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ReadingComprehension(30%)PartADirections:Therearetworeadingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddeciedonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageItisincongruousthatthenumberofBritishinstitutionsofferingMBAcoursesshouldhavegrownby254percentduringaperiodwhentheeconomyhasbeenslidingintodeeperrecession.Optimists,orthosegiventospeed,assumptions,mightthinkitmarveloustohavesucharesourceofbusinessschoolgraduatesreadyfortherecovery.Unfortunay,thereisnowmuchdoubtaboutthevalueofthedegreenotleastamongMBAgraduatesthemselves,sufferingastheyarefromtheeffectsofrecessionandfacingtheprospectofshrinkingmanagementstructures.Whatwastakensomeyearsagoasaticketofcertainadmissiontosuccessisnowbeingexposedtothescrutinyofcost-consciousemployerswhoseek“can-dos”ratherthan“might-dos”,andwhofeelthatacademiabasnotbeensuffcientlyappreciativeoftheneedsofindustryoroftheemployers'possiblecontribution.Itiscurious,giventhenameofthedegree,thatthereshouldbenoleaguetableforUKbusinessschools;nounanimityaboutwhatthedegreeshould pass;andnoagreedsystemofaccreditation.Surelythereissomethingwrong.Onewonderswhereallthetutorsforthismassiveinfusionofbusinessexpertisecamefromandwhyallthismushroomingtookce.Perhapscompaniesthatmadelargeinvestmentswouldhavebeenwisertoinvestinalreadyexistingmanagers,perchedanxiouslyontheirowninternalladders.TheInstituteManagement's1992survey,whichrevealedthateighty-onepercentofmanagersthoughttheyallywouldbemoreeffectiveiftheyreceivedmoretraining,suggeststhatthismightbethecase.Thereis,too,thefactthattrainingalonedoesnotmakesuccessfulmanagers.Theyneedtheinherentqualifications.Ofcharacter;adegreeofself-subjugation;andaboveall,theabilitytocommunicateandlead;moresonow,whenempowermentisabuzzwordthatisatleastgeneratinggenuflexions,ifnottotalconviction.Onecaneasilythinkofpeople,somecomparativelyunlettered,whoarenotlaudedcaptainsofindustry.Wemay,therefore,notneedtobetooconcernedaboutthefallinapplicationsforbusinessschoolces,oreventhedoubtaboutMBAs.Theproliferationandsubsequentquestioningmayhavebeenaninevitableevolution.IftheManagementCharterInitiative,nowexploringtheintroductionofaseniormanagementqualification,issuccessful,therewillbeapowerfulWebelievenowthatmanagementisallaboutchange.Onehopestherewillbesomeofthatinrelationshipbetweenmanagementandsciencewithinindustry,currentlycausingconcernandwhichisoverdueforattention.No-onedoubtsthatweneedmorescientstsandinnovationtogiveusanedgeinanincreasinglycompetitiveworld.Ifscientistsfeelthemselvesundervaluedandunder-used,workinginindustrialghettos,thatisnotapromisingauguryforthefuture.Itseemswehavetoresolvethesemisapprehensionsbetweenscienceand.industry.Aboveall,wehavetomakesurethatmanagementisnotitselfsmugaboutitsstatusandthatitdoesnotissuemissionstatementsaboutcommunicationwithoutrealizingthattheessenceofitisadialogue.Moreempowermentisrequiredandweshouldstrivetoachieveit.Whatisthewriter'sviewinthereadingHebelievesthattherearetoomanyHebelievesthatthedegreeisover-HebelievesthatstandardsareHebelievesthatthedegreehasdubiousAccordingtothepassage, feelthattheyhavenotbeenconsultedsufficientlyabouttheirconsiderthatcost-consciousnessisthemostimportantaremoreconcernedaboutthevalueofthedegreethangraduatesfeelthatMBAswillnotbenecessarybecauseofshrinkingmanagementstructuresAccordingtothe