高考总复习英语外研通用版教师用书语法专项突破10第十讲主谓一致和特殊句式

第十讲主谓一致和特殊句式主谓一致题型分类考题印证命题解读语法填空1.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Whenfatandsaltare__removed(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifitismissingsomething.2.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Iwas__allowed(allow)togetupclosetothesecuteanimalsatthe600-acrecentre.近几年高考对主谓一致的考查主要是语法一致和意义一致，就近一致相对来说考查较少，并且高考常常将主谓一致与动词的时态语态结合起来进行综合考查短文改错1.(2016·浙江卷6月)Hewouldaskwhowewasandpretendnottoknowus.was→were2.(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)Mydreamschoollooklikeabiggarden.look→looks3.(陕西卷)Finally,therewereasuddenpullatthepoleandafishwascaught.were→was1.名词或代词作主语时主谓一致错误；2.非谓语动词或从句作主语时主谓一致错误；3.倒装句的主谓一致错误；4.“就近”与“就远”原则的错用语法一致1．不定式、动名词和名词性从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。what引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于作表语的名词的单复数。◆Swimminginriversinsummerisagoodsport,buttoswiminriversinwinterneedsgreatwillpower.夏天在河里游泳是很好的运动，但冬天在河里游泳需要极大的意志力。◆Whathehassaidleavesmuchforustothinkabout.他说的话发人深省。2．表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时，通常被看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式。◆Threethousanddollarsisquitealotofmoneyforaboy.对一个男孩来说，3000美元是一笔大数目。3．如果主语后面带有aswellas,with,alongwith,togetherwith,ratherthan,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto,incommonwith等加其他名词时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。◆(2018·沈阳模拟)Modernteachingequipmentaswellashundredsofcomputerswassenttothevillageschoollastweek.上周现代化的教学设备和几百台电脑被送到了那所乡村学校。[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错1．(2015·湖南卷)Itisimportanttorememberthatsuccessis(be)asumofsmalleffortsmadeeachdayandoftentakes(take)yearstoachieve.2．Whattheyneedmostis(be)moneywhilewhatweneedmostare(be)textbooks.3．(2018·福建冲刺卷)Newspapers,aswellasmagazines,playsanimportantroleindailycommunication.plays→play意义一致1．“分数/百分数/alotof/plentyof/therestof/themajorityof/halfof/mostof/someof...＋名词”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词由短语中的名词来确定。◆Thefactoryusedthreefifthsoftherawmaterials,therestofwhichweresavedforotherpurposes.工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三，剩余部分节省出来作为他用。◆Altogethermorethan70percentofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredbywater.总共有超过70%的地球表面被水覆盖。2．“the＋形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。◆Theyoung,ontheonehand,oftenthinkoftheoldconservative.Ontheotherhand,theoldalwaysconsidertheyounginexperienced.一方面，年轻人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为年轻人缺乏经验。3．people,police等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；family,team,class,audience等作主语时，若指一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若指组成集体的成员，则用复数形式。◆Thefamilyaswellastheirdogweretrappedontheroofbythefloodyesterday.昨天那家人还有他们的狗都被洪水困在屋顶。4．“anumberof＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，意为“许多”；“thenumberof＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，意为“……的数量”。◆(2018·吉林模拟)Thenumberofpeopleinvitedwasfifty,butafewofthemwereabsentfordifferentreasons.收到邀请的总共有50人，但其中有一些人因为各种原因缺席了。