinehasanumberofdifferentgenres,butthemostinfluentialandtypicalknownbythepublicarethe“EightCategoriesofChineseCuisine”.Theseareasfollows:ShandongCuisine,SichuanCuisine,GuangdongCuisine,FujianCuisine,JiangsuCuisine,ZhejiangCuisine,HunanCuisine,andAnhuiCuisine.Theessentialfactorsthatestablishtheformofagenrearecomplexandincludehistory,cookingfeatures,geography,climate,resourcesandlifestyles.Cuisinesfromdifferentregionsaresodistinctivethatsometimesdespitethefactthattwoareasaregeographicalneighbors,theirstylesarecompletelyalien.19.川剧(Sichuan0pera)就像四川火锅以及其他的名菜同样动人、丰富。变脸(FaceChanging)是川剧中的一大亮点。据说古人在他们的脸上作画,以便赶走野生动物。川剧吸取了这一古老的技艺并将其升华为一门艺术。变脸是一门神奇的艺术。演员在不到20秒的时间内要换十多次脸谱。通过举手、摆袖或摇头,演员使用不同的脸谱来表现不同的情绪,并通过看得见摸得着的脸谱表达出看不见摸不着的感情。SichuanOpera(ChuanJu),likehot—potandotherfamousSichuandishes,isexcitingandrich.FaceChangingisthehighlightofSichuanOpera.Itissaidthatancientpeoplepaintedtheirfacestodriveawaywildanimals.SichuanOperaabsorbsthisancientskillandperfectsitintoanart.FaceChangingisamagicalart.Actorschangemorethan10masksinlessthan20seconds.Byraisingthehand,swingingasleeveortossingthehead,anactorusesdifferentmaskstoshowdifferentemotions,expressinginvisibleandintangiblefeelingsthroughvisibleandtangiblemasks.20.刺绣(embroidery)是一种具有悠久传统的民间艺术,在中国艺术和手工艺品史上占有重要地位。刺绣的长期发展离不开蚕的饲养和纺丝技术的发展。中国是世界上第一个发现和使用丝绸的国家。早在502023前,中国就已经开始饲养蚕。丝线和丝制品的生产促进了刺绣艺术的诞生。时至今日,丝绣几乎已经传遍整个中国。最佳的绣品通常被认为来源于下面四省:江苏(特别是苏州)、湖南、四川和广东,各省绣品各具特色。Embroidery,afolkartwithalongtradition,occupiesanimportantpositioninthehistoryofChineseartsandcrafts.Itis,initslongdevelopment,inseparablefromsilkworm-raisingandsilk-reelingandweaving.Chinaisthefirstcountryintheworldthatdiscoveredtheuseofsilk.Silkwormsweredomesticatedasearlyas5000yearsago.Theproductionofsilkthreadandfabricsgaverisetotheartofembroidery.Today,silkembroideryispracticednearlyalloverChina.Itisgenerallyagreedthatthebestcommercialproductscomesfromfourprovinces:Jiangsu(notablySuzhou),Hunan,SichuanandGuangdong,eachwithitsdistinctivefeature.21.狮舞(LionDance)是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首,在中国传统中,狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物(mascot)。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身,能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载,狮舞已拥有了2,000数年的历史。在唐代(theTangDynasty),狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此,舞狮成为元宵节(theLanternFestival)和其他节日的习俗,人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。TheLionDanceisoneofthemostwidespreadfolkdancesinChina.Thelionisthekingofanimals.InChinesetradition,thelionisregardedasamascot,whichcanbringgoodluck.Ancientpeopleregardedthelionasasymbolofbravenessandstrength,whichcoulddriveawayevilandprotecthumans.Thedancehasarecordedhistoryofmorethan2,000years.DuringtheTangDynasty,theLionDancewasalreadyintroducedintotheroyalfamilyofthedynasty.Therefore,performingtheliondanceattheLanternFestivalandotherfestiveoccasionsbecameacustomwherepeoplecouldprayforgoodluck,safetyandhappiness.22.中国以发明各种方式、方法来方便人类的生活而广为人知。在中国古代的发明中,四大发明不仅为中国的发展,还为世界经济和文化的发展,作出了巨大奉献。中国古代的四大发明分别是造纸术、印刷术、火药(gunpowder)指南针(compass)。中国古代的四大发明为世界经济和人类文化作出了重要的奉献,并且这也是中国作为世界文明大国的重要象征。Chinaiswellknownforitsintroductionofwaysandmeanstohelpeasethelifeofmankind.AmongtheinventionsofAncientChina,fouremergedasgreatcontributionstothedevelopmentsandchangesnotonlytothecountry,butalsototheworld’seconomyandculture.TheFourGreatInventionsofancientChinawerepapermaking,commercialprinting,gunpowder,thecompass.China’sfourgreatancientinventionsmadtremendouscontributionstotheworld’seconomyandthecultureofmankind.TheywerealsoimportantsymbolsofChina’sroleasagreatworldcivilization.23.天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为:甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸;十二地支为:子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月,发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数,而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配,记录不同年份,60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法,2023年便是辛卯年。ChineseEraTheChineseeraisthesymbolthattheChinesecalendarusesforrecordingandnamingyears.ThetenHeavenlyStemsare:jia,yi,bing,ding,wu,ji,geng,xin,ren,gui.ThetwelveEarthlyBranchesare:zi.chou,yin,mou,chen,si,wu,wei,shen,you,xu,hai.Afterobservingthelunarmonth,theancientsfoundthatthemoonalwayswazesandwanesroughly12timesayear,andtwolunarmonthsaccountforabout60days,sotheorderofthetenHeavenlyStemsandtheorderofthetwelveEarthlyBranchesareproperlymatchedinturn.Intermsofrecordingdate,60yearsisconsideredtobeafulltimecycle.TheChineseerachronologywasfirstinventedinancienttimesandisstillinusenow.accordingtothechronologyofthe“tenHeavenlyStems,”2023istheyearof“theseventhofthetenHeavenlyStems”and“thefifthofthetwelveEarthlyBranches”.24.改革开放30年来,随着中国逐渐崛起成为政治经济强国,海外人士学习汉语的现象与日俱增,海外孔子学院也成了人们学习中国语言和中国文化的首选之地。//通过学习汉语,他们对这个和自己文化大相径庭的古老文明产生了浓厚的爱好,并且有机会了解中国的哲学、艺术、医学、饮食文化,亲身体验这个文明古国的风采。//作为第二文化,中国文化也丰富了他们的生活和世界观。可以说,这个潮流方兴未艾。越来越多的学习汉语的美国人除了对中国菜肴赞不绝口之外,也在尝试针灸,草药和武术。//他们也看功夫电影,学习东方时装潮流和手工艺,不知不觉的在平常生活中谈及中国的点心,人参、银杏,乌龙茶等。目前在美国最热门的中国文化是道家学说和有着神秘色彩的风水学。AsChinaisrisingasapoliticalandeconomicworldpower,thankstoitsthree-decadereformandopeningup,moreandmorepeopleinoverseascountriesstarttolearnChineseandturntoaConfuciusInstituteintheirowncountriesastheirfirstchoicelearningChineselanguageandChineseculture.//Duringthelearningprocess,thelearnersconcurrentlydeveloptheirinterestinthisancientland,whosecivilizationissovastlydifferentfromtheirs.AndthelearnershaveopportunitiestolearnaboutChinesephilosophy,art,architecture,medicineandcateringcultureandexperiencefirst-handthesplendorsofthisvenerablecivilization.//Asthesecondculture,Chineseculturehasenrichedthelifeandworldoutlookofthelearners.Thistrend,sotospeak,isgatheringmomentumandistheretostay.ApartfromtheirloveforChinesecuisine,moreandmoreAmericanlearnersofChineselanguageareturningtoChineseacupuncture,herbalmedicines,martialarts.//Theyarealsointerestedinkongfufilms,fashionsandcrafts.Seeminglyoutlandishwordssuchasdimsum,ginseng,gingko,oolongchahavecreptintotheireverydaylanguage.ThelatestChineseculturaliconstomakeitsimpactthereareTaoism,andancientschoolofthought,andfengshui,anancientartofplacement.//25.中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表达一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相称于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成,例如:自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语重要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成,是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。ChineseIdiomsChineseidiomsrefertocomprehensiveandintegratedfixedphrasesandexpressions.Idiomsareestablishedandacceptedbyconstantusageandcommonpractice.Anidiomisalanguageunitthatislargerthanaword,buthasthesamegrammaticalfunctionasaword.MostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi(makeunremittingeffortstoimproveoneself),qingchuyulan(bluerthanindigo),andhoujibofa(successcomeswithtimeandeffort).Idiomsareextratedfromfolkproverbs,ancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwell-knownsayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.26.武术在我国源远流长,是中华民族传统文化的瑰宝。我们知道,一个民族的优秀文化遗产,不仅仅属于一个民族,它会逐渐传播到世界而成为人类的共同财富。//为了更好的推广武术运动,使其与奥运项目接轨,中国武协和国际武联做了大量的艰苦卓绝的工作。现在武术运动已被列为一种具有与保龄球运动和国际标准舞同等地位的奥运表演项目。//武术的蓬勃发展,除得益于其项目自身的吸引力之外,初期移居海外的一代武术大师功不可没。//老一代武术家在海外播种下了武术的种子,使武术这门既可以自卫又可以健身的运动不久就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武术大师已遍布世界各地,武术爱好者也与日俱增。//Wushu,orChinesemartialart,canbetracedbacktoancienttimes.ItisagemofChinesetraditionalculture.Asweallknow,thefinecultureofanationdoesn’t’tbelongtothenationaloneanditwillbespreadtotherestoftheworldandsharedbyallhumanity.