managersneedadegreeandtheabilitytotrainingneedtobedoneingroupstobemanagerstodaymusthavegoodcommunicationandleadershipskillsD.industrialmanagersdonotneedtowriteletters.Inthewriter'sopinion A.scienceincreasescompetitionB.scientistsareundervaluedC.themanagementofscienceneedsreassessmentD.managementfeelssmugaboutitsstatusWhichoftheinformationistrueaccordingtotheMostmanagersinterviewedfeltthattheircolleaguesneededmoretrainingB.EmployerstodayarelookingforprovenexperienceratherthanpotentialabilityC.TheManagementCharterInitiativeisanattempttostandardizeMBAspanieswouldhavebenefitedmorefromrecruitingMBAsratherthaninvestingintheirownstaffPassageOneofthemanytheoriesaboutalcoholismisthelearningandreinmenttheory,whichexinsalcoholismbyconsideringalcoholingestionasareflexresponsetosomestimulusandasawaytoreduceaninnerdrivestatesuchasfearoranxiety.Characterizinglifesituationsintermsofapproachandavoidance,thistheoryholdsthat stendtobedrawntopleasantsituationsorrepelledbyunpleasantonce.Inthelattercase,alcoholingestionissaidtoreducethetensionorfeelingsofunpleasantnessandtorecethemwiththefeelingofeuphoriagenerallyobservedin saftentheyhaveconsumedoneormoredrinks.Someexperimentalevidencetendstoshowthatalcoholreducesfearinanapproach-avoidancesituation.Congertrainedonegroupofratstoapproachafoodgoaland,usingaversiveconditioning,trainedanothergrouptoavoidelectricshock.Afteraninjectionofalcoholthepullawayfromtheshockwasmeasurablyweaker,whilethepulltowardthefoodwasunchanged.Theobvioustroublesexperiencedbyalcoholic sappeartocontradictthelearningtheoryintheexnationofalcoholism. fort,pain,andpunishmenttheyexperiencepresumablyserveasadeterrenttodrinking.Thefactthatalcoholic scontinuetodrinkinthefaceoffamilydiscord,lossofemployment,illness,andothersequelsofrepeatedboutsisexinedbytheproximityofthedrivereductiontotheconsumptionofalcohol;thatis,alcoholhastheimmediateeffectofreducingtensionwhiletheunpleasantconsequencesofdrunkenbehaviorcomeonlylater.Thelearningparadigm,therefore,favorstheestablishmentandrepetitionoftheresorttoInfact,theanxietiesandfeelingsofguiltinducedbytheconsequencesofexcessivealcoholingestionmaythemselves ethesignalforanotherboutofalcoholabuse.Thewayinwhichtheclueforanotherboutcouldbetheanxietyitselfisexinedbytheprocessofstimulusgeneralization:conditionsoreventsoccurringatthetimeofreinmenttendtoacquirethecharacteristicsofstimuli.Whenalcoholisconsumedinassociationwithastateofanxietyorfear,theemotionalstateitselftakesonthepropertiesofastimulus,thustriggeringanotherdrinkingTheroleofpunishmentis ingincreasinglyimportantinformulatingacauseofalcoholismbasedontheprinciplesoflearningtheory.Whilepunishmentmayservetosuppressaresponse,experimentshaveshownthatinsomecasesitcanserveasarewardandreintilebehavior.Thusifthealcoholic haslearnedtodrinkunderconditionsofbothrewardandpunishment,eithertypeofconditionmayprecipitatereneweddrinking.Ampleexperimentalevidencesupportsthehypothesisthatexcessivealcoholconsumptioncanbelearned.Bygraduallyincreasingtheconcentrationofalcoholindrinkingwater,psychologistshavebeenabletoinducetheingestionoflargeramountsofalcoholbyananimalthanwouldbenormallyconsumed.Otherresearchershavebeenabletoachievesimilarresultsbyvaryingthescheduleofreinment;thatis,byrequiringtheanimaltoconsumelargerandlargeramountsofthealcoholsolutionsbeforerewardingit.Inthismanner,animalslearntodrinkenoughto dependentonalcoholintermsofdemonstratingwithdrawalsymptoms.Theauthor'sprimarypurposeinthepassageis