quantitiesof后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。eq\a\vs4\al()[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错1．(2017·江苏卷)ThepublicationofGreatExpectations,whichwas(be)bothwidelyreviewedandhighlypraised,strengthenedDickens’statusasaleadingnovelist.2．Themajorityofvisitorswereinfavorofhisconclusionthatthenumberofbookspublishedonthesubject__wassimplysurprising.(be)3．(2018·西安模拟)Theearthlookslikeabigblueball,whichisbecausetwothirdsoftheearth’ssurfacearemadeupofvastoceans.are→is就近一致1．由or,nor,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...butalso...,not...but...等连接并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数常和它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。◆(2018·贵州遵义模拟)NotonlyJohnandTombutalsotheirsister,Mary,takesgreatinterestinthepianolessons.不仅是约翰和汤姆，就连他们的妹妹——玛丽，也对钢琴课有极大的兴趣。2．在倒装句中谓语常与后面最接近的主语一致。◆Inthedistancewasheardtheclappingofhandsandtheshoutsofthepeople.远处传来拍手声和人们的喊叫声。3．Therebe句式中，主语是两个或多个并列名词时，be的形式与最邻近的主语保持一致。◆Therearethreechairs,adeskandacomputerinmynewoffice.在我的新办公室里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错1．Thereis(be)adogandthreeducksintheyard,inthemiddleofwhichare(be)twotalltreeswithgreatshade.2．NotonlyTombutalsoPeterandMaryare(be)planningtogo,becausetheyhaveneverbeentherebefore.3．(2018·聊城模拟)Betweenthetworowsoftreesstandtheteachingbuilding.stand→standseq\a\vs4\al()主谓一致与语法填空根据句中的主语，判断谓语动词形式；根据主谓一致的三个原则确定谓语动词的形式。近年来高考对主谓一致在语法填空中的考查主要集中在与动词时态语态结合起来考查。主谓一致与短文改错看主语为第一、二人称还是第三人称，确定谓语动词形式是否正确；看到主语为动名词短语、不定式或从句，确定谓语动词应为第三人称单数的形式是否正确；either...or...either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...butalso...等连接并列主语时，确定谓语动词是不是采取了就近原则。特殊句式题型分类考题印证命题解读语法填空1.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Itcouldbeanything—gardening,cooking,music,sports—butwhateveritis,make(make)sureit’sarelieffromdailystressratherthananotherthingtoworryabout.2.(2015·天津卷)OnlywhenLilywalkedintotheofficedidsherealizethatshehadleftthecontractathome.3.(2015·湖南卷)ItwaswhenwewerereturninghomethatIrealizedwhatagoodfeelingitwastohavehelpedsomeoneintrouble.在语法填空中强调句是高考的难点，倒装句是高考的热点，在语法填空中出现的概率较大。此外，状语从句中的省略、祈使句和therebe句型的各种时态的应用也是高考考查的重点项目短文改错1.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Theinstructorkeptrepeatingthewords,“Speedup！”“Slowdown！”“Turningleft！”Turning→Turn2.(2018·山东青岛一中模拟)Ihadtroubleovercomingmyaddictiontoalcohol,andsowasmyfriendMike.was→did3.(2018·湖南师大附中检测)Itisthestableandcomfortablelifewherehasdestroyedtheyoungman’sambitiontobeagreatexplorer.where→that1.倒装句中助动词或系动词的缺失或误用；2.强调句型中it或that的误用；3.感叹句中what和how的误用；4.祈使句中动词原形的误用；be句型中be动词单复数的误用倒装句完全倒装表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语here,there,now,then,up,down,away,off,in,out,intheroom,onthewall等置于句首，且主语为名词时部分倒装否定副词(never,neither,nor,hardly,little,seldom,rarely等)或表示否定意义的介词短语(atnotime,bynomeans,onnocondition,innocase等)置于句首时only修饰介词短语、副词或状语从句，且置于句首时so/neither＋助动词/be动词/情态动词＋主语，意为“……也是如此/也不……”在notonly...but(also)．..句型中，若notonly置于句首时，需将notonly所在的句子部分倒装notuntil...置于句首时，主句需部分倒装so...that...和such...that...句式中，so或such及其所修饰的成分置于句首时，主句需部分倒装◆(2016·江苏卷)Notuntilrecentlydidtheyencouragethedevelopmentoftourