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《科技英语》教案

学好外语,并非易事。毛泽东同志说过,“语言这东西不

是随便可以学好的,非下苦功不可。”英语专家们指出,

uLearningEnglishisapretty(相当)tedious(冗长乏味的;

使人厌烦的)task,nomatterhowgoodtheteachersand

textbooks.n

本课程使用的教材:

“化学工程与工艺专业英语”(化学工业出版社出版,胡鸣、

刘霞编著)

下面我们先来做几个翻译练习,大致看看大家的英语水

平。

1、英译汉

(1)Allthesatelliteneedsinordertomoveinitsorbitisthe

山沆R(初始的)speedgivenitbythecarrier2c火。(运载火箭).

[=Allthatisnecessary(needed)forthesatellitetomovein

itsorbit...]

[=Inordertomoveinitsorbit,thesatelliteneedonlyhave

theinitialspeed...]

[Allyouneedtodoispressthisbutton.]

(2)Inanyoneexample,hwilleitheralwaysbeodd(奇的)

oralwayseven(偶的),whichisallthatmatters,sothat(-1/

willalwaysbeuniquely(唯一)determined(确定).

2、汉译英

(1)这台计算机的体积很小。

可能出现的答案有:

Thevolumeofthiscomputerisverysmall.

Thesizeofthiscomputerisverysmall.

Thiscomputerisverysmallinsize.

(2)这些书都没有解释这一现象。

可能出现的答案有:

Allthesebooksdonotexplainthisphenomenon.

Noneofthesebooksexplainthisphenomenon.

(3)输出随输入的变化是很大的。(要求:用“变化”作句

子的主语。)

Thevariationofoutputwithinputisgreat.

下面正式讲课。要求大家课上记好笔记。每次课所讲的内

容一定要努力听懂。

今天我们开始讲第一章“词类根据我的教学体会,词

类就像电子设备中的元件一样,只有把元件的功能搞清楚了

才能学懂整机的原理。而在学习英语时,我发现不少人并不

注意这一点,事实上许多问题出自于对某个词在句中的词类

及其功能没有搞清楚而引起的。

第一章词类

I、冠词

1、译法:有以下三种可能性(只能根据汉语的表达习惯来确

定,即要采用“试探法”)

(1)必须译出来

(2)不得译出来

(3)可译可不译

区tableisgenerallymadeofwood.

An]examplefollows.[=Hereis|an]example.]

3isdparameter.

Theproofof|th^theorem(定理)isdifficult.

Theunitofelectriccurrentis|the|ampere.

2、冠词的基本使用原则

(1)可数名词单数前一定要有冠词

(2)特指的或上面已提到过的名词前要有定冠词

如果把电压加到电路的两端,在电路中就会有电流流动。

If@voltageisappliedacross(twoendsof)@circuit,|an|

electriccurrentwillflowin|th^circuit.

工程师能创造以前从来没有过的东西。

|An|engineer[Engineers]cancreatewhathasneverexisted

before[thingsthalhaveneverexistedbefore;somethingIhalhas

neverbeenavailablebefore].

3、位置

(1)正常位置:处在名词短语的最开头。

(2)特殊位置

①定冠词

all'

both>+园+名词

half

这里的飞机都是从国外进口的。

All而|aircraftherewereimportedfromabroad[from

foreigncountries].

②不定冠词支

how

so>+形容词+迈印+单数名词

too

as

中国具有数倍于法国(France)那么大的面积(area)。[要

求:把“中国”作为主语,“具有”为谓语,并使用“as…名

词as”句型]

可能出现的译文有:

ChinahasanareaseveraltimesaslargeasFrance(does).

ChinahasanareaseveraltimesaslargeasthatofFrance

(is).

ChinahasanareawhichisseveraltimesthatofFrance(is).

Chinahasseveraltimesaslarge皿areaasFrance(does).

这是一只如此灵敏的(sensitive)安培表(ammeter)以至

于它能测出电流的微弱变化。

Thisissosensitive瓦i|ammeterthatitcanmeasuretheslight

changein/ofcurrent.

必须确定为提起这块石头需要一个多大的力。

Itisnecessarytodeterminehowlarge@forceisrequired

[needed;necessary]toliftthisstone.

•感叹句中也会出现不定冠词的特殊位置:

这是一台多好的仪器啊!

What同goodinstrument(itis)!

Howgood回instrumenl(itis)!

又如:

What回imporlanlinslrumentisonethatadequately(适当

地)displaystheFouriertransformofafunctionoftime,even

whentheintervalofintegrationisnotinfinity(无穷大)!

4、不定冠词的特殊用法

在某些不可数名词前,英美人习惯用不定冠词(我们应善

于观察),特别是当表示“……一下”或“作一……”时。如:

|Xn]increaseinpressurealwayscauses同decreaseinvolume.

Weshallstartwith&studyofforces.

Thissectionmakes@comparisonofradiowaveswithwater

waves.

国shortcalculationwillconvince(使相信)youthatthisis

indeedtrue.

练习:

(1)英译汉

①Ironisnotasgoodaconductorascopper.

②Thatistoosmallacurrent.

(3)Wefindthatwearedealingwithtoolargeaclassof

circuits.

(4)Soinstinctive(本能的)anact(行为)aschoosinga

gradual(平缓的)slope(坡度)ofahill(小山)towalkupinstead

ofasteep(陡峭的)slopeisbasedontheprincipleoftheinclined

plane(斜面).

(2)填冠词

①Inthisfunctiontisindependentvariable(自变

量).

②amplifier(放大器)canamplifysignals.

(3)tungsten(鸨)ismetalusedinelectric

lamps

<.

lamp

④Todothis,knowledgeofpowercalculation(功率

计算)isnecessary.

IL介词(不能单独使用)

1、介词短语的语法功能

(1)状语(位置灵活)

Therearemanycomponents(元件)inthisdevice.

Theirchannelresistances(沟道电阻)willberelativelylow,

oftheorderof500Q.

(2)定语(只能后置)

Theswitchonthewallnearthedooroftheroomisforthe

ceilinglight(顶灯).

Thesearebatteriesformobilephones[handsets].

•注意在句尾名词后的介词短语功能的判别(只能采用“试

探法”):

VectorvrepresentsitsvelocityalpoielA.

WeplacetheballatpointA.

(3)表语(在连系动词后)

Theemitterisatthegroundpotential(零电位)forallac

signals.

Thesupplycurrent(电源电流)specified(标明)inthedata

sheet(数据单)areforstatic(静态)deconditionsonly.

Thesmall-signal-currentdirectionsshowninFig.6-1are

intoIhenelwork.

(4)补足语(多数情况是与不少及物动词搭配使用的“as

短语”)

Energyisdefinedastheabilitytodowork.

Werefertothistypeofelectronicdeviceasarobot(机器

人).

(5)插入语(只是一些固定的短语)

infact,ofcourse,forexample,...

(6)介词宾语(只能在少数介词后,特别是在from和excepl

后)

Itispossibletousetheenergyfromwithintheearth.

Thatequationdoesnotholdexceptinthisspecialcare.

(7)表示数值范围(这时介词短语处在被修饰词之前)

Theearthisbetween4and5[=from4to5]billionyears

old.

(8)构成各种动词或形容词短语

dependon

remindsb.ofsth.

equalto

capableof

familiarwith

2、科技文中七个常见的、具有多个词义的介词的常见用法

(Dof

interest

use

value

①“of+某些抽象名词,=相应的形容词

importance

help

significarce

Thispointisofgreatimportance(=veryimportant).

最高级的范围

②表示“在之中”

'一般的范围

Ofallthecomputershere,thisoneworksbest.

OfIhesuthreenewchaplers,thefirstdealswithradar.