supportAlcoholicsAnonymousasameansofcowithpresentalearningparadigmthatwillhelpalcoholicstounderstandwhatcausestheirdependenceuponalcoholexintheapplicationofapsychologicalapproachtohelpresearchersIoformulateworkablehypothesesaboutthetreatmentofTowhichoneofthefollowingquestionsdoestheauthorprovideenoughinformationtoformulateananswer?Whydopeoplewhoarealcoholicscontinuetodrinkeventhoughtheconsequencesoftheirdrinkingareveryunpleasant?HowdidCongerexinthebehaviorofalcoholicsinternsofshockUnderwhatcircumstancesdoesanalcoholicbenefitfromanxietyTowhatextentdoesstimulusgeneralizationpreventalcoholingestionfrom ingthesignalforanotherboutofalcoholabuse?WhichofthefollowingstatementsisnotdirectlystatedbutcanbeinferredfromtheThebehaviorofalcoholicscontradictstheapproach-avoidancePeoplemaybetaughtbyexperienceto ealcoholies.C.Punishmentmay ethestimulusforaddeddrinking.D.ThebehaviorofalcoholicsseemstodefyacceptedpsychologicalWhichofthefollowing,accordingtothepassage,contribute(s)totheneedtoreducetensionsandtheanxietiesresultingfromguiltfeelingsaboutpreviousdrinkingpunishmentforalcoholicA.ⅠB.ⅠandⅡonlyC.Ⅰ, D.ⅡandⅢWhichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbytheIfthepleasurabletasteofwhiskyleadstoanacquiredtasteforbrandy,thenstimulusgeneralizationhasoccurred.SlapachildformisbehavingmayovertimeencouragehimtorepeathisIfa haslearnedtodrinkundertwosetsofconditions,bothmustbepresentinordertoinducehimtodrink.Thetroublesexperiencedbyalcoholicsasaresultoftheiralcoholismtendtoencouragethemtoabstainfromdrinking.PartSummaryandTRUEorFALSEquestion.(10Malnutritionduringweaningage—whenbreastmilkisbeingrecedbysemi-solidfoods—ishighlyprevalentinchildrenofpoorhouseholdsinmanydevelocountries.Whiletheetiology(病因学)iscomplexandmultifactorial,theimmediatecausesarerecognizedasfeedingatlessthanadequatelevelsforchildgrowthanddevelopment,andrecurrentinfections,includingdiarrhearesultingmainlyfromingestionofcontaminatedfoods.Asaresult,manyyoungchildren,particularlybetweensixmonthstotwoyearsofage,experienceweightlossandimpairedgrowthanddevelopment.Studiesbyinvestigatorsinvariouscountrieshaveconcentratedontraditionalfoodpreparationmethodsandhaveresultedinofferingcheapandpracticalanswerstotheseproblemsbasedonfamiliar,indigenousandculturallyacceptablehomeprocessingpractices.Twosuchanswershavearisen.Firstlycerealfermentationisusedforreducingtileriskofcontaminationundertileexistinginappropriateconditionsforfoodpreparationandstorageinmayhouseholds.Secondly,atinyamonutofsproutedgrainsflourisusedinpreparationofweaningfoodsasamagicwaytolessentheviscositywithoutdecreasingenergydensity.Amethodtoeliminatepathogenic致病的)bacteriaandinhibittheirgrowthduringstorageweaningpreparationscanbenefitnutritionandhealthinyoungchildrenconsiderably.Useoffermentedfoodsforfeedingchildrenofweaningageappearstobeaneffectivesolution.Fermentedfoodshavelowerlevelsofdiarrhoealgermcontamination,theyaresuitableforchildfeeding,andcanbesafelystoredformuchlongerperiodsoftimethanfreshfoods.Thepracticehasbeenatraditionalwayoffoodpreservationinmanypartsoftheworld.Theanti-microbialpropertiesoffermentedfoodsandtheirrelativehighersafety— edsincetileearly1900's—havebeenindicatedinanumberofstudies.InGhana,itiscommontofermentmaizedoughbeforecookingitasporridge.InKenya,cerealbasedporridgeandmilkaretraditionallyfermented.Preservingmilkintileformofyogurthasbeenknowntomanyhouseholdslivinginhotclimate.Whataretheunderlyingmechanismsbywhichfermentationprocesseshelptopreventreducecontamination?Apossibleanswersuggeststhatduringthefermentationprocessfoodsemoreacid.Thisexinswhydiarrhea-causingbacteriaarenotabletogrowinfoodsasrapidlyasinunfermentedones.Itisalsohypothesizedthatsomeofthegermspresentthefoodsarekilledorinhibitedfromgrowingthroughtheactionofanti-microbialsubstancesproducedduringfermentation.Thefermentedfoodscan,therefore,bekeptforalongertimecomparedtofreshones.Ithasbeenshownthatwhilecontaminationlevelsincookedunfermentedfoodsincreasewithstoragetime,fermentedfoodsremainlesscontaminated.Whatevertileunderlyingmechanisms,thefactisthattileexercisereducescontaminationwithoutaddingtotilehouseholdcostbothintermsoftimeandmoneyItspreparationiseasyThecerealflourismixedwithwatertoformadoughwhichislefttobefermented;additionofyeast(酵母ormixingwithasmallportionofpreviouslyfermenteddoughissometimesneeded.Thedoughcanthenbecookedintoporridgeforfeedingtotilechild.Althoughbeneficial,unfortunaythepracticeisgoingoutoffashion,partlybecauseofcurrentemphasisontileuseoffreshfoods,particularlyforchildren.Forexample,astudyontheuseoffermentedfoodsforyoungchildreninKenya,demonstratedthatwhilefoodsarestillfrequentlyfermentedathomeforchildfeeding,theiruseis inglesspopular,particularlyinurbanareawherecommercialproductsaremoreavailable.Clearlytheynowneedtobepromoted.Directions:Thestatementsbelowrelatetothepassageyouhavejustread.Identify,whethertheyareTRUEorFALSEandmarkthecorrespondingletter(TforTrueandFforFalse)ontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Thefermentationoffoodsisinvestigatedbecauseitbothinhibitsfoodcontaminationandenhancesstorability.AntimicrobialsubstancesinfermentedfoodscauseFermentedfoodsareofItcanbebeneficialtofermentbreastmilkbeforefeedingtoyoungCookedfoodscanbestoredlongerthanfreshCerealscanbefermentedbyaddingwaterandlettingthedoughTraditionalfermentedfoodsarebeingrecedbycommercialproductsinsomeDirections:Belowisasummaryofsomeofthemainpointsofthepassage.Readthesummaryandthenselectthebestwordorphrasefromtheboxbelow;accordingtothepassage.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.AMstorageBIsproutedCJinadequatefoodDnewKEcontaminatedLunfermentedFdiarrhoealMGNMalnutritionandtheresultingimpairedgrowthanddevelopmentinchildrenofweaningageindevelocountriesresultsnotonlyfrom(18) butalsofrominfectionscausedbycontaminatedfood.Studieshaveaddressedtheproblemofinadequateintakebyusingsproutedgrainsinfoodpreparation.Contaminationhasbeentackledwith .Bothofmethodsare,orwereusedtraditionallyandarepracticalandFermentedfoodshavehighter(20) andalsohaveanti-microbialqualities.Thismeansthatcontaminationisdecreasedandthattheir(21) isincreased.Fermentationoccurswhen(22) islefttostand,occasionallywithsimpleadditives.Theseis,however,atrendawayfromthis(23) tocommercialproducts.VocabularyandStructure(10Directions:Thereare20 pletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA.B.CandD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswersheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenterSusanpreferstohaveherleft photographedasshebelievesthat'sherbetterside. Readingbecamedifficultfortheoldlady,sotheoptician herapairofglassestomakeherreadingpossible. Sinceanyanswerwaslikelytocauseembarrassmenttohisparty,thepoliticiantried thequestion. Themantriedto theteenagedrivertoobeythetrafficlawsratherthanfinehim Youmust yourself,ortheywillcontinuetobullyyou,soyouwillgoonlivingin Thisteachingmethodisa ofmanymethodswhichhavebeenusedfordecadesinthe Mr.Scottaskedforanassistantbecausehisworkloadwastoo Inthepastmostpilotshavebeenmen,buttodaythenumberofwomen