//TheChineseWushuAssociationandInternationalWushuFederation(IWUF)havebeenworkingveryhardtopopularizewushuandmaketheChinesemartialartclosertotheOlympicMovement.WushuwasacceptedtojoinbowlingandinternationalstandarddanceasanOlympicdemonstrationevent.//TheboomingofwushuisattributednotonlytotheattractivenessofthesportbutalsotoemigrantChinesewushumastersovertheyears.//Martialartistsoftheoldergenerationshavesownwushuseedsinforeigncountries.Weshu,whichcanbeusedasselfdefenseandcankeeppractitionersfitandstrong,soonbecamepopularonnewlands.Todaysuperwushumastersareactiveallovertheworld,andamateursareontheincreasewitheachpassingday.27.中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相称高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域,把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来,开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世,成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。Chinaisthehomeofsilk.Mulberryplanting,sericulture,silkreelingandthickeningareallgreatinventionsoftheancientChinese.AsearlyastheShangandZhouDynasties(1600BC-256BC),theChinesepeople’ssilk-weavingtechniqueshadreachedanextremelyhighlevel.DuringtheWesternHanDynasty(206BC-25AD),ZhangQian,anoutstandingdiplomat,travelledaroundcentralAsiaandconnectedChinawiththePersianGulfandtheMediterranean,openingupaneweraofSino-foreigntrade,exchangeandcommunication.Fromthenon,China’ssilkbecamewellknownforitsextraordinaryquality,exquisitedesignandcolor,andabundantcultureconnotations.Hitherto,ChinesesilkhasbeenacceptedasasymbolofChinesecultureandtheemissaryoforientalcivilization.28.中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术,是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然,宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林,能充足领略“假自然之景,创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中,中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富,被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。ChineseClassicalGardenTheChineseclassicalgardenisaprecioustreasureofourancientChinesearchitecture.Itisakindofenvironmentart,whichsystematicallycombinesartificialmountainsandrivers,plantsandbuildingswiththenaturallandscape.TheconstructionstandardofaChineseclassicalgardenis“artificialasitis,thegardenmustlookingeniousandnatural.”WhenyougosightseeinginaChineseclassicalgarden,youshouldbeabletoappreciateitsartisticconceptwhich“makesuseofthenaturallandscapetocreatetherealfunofmountainsandriversforviewers.”Oftheworld29.中国是舞龙舞狮的起源地。自问世以来,舞龙、舞狮运动一直受到各个民族人民的爱慕,代代相传,长期不衰,并因此形成了灿烂的舞龙舞狮文化。长期以来,很多青年朋友都认为龙舞、狮舞就是春节、庙会、庆典时的喜庆表演,殊不知它历经了几千年的传承流变,积淀了深厚的历史文化,是祖先留给我们的极其宝贵的文化遗产。Chinaistheoriginofdragonandliondances.Sinceitsinception,dragondance,liondancemovementhasalwaysbeenlovedbythepeopleofeverynation,fromgenerationtogeneration,long-lasting,andthereforeformedasplendiddragonandliondanceculture.Foralongtime,alotofyoungfriendsallthoughtthedragondance,liondanceistheSpringFestival,festivals,festivecelebrationperformances,notknowingitafterafewyearsofheritagerheology,itsprofoundhistoryandculture,isextremelyancestorsleftusvaluableculturalheritage.核心词提醒:舞龙:theDragonDance舞狮:LionDance春节:SpringFestival庙会:SpringFestivalfairs30.丝绸之路是历史上横贯欧亚大陆的贸易交通线,在历史上促进了欧亚非各国和中国的和谐往来。中国是丝绸的故乡,在经由这条路线进行的贸易中,中国输出的商品以丝绸最具代表性。因此,当德国地理学家FerdinandFreiherrvonRichthoren最早在19世纪70年代将之命名为“丝绸之路”后,即被广泛接受。同时,它也是一条东方与西方之间经济、政治、文化进行交流的重要道路。核心词提醒:丝绸之路:SilkRoad地理学家:geographerIsthehistoryoftheSilkRoadtradelinesofcommunicationacrossEurasiainthehistoryofEurope,AsiaandAfricacountriesandtopromoteChina'sfriendlyexchanges.Chinaisthehometownofsilkinviathisrouteforthetrade,China'sexportofsilkgoodstothemostrepresentative.Therefore,whentheGermangeographer

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