③表示其前后两者的同位关系

Thescience别chemistryisveryusefulinthemodernworld.

Theconcept耐potentialdifferencewillbeintroducedinthe

nextsection.

Thisbatterycansupplyacurrent肘4mA.

④其后面的名词是其前面名词(来自于不及物动词)的逻辑

主语

Attentionshouldbepaidtothevariation如thetransistor

currentwithtemperature.

⑤其后面的名词是其前面名词(来自于及物动词)的逻辑宾

Theseparation圆aluminumfromitsore(矿石)wasvery

difficultatthattime.

⑥引出特殊的不定式复合结构的逻辑主语

Theability丽abodytodoworkiscalledenergy.

⑵with

care

ease

difficulty

accuracy

①uwith+某些抽象名词,”=相应的副词

precision

skill

efficiency

rapidity

Itisnowpossibletochangeacintodewilhgreatease.

②与vary,change,increase,decrease,rise,fall等连用时表

示“随着”

Thisparameter(参数)varieswithtemperature.

③构成“with结构”

Witljtheswitchonposition1,theoutputimpedance(阻抗)

willbemaximum.

ThisparametershallbemeasuredkvitljEpgrounded(接地).

④表示“用”(多数情况下后跟有形的东西)

Wecanseedistantstars|with|thistelescope(望远镜).

⑤在句首时,往往表示“对于;在……情况下;有了”。

有时还可表示对主语的附加说明

With|thealternatingcurrent,thingsaredifferent.

Withadiameter(直径)of3,138km,Europa(木卫二;欧

罗巴)isslightlysmallerthanourownmoon.

⑥表示“与”

Acomparisonoftheexperimentalresult|wiih|thecomputed

onehasbeenmade.

⑶by

①表示除时间、距离外的任何参量的数值

Inthiscasevandidifferinphase园500.

②在推导中常表示“根据;按照”

瓦Ohm'slaw,wecanwriteoutthefollowingequation.

③“by+动名词(或动词性名词)”意为“通过……”

[By|studyingthismodel,onecanunderstandthestructureof

theatom.

④“by+method”表示“用…方法”

Theequationcanbesolved画thismethod.

(4)for

①表示时间或距离的长短

Thisoutputmaystayhigh时alongtime.

②放在句首表示条件“对于;如果;当……时候”

|For|X<1,thisequationholds.

③与动词“solve”连用时表示解方程的对象

Inthiscaseweneedtosolvethisequation[for|x.

④引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,构成不定式复合结构

Itisnecessary应ustodeterminewhatthisangleis.

⑤表示对象(特别是常用在method,technique,algorithm,

condition,requirement,language等词的后面)

Thisproblemistoodifficult面students.

Thenecessarycondition应thisinequality(不等式)isxW

1.

⑸in

①表示度量单位的“用”(其后除hertz一词外,均要用复

数形式)

Capacitance(电容)ismeasured嗣faradsandfrequency随|

hertz.

②后跟direction一词时表示“朝”

Thecurrentinadiode(二极管)flowsonly阳onedirection.

③后跟way,manner时表示“以,用”

Weshouldtrytosolvetheproblem刷everypossibleway.

④表示“在……方面”

Thesedevicesdiffergreatly丽size.

⑤后跟动名词或动作性名词时,可表示“在……期间[时

候];在……过程中;在……方面”

封usingtheaboveequation,itdoesnotmatterwhichsurface

isconsideredas1andwhichas2.

@在reduction,decrease,increase,change,rise,fall,drop等

词后多用in

Thisammetercanmeasuretheslightchange朝current.

Theinclusion(接入)ofRecausesadecrease同amplification

(放大量).

水⑦与一般将来时的终止型动词或状态动词连用时意为

“在……以后

TheywillleaveforBeijing同afewdaystoattendan

internationalconferenceoncommunications.

Thewavewillbeback园afractionofasecond.