thisfieldTheCorioliscausesallmovingprojectilesonEarthtobe fromastraightline. TheattackonFortSumternearCharleston asharpresponsefromtheNorth,whichledtotheAmericanCivilWar.A.intent Peopleofallcountriesareexpectedto theprinciplesoftheUnitedNationsanddefendthepeaceintheworld. Shenever toreadthenewsbutturnedatoncetothecrosswordonthelastpage. Itdemands icskillforamanagerto disputesamonghisemployees. Allthecommoditiessoldinthatshoparegivenone Theyaretaughtbytheirsuperiorsthatasoldierwho hispostintimeofwaristobe Formanypeople,overeatingandoverspendingareas toChristmasascandlesand Becauseacirclehasnobeginningorend,theweddingringisasymbolof Themagicianpickedoutseveral fromtheaudienceandaskedthemtohelphimwiththeperformance.A.by B.on C.on D.atWeneedonehundredmoresignaturesbefoewetakethe totheernor. Strictsanitaryproceduresformulatedbyourmunicipal ernmenthelpto out-breaksofdiseases. Translation(15Directions:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentences TheSinglelongastockfigureinstories,songsand alads.wastraditionallysomeoneatthemarginsofsociety:afigureoffun.pityorawe.IntheceofwitheredspinstersandbachelorsarepeoplelikeElizabethdeKergorlay,a29-year-oldParisianbankerwhoviewsherindependenceandherownapartmentasthespoilsofprofessionalsuccess.Asthesageswouldsay,weareallultimayalone.ButanincreasingnumberofEuropeansarechoosingtobesoataneverearlierage.2.Thisisn'tthestuffofgloomyphilosophicalmeditations,butafactofEurope'sneweconomiclandscape,embracedbydemographers,real-estatedevelopersandadexecutivesalike.3.Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyles,observesFrenchsociologist,leanClaudeKaufmanns,ispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualism”overthelastcentury.4.Thecommunicationsrevolution,theshiftfromabusinesscultureofstabilitytooneofmobilityandthemassentryofwomenintotheworkhavewreakedhavoconEuropeans'privatelives.Moreandmoreofthemareremainingontheirown:they'relivinglonger,divorcingmoreandmarryinglater—ifatall.Britishmarriageratesarethelowestin160yearsofrecords.INSEE,France'sNationalInstituteofStatistics,reportsthatthenumberofFrenchpeoplelivingalonedoubledbetween1968and1990.Europe'sneweconomicclimatehaslargelyfosteredthetrendtowardindependence.5.Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope'sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmerican-stylecapitalism.Raisedinaneraofprivatizationandincreasedconsumerchoice,today'stech-savvyworkershaveembracedamarketinloveaswellaseconomics.ModernEuropeansarerichenoughtoaffordtolivealone,andtemperamentallyindependentenoughtowanttodoso.ArecentpollbytheInstituteFrancoisdominionPublique,theFrechaffiliateoftheGalluppoll,foundthat58percentofFrenchrespondentsviewedlivingaloneasachoice,notanobligation.OtherEuropeansinglesagree.“I'vealwayswantedtobetogoonadventures,”saysIrisExpender,wholivesbyherselfinBerlin.WritingNowadayswecanseeAmericanfiandTVprogramspouringin,fastfoodrestaurantspopupinourcities,andmanyotherimportedproductsdominatingourmarkets.Manypeoplearehappytoseethemwhereasothersworryaboutsuchtrends.Giveyouropinioninanessayofnolessthan250words.试题详ReadingComprehension(30%)PartA 从文章一、二段可知；A文章未提及；B对于成本的考虑是对雇主的形容，而不是对于管理者的素质要求；C错误，应该是对其自身素质的考虑重于 3.C文中第四段中“abovealltheabilitytocommunicateandlead”4.A文章最后一段中“No-onedoubtsthatweneedmorescientistsandinnovationtogiveusanedgeinanincreasinglycompetitiveworld”,可见科学是促进竞争的因一；B错误，文中只是假设；C在文中未提及；D错误，与文中意思相反。