(6)on/upon

后跟动名词或动词性名词时意为“一当……(就)”、

“在……以后”、“在……时工

Uponsubstitutingtheactualmagnitudes,itturnedoutthatv

isthevelocityoflight.

Ilk等立连接词

1、and

Certainmaterials,suchassilver|and|copper,havemanyfree

electrons.|And|somematerialshavepractically(几乎)nofree

electrons.

Whenanemf(电动势)isappliedacrosstwoendsofawire,

manyfreeelectronsprogress(前进)alongthewire|and|acuiTent

results.

Airhasweight|and|occupiesspace.

Wecangoonestepfurther|and|takeintoaccount(考虑)the

nonzeroslope(斜率)oftheactualcurves.

come

go

(tryand...

stop

Tryhard,|and|youwillworkthenut(螺母)loose.

(祈使句+and=if条件句)

句型:

一般:A,B,C(,)andD

强调:AandBandCandD

2、or

R,G@Bvideovoltageindicatesinformationofthatcolor.

Thisvariable(变量)shouldbecomparedwiththeideal,0

desiredvalue.

Therearethreemainlawsofmechanics(力学)园threelaws

ofNewton(牛顿).

Computersareparticularlyusefulinsuchsystemsas

telemetry(遥测),wheresignalsmustbequicklyrecorded园be

lost.

Itisimportantforthereadertolearnandunderstandthe

basicconceptsandoperationspresentedhere,团the

development(讲述)andtheapplicationsoflatertopicswillbe

difficulttocomprehend(理解).

must

important

...<essential...国

imperative

necessary

Thegreatertheresistivity(电阻率),thegreaterthefield(电

场)neededtoestablish(建立)agivencurrentdensity(密度),

国thesmallerthecurrentdensitycausedbyagivenfield.

句型:

一般:A,B,C(,)orD

强调:AorBorCorD

IV、数词

1、分数表示法

(1)一般公式

分子(基数词)/分母(序数词复数;但若分子W1

时用单数)

1/3fonethird

5/6ffivesixths

1/2fa[one]half(绝不能用“onesecond”)

零点三克fthreetenthsbfagram|;0.3gram

零点几克fafew[several]tenthsofagram

这个电阻上的电压为零点零几伏特。

Thevoltageacrossthisresistorisafew[several]hundredths

|ofavold

(2)科技上的一种常用形式(一般表示比较小的分数)

分子(基数词+part(s))/分母(ina+基数词[in+

阿拉伯数字;per+基数词])

Thismass(质量)changeislessthan|1partin

Itserrorisonly|5partsin101[inamillion;permillion].

2、数词作前置定语的特殊情况

倍数'

分数>+①the,its,their+名词②that+后置定语③

百分数

what从句

Itsoutputis10()times(asgreatas)thesignalappliedtothe

amplifier(放大器).

两根平行的(parallel)橡皮筋(rubberband)所提供的力

为一根橡皮筋的两倍。

Theforceprovidedbytwoparallelrubberbandsistwice(as

largeas)thatprovidedbyonerubberband.

或者:

Twoparallelrubberbandsprovidetwiceaslarge同forceas

onerubberband.

这个电压为原来的2/5。

Thisvoltageistwofifthswhatitwas.[=twofifthsits

originalvalue]

3、两个句型的汉译法

(1)TheLEO(低地球轨道)systemrequires20timesmore

satellitesthanaGEO(同步地球轨道)systemtocover(覆盖)

theglobe(地球).

TheaverageNuisfoundtoequal23.5ornearly4.5times

greaterthantheidealMof5.38.

XVIisusedtoexpressthenumberof16.Toexpressa

numberathousandtimeslarger,theRomansputalineabove

thatnumber.

这本书比那本厚3倍。

Thisbookisfourtimesthickerthanthatone.

规则:times+比较级=""'timesas原级as

HP:英译汉减一倍;汉译英加一倍一

(2)Thistransisitor(晶体管)causesthesignalcurrenttoincrease

byafactorof100.

Theinitial(起始的)photon(光子)numberwastakentobe

10timestheinversion(反转)ratioforsolid(实心的)curves,

whereasafactorof10lesswasusedforthedashed(长划的)

curve.

规则:用“afactorof来表示“增减”的倍数时,等

效于“〃-1”倍

(factor=multipliedby)

V、动词

要注意以下几点:

1、特殊的连系动词(由其它动词演变成的):常见的有

remain,stay,go,prove,seem,appear,look,sound,get,turn

等等。

判别公式:|动词(主动)+形容词

(复合谓语)

Thisresultlooksreasonable.

Inthiscasetheinputgoeslowwhiletheoutputstayshigh.

2、半助动词:常见的有remain,叩pear,seem,h叩pen,prove,

turnout等。

判别公式:|动词(主动)+动词不定式

(复合谓语)

宇宙中电荷似乎只有两种。

Intheuniverse,thereappeartobeonlytwokindsofcharge.

在日常生活中,力似乎是靠“直接接触”来传递(transmit)

的。

Ineverydaylife,forcesseemtobetransmittedby"direct

contact.^^

这些技术问题有待于解决。

Thesetechnicalproblemsremaintobesolved.

3、代动词:只有一个"do(does;did)”,主要用在比较和方

式状语从句中。可代替前面出现过的实意动词及附属部

分。

Copperconductselectricitybetterthanaluminum|does|.

Ingeneral,solidsexpandandcontractasliquidsandgases

S.

Anelectriclampproducesmuchmoreheatthanit|does|light.

Mostcomputerfacilities(设施)continuetoprotecttheir

physicalmachinefarbetterthanthey网theirdata.

Impedances(阻抗)inseries(串联)andparallel(并联)

combineasdoresistances(电阻).

***有关动词非谓语形式,将在后面详细讨论。

VI、副词

请注意以下几点:

1、作表语:在科技文中主要表示状态。

TransistorQ1is@.

2、作补足语:表示状态。

ThissignalcanmaketransistorQ2同.

3、作定语★:只能后置。

(1)某些表示地点的副词:常见的有above,below,here,there,

around,nearby,up,down,on等等。

Thetwoequations|below|areveryuseful.

[Thefollowingtwoequations...]

[Thetwoequationswhichfollow...]

Thebrainmustkeepintouchwiththeworld|around|.

Thecapacitance(电容)ofacapacitordependsonthesizeof

theplatesandtheirdistance|apart).

(2)某些表示时间的副词:常见的有now,then,today等。

Theproblem|now|ishowtosolvetheequation.

(3)“数量状语+副词(apart,away等)”

Electronicmailenablesonetoestablishcontactwiththe

people|halfaworldawa].

Thistypeofkeyboardputsthekeysintwocurvedwells(弧

形凹槽)|ashoulderdistanceapartj.

Thescientists|50yearsago|couldnotdothat.

Weproceed(出发)fromthispointtoapoint|alittlefurther|

0.

VIL形容词

要注意以下几点:

1、作后置定语的情况

(1)为了加强语气:常见的有available★,obtainable,

achievable,responsible,permissible,possible,usable,necessary,

total等。

Allthetextbooks|available|mentionthispoint.

Inthiscasetherearetwodirections|possible|.

Thisvideobandwidth(视频带宽)isequivalentto1,200voice

channels|total|.

(2)少数几个形容词必须后置

present*"存在的;出现的”

else”其它的;别的”(放在疑问代词和不定代词后)

what(so)ever“任何的"(放在no和any修饰的名词后)

Theenergywithinthespectrumisdistributedsmoothly(均

匀地)amongthevariouswavelengths|present|.

Thenumerator(分子)maybeanypolynomial(多项式)

|whalevei].

Inthiscasenorotation|whatsoever|willresult.

(3)形容词只能放在以下12个不定代词之后

some

thing

every

--*■«body(排列组合)

any

one

no

Thereisnothing|new|inthispaper(论文).

Everything|electronic|willbedonedigitally(数字式地).

(4)“状语(主要是数量)+形容词”

Weshallhavegianttelevisionsoneinchthick|.

Fig.5showstwoparallelwiresIwomelerslong]

2、单个形容词作状语的情况(在科技文中主要是“un〜ed”

形式的形容词作方式状语)

Thesemachinescanwork|unattended|(无须照管的).

Inthiscasethesignalwaveformcanbetransmitted(传输)

|undistort画(未失真的).

Evenifastudentcanfolloweverylineofeveryexamplein

thisbook,thatdoesn'tmeanthatheorshecansolveproblems

|unaided).

["He"shouldbereadas“heorshe“throughoutthisbook.]

Thesun'srayscometotheearthalmostbaraHel|.

Castiron(铸铁)isusuallymachined(加工)|dry].

Abodywhoseaveragedensity(密度)islessthanthatofa

liquidcanfloatpartially(部分地)|submerge5|(浸没的)atthe

freeuppersurfaceoftheliquid.

3、形容词短语

(1)构成(狭隘的定义)

①形容词+介词短语

similarto...

differentfrom...

capableof...

smallinsize

②形容词+动词不定式

ableto(do)

necessaryto(do)

readyto(do)

freeto(do)

too...to(do)

③形容词+状语从句(比较和结果)

④由并列连词连接的两个(或多个)形容词

(2)功能(与单个形容词类同)

①表语

Thiscomputerissimilartothatoneinquality.

②补足语

Thispropertymakessubstancesdifferentfromeachother.

③定语▲:只能后置。

Theacceleration(加速度)duetogravity(重力)is

essentially(基本上)constant.

Themorethespringisstretched(拉伸),thegreatertheforce

necessarytostretchit.

Thecomingyearswillwitness(见证)thearrivalof

microprocessorswithperformanceandcomplexitylevelsso

highthatsuchdeviceswouldhavebeeninconceivable(难以

想象的)onlyadecadeago.

Ausefulapproximation,goodtowithin1%,is

1foot=30centimeters.

Thistextisahelptodigitaldesignersbothnewandold.

Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedorutilizedinany

formorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical.

Thetruthtable(真值表)givesusameansofhandling

problemstoocomplextobesolvedbyinspection(目测).

④状语★(其逻辑主语一般应该就是句子的主语)

A、在主语前:(用试探法来确定确切的含义,以“原因”

和“补充说明”为最常见)

,原因

条件

<让步

方式

对后面主语或整个句子的附加说明

Light,durable(经久耐用),simpleandinexpensive,such

devicesarewarmlyreceivedbyusers.

Accurateinoperationandhighinspeed,computerscan

savemanalotoftimeandlabor.

Freefrom(不受)theattack(侵蚀)ofmoisture(潮湿),

apieceofironwillnotrust(生锈)veryfast.

Largeorsmall,allcircuitswillcontainthesamekindsof

components(元件).

Contrarytocommonbelief,forcesarenottransmitted(传

递)onlyby“directcontact.^^

Medium-sizedandcoeducational(男女生兼收的),

WashingtonUniversityranksamongthenation'sleadersin

highereducation.

***准备工作:

“but”的用法I:

Airisnotvisible,butitismatter.

Theatomicfurnaces(反应堆)willnotworkbutithas

enoughfuel.

Wecannotdiscoveranymaterialinanelementbutitself.

Anelementismadeupofbutonekindofmaterial.

Thereisnotasinglesubstancebuthasresistancetotheflow

ofelectrons.

“expose/exposurc”的用法:

Thisrolloffilm(胶卷)hasbeenexposedtolight.

Thisbookshouldbeusefulinexposingcomputerscientists

tothelatesttechnology.

ExcessiveexposuretoX-raysisharmfultoone'shealth.