文中第二段中说的“seekcan-dosratherthanmight-dos”表明企业更看重实际的能力而非潜在的能力，B正确；A错误，他们说的是自己，而非同事；C错误，ManagementCharterInitiativeMBA；D错误，刚好相反。6.B文章通篇讨论的是喝酒者对产生依赖的原因，A，C，D三项均与原文无关8.DAB的情形，倒数第二段表9.C由Someexperimentalevidencetendstoshowthatalcoholreducesfearinanapproach-avoidancesituation可知Ⅰ正确。由theanxietiesandfeelingsofguiltinducedbytheconsequencesofexcessivealcoholingestionmaythemselves ethesignalforanotherboutofalcoholabuse可知Ⅱ正确。由Whilepunishmentmayservetosuppressaresponse,experimentshaveshownthatinsomecasesitcanserveasarewardandreintilebehavior可知Ⅲ正确不会遏制酗酒者继续喝酒；Bpunishment的分析可知。Part11.T从原文“cerealfermentationisusedforreducingtileriskofcontaminationundertileexistinginappropriateconditionsforfoodpreparationandstorageinmanyhouseholds”可知。12.F13.F说的过于绝对，与原文不符，应是“lesscontaminated”14.F15.F从原文“Ithasbeenshownthatwhilecontaminationlevelsincookedunfermentedfoodsincreasewithstoragetime”可知。16.F17.TnadequatefoodstorageVocabularyandStructure(10 veil面纱，而罩；view风景，见解；fringe边缘，刘海；profile ；describedevade逃避，躲避；delude迷惑，蛊惑；seclude；invade，侵袭4.Ainduce劝导，促使；abduct诱拐，；indulge纵容；lure引诱assertoneself坚持自己的权利，表现自己的；promote促进，提升；strengthen加强，巩固；assert断言，声称；assess估计，评估。 oneroustriflingomnipeent distracted转移；deviated偏离；intrigued密谋，私通；permeated intenton专心于；provoked挑拨，；elated使得意；pruned剪除 inspect检查；expedited加速，派出；uphold支持，赞成；reinstall indulged纵容；troubled打扰，麻烦；exerted尽力，施加；frustrated rectify矫正，调整；rebuke指责，谴责；negotiate商议，谈判；reconcile调整，使和 assurance确信，保证；warrant，证明；guarantee保证，担保；insurance15.Adeserts放弃，逃跑；deflects使偏斜；detains拘留，；threw投，扔16.Aintegral整体的，组成的，必备的；suitable适当的，相配的；inevitablecompatible extravagant奢侈的，浪费的；prominent卓越的，显著的；prescienteternal byaccident偶然的；onaverage平均的；onoccasion有时；atrandom ；patent preview事先查看，预演；all预防，；ignite点燃；fluctuate波动Translation(15小说歌曲和中常有的单身角色往往都是那些社会边缘的人他们或令人发笑，lean-ClaudeKaufmanns认为，从家庭生活模式到单身生活模式的转变，是上个世纪“”的不可抵挡的推动因一。现在的独身一代是在欧洲从社会主义向更激进更具思潮的式转变的过渡时期出现的成长于和消费选择日益增长时代的精通技术的现代工人们WritingGoodorAtpresent,itisnotdifficultforustopurchaseaforeignproductinthemarket.WecanseeAmericanfiandprogramspouringin,fastfoodrestaurantspopupinourcitiesandotherimportedproductsdominatingourmarkets.Isthisphenomenongoodorbadfor Thereisnodefiniteanswer,asitisjustanothercoinwithtwoWithsomanyimportedproductsfloodinginourmarkets, peoplecouldrelishalotmoreconsumablesthaneverbeforebecausetheyhaveagreatmanychoicesofselectingproductswithhighqualitiesandreasonableprices.Inthemeanwhile,thistrendcanalsoencouragedomesticentrepreneurstoresearchanddevelopnewproducts,toimprovetheirservicesandtoreformillogicalmanagementsystems.Thus,fromthispointofview,suchtrendsarebeneficialto consumersandmanufactures.However,differentvoicesarealsoheardinsomeoccasions.Since isstilladevelocountry,sheneedstopromoteherownnationalindustriestopushforwardthewholeprocessofreformandopening-up.Butthemassentranceofforeigncompanies,especiallyUScorporations,mightconstituteagreatthreatto'snativeentrepreneurs.Withoutsufficientmarketroom,thereisnodestinationforlocalproducts.Withoutadvancedandcoretechniques,thecostofR&D,designing,advertisingandpromotioncannotbereducedextraordinarily.Consequentlyitisextremelyhardfor