Prior(先前的)exposuretoadvancedmathematicsis

required.

分析并翻译下面的句子:

Familiarloallwithbuttheslightestexposuretoscientific

literature,thismodelshowstheatomasaminiature(彳散型的)

solarsystem.

B、在句尾(用试探法来确定其确切的含义,以“方式”

状语为多见)

’方式

对前面主语或整个句那附加说明

’条件

.其它

Thegasisrestoredtoitsoriginaltemperature,readyto

repeatthecycleagainandagain.

Thecurrentreachesthemaximumvaluewhenco=co。,

similartothesituationinaseries(串联)resonant(谐振的)

circuit.

TheforceMactsperpendiculartotheearth'ssurface.

Theconductorismovingparalleltothemagneticfield.

Itmustbenotedthatthecurrentincreasesproportionalto

everydecreaseofresistance.

分析并翻译下面这一长句:

Theabsence(不存在)ofatmosphere(大气)inspacewill

allowthespacetelescope(望远镜)toshowscientistslight

sourcesasfaras14-billionlightyearsaway,someseventimes

fartheroutthanthosevisibletothebiggestground-basedoptical

(光学的)telescopes.

VIII、代词

1、物主代词与其修饰的名词之间存在以下4种逻辑关系

(除“所属关系”外,这时物主代词一般应译成人称代词)

(1)所属关系

ThatisourHi-TechDevelopmentZone.

(2)主表关系(它所修饰的名词来自于形容词)▲

Lightisneededbythegreenplants(植物)tomakethem

greenandtheycannotsurviveforlonginitsabsence.(=without

it=ifitisabsent)

Waterandcarbon(碳)dioxide(二氧化物)areamong

substancesthatabsorb(吸收)intheinfrared(红夕卜线).Their

presenceintheatmospherehasaninsulating(隔离)effect(效

应).

(theirpresence~theyarepresent)

(3)主谓关系支

①其修饰的名词来自于不及物动词

Thereisacapacitance(电容)acrossthePNjunction(结).

Anditsexistencecausessomeproblemsathighfrequencies.(its

existence〜itexists)

Abaseball(棒球)thatlands(落)inanopen(开阔地)

sooncomestorest(静止)becauseofitsinteractionwiththe

ground.(=becauseitinleractswiththeground)

②其修饰的名词来自于及物动词

Decisiontables(判决表)areverycompact(简洁的)intheir

representationofinformation.

(representation来自于represent"表示”,“of”引出了它的逻

辑宾语)

Thusfar(至U目前为止)ourdiscussionoftheprinciplesof

mechanics(力学)hasbeenconcerned(关心;涉及)primarily

(主要)withparticles(质点).

Thisispossiblebecauseofourassumptionthatthetransistor

isalinear(线性的)ampliher(放大器)overtherangeofvoltages

andcurrentsofinterest(人们感兴趣的).(that引导的从句从

语法上讲是assumption的同位语从句,但从逻辑概念上讲是

它的宾语从句)

(4)动宾关系★:其修饰的名词来自于及物动词(有时也可

看成是被动的主谓关系)。

TheFouriertransform(傅氏变换)isaverypowerfultool

thatisusedtoagreatextentinengineering.However,the

limitationdefinedbyEq.(2-1)restrictsitsuseinimportant

situations.

Attentionfocusesonthefloated(浮型)gyroscopes(陀螺

仪)becauseoftheirutilizationasanessentialcomponentin

ballistic(弹道的)missiles.

Theresultofanexperimentforced(迫使)theabandonment

(放弃)ofThomson'smodelanditsreplacementbyanew

model.

2、代词的代后问题(即用it,its,they,their,our等等代替后面

出现的东西)

(1)代替后面的主语

Whentheygethot,allmetalsmelt(熔化).

Becauseofitssimplicity,thecircuitiswidelyusedinpower

supplies(电源).