companiestosurviveinthecompetitivemarket.Onthefinalysis,weshouldnotattachpuregoodnessorbadnesstosuchtrends.Nomatterwhichopinionyouhold,bothofthesetwotypesofeffectsareinevitable.Intermsof'sindustries,theyshouldactinitiativelytolearnfromandcompetewithforeigncompanies.ReadingComprehensionPartDirections:Therearetworeadingpassagesinthispart.Eachisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughtheonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageCitiesdevelopasaresultoffunctionsthattheycanperform.Somefunctionsresultdirectlyfromtheingenuityofthecitizenry,butmostfunctionsresultfromtheneedsofthelocalareaandofthesurroundinghinterland(theregionthatsgoodstothecityandtowhichthecityfurnishesservicesandothergoods).Geographersoftenmakeadistinctionbetweenthesituationandthesiteofacity.Situationreferstothegeneralpositioninrelationtothesurroundingregion,whereassiteinvolvesphysicalcharacteristicsofthespecificlocation.Situationisnormallymuchmoreimportanttothecontinuingprosperityofacity.Ifacityiswellsituatedinregardtoitshinterland,itsdevelopmentismuchmorelikelytocontinue.Chicago,forexample,possessesanalmostunparalleledsituation:itislocatedatthesouthernendofahugelakethatseast-westtransportationlinestobecompressedintoitsvicinity,andatameetingofsignificantlandandwatertransportroutes.Italsooverlookswhatisoneoftheworld'sfinestlargefarmingregions.ThesefactorsensuredthatChicagowould eagreatcityregardlessofthedisadvantageouscharacteristicsoftheavailablesite,suchasbeingpronetofloodingduringthunderstormactivity.Similarly,itcanbearguedthatmuchofNewYorkCity'simportancestemsfromitsearlyandcontinuingadvantageofsituation.PhiladelphiaandBostonbothoriginatedataboutthesametimeasNewYorkandsharedNewYork'slocationatthewesternendofoneoftheworld'smostimportantoceanictraderoutes,butonlyNewYorkpossessesaneasy-accessfunctionalconnection(theHudson-wklowland)tothevastMidwesternhinterland.ThisaccountdoesnotaloneexinNewYork'sprimacy,butitdoesincludeseveralimportantfactors.Amongthemanyaspectsofsituationthathelptoexinwhysomecitiesgrowandothersdonot,originallocationonanavigablewaterwayseemsparticularlyapplicable.Ofcourse,suchcharacteristicasslope,drainage,powerresources,rivercrossings,coastalshapes,andotherphysicalcharacteristicshelptodeterminecitylocation,butsuchfactorsarenormallymoresignificantinearlystagesofcitydevelopmentthanWhatdoesthepassagemainlyThedevelopmentoftraderoutesthroughUnitedStatesContrastsinsettlementpatternsinUnitedHistoricaldifferencesamongthreelargeUnitedStatesTheimportanceofgeographicalsituationinthegrowthofUnitedStatesThepassagesuggeststhatageographerwouldconsideracity'ssoiltypepartofits .Accordingtothepassage,acity'ssituationismoreimportantthanitssiteinregardtothe long-termgrowthandabilitytoprotectitspossessionoffavorableweatherneedtoimportfoodTheauthormentionseachofthefollowingasanadvantageofChicago'slocationEXCEPT.nearnesstoalargepositioninregardtotransportflatTheprimarypurposeofparagraphIisto .summarizepastresearchandintroduceanewdescribeahistoricalemphasizetheadvantagesofonetheoryoverdifineatermandillustrateitwithanexamplePassage2ThetwoclawsofthematureAmericanlobsteraredecidedlydifferentfromeachother.Thecrusherclawisshortandstout;thecutterclawislongandslender.Suchbilalasymmetry,inwhichthefightsideofthebodyis,inallotherrespects,amirrorimageoftheleftside,isnotunlikehandednessinhumans.Butwherethemajorityofhumansareright-handed,inlobstersthecrusherclawappearswithequalprobabilityoneithertherightsideorleftsideofthebody.Bilalasymmetryoftheclawscomesaboutgradually.Inthejuvenile andfifthstagesofdevelopment,thepairedclawsaresymmetricalandcutterlike.Asymmetrybeginstoappe