Intheirstudyofelectricity,physicistsdefinedtheelectric

field(电场)intensity(强度)atapointinspaceasE=F/q.

(2)代替后面整个句子

向cannotbeprovedhere,buttherationalnumbersdonot

takeupallthepositionsontheline.

Surprisingas@mayseem,thiswasthefirstdirect

verificationoftherealilyofmolecules.

Strangeas园mayseematfirst,threads(线程)communicate

bysending"messages”(消息)tooneanotherandvie(争夺)

fortheownership(拥有权)ofvarious“semaphores.''(信号大T)

***Tdappreciate@verymuchifyoucouldgivehimachanceto

studyinyouruniversity.

IX、名词

1、名词短语可用作为定语

(1)作前置定语(一般与科技知识密切相关)

Thesemicrowaves(微波)areemitted(发射)inpulses(脉

冲)oflessIhanonemiHionthofasecondduration(持续时间)

atarateof1,000persecond.

Listhevirtual(有效的)moment(矩)ofinertia(惯性)

coefficient.

Aerospace(JjlaS)ApplicationsofArtificialIntelligence(A

工智能)AnnualConference(年会)

(2)作后置定语★:主要表示尺寸、大小、数值等

Insixyearswewillhaveacomputerthesizeofawatch.(=

assmallasawatch)

Wiresonehundredththediameter()ofasilkthread(

线)areusedtoconnectthecomponents(元件)inthechip(芯

片).

Thenucleushasadiameteronly0.01%(oQthatoftheatom

itself.

Oxygen(氧)hasamassabout16timesthemassofa

hydrogenatom.

Standardchains(链条)aremadeinwidthsapDroximately1.5

to12timesthepitch(节£叵).

thesizeof—aslargeas

theheightofashighas

thelengthoffaslongas

thedepthof—asdeepas

2、作状语

(1)表示数量、距离、时间等

Inthiscase,mostofthechannels(信道)willbeidle(空闲

着的)mostofthetime.

Thewholemass(质量)isconcentratedatonepointa

distancekfromthecenterofrotation.

Inatime△,,eachparticleC质点)advances(前进)adistance

vAr.

Itisnotphysically(物理上)possibletohaveafunction(函

数)(eithervoltageorcurrent)changeaspecifiedamountinzero

time.

(2)表示方式或方面状语(修饰某些动词或形容词,本身不

带冠词):实际上来自于构词法。

①作方式状语

Trunkcalls(长途电话)wereoperatorconnected.(=

connectedbyoperators)

Wecanradiocontrolthisdevice.(=controlthisdeviceby

radio)

Itisnecessarytoheattreatthesetoolsbeforetheyareused.

B-52scarpet(地毯)bombed(轰炸)theenemy'spositions

(敌人阵地)yesterday.

②作方面状语

Thissolution(解法)istimeefficient.

Thismaterialisacid(酸)resistant.

Theantennarequirementsareapplicaliondependent.

Wemustamplitude(振幅)modulate(调制)thecarrier(载

波)

3、名词短语作其前面整个句子(或一部分)的同位语.

(1)句型A

一个句子,:an+形容词+名词(有时+介词短语)

译法:①“这是……的一种[个]〜”

②"这种[一]〜是……的”

Amagnet(磁铁)attractsironmaterial,afamiliar

phenomenon.

Series(串联)resistanceswastepower,aserious(严重的)

drawback(缺点)inhigh-powercircuits.

(2)句型B

一个句子,a/an+名词[或something]+后置定语

‘过去分词短语

形容词短语

’定语从句

.同位语从句

译法:"这一[种]—“

ACcanbechangedintoDC,aprocessreferredloas

rectification(整流).

Ineveryatominitsnormalstate,thenumberofprotons(质

子)equalsthenumberofelectrons,something[=afact]which

isdirectlyrelatediheelectricalpropertiesofiheprotonand

theelectron.

Thecarefulstudyofspectral(谱的)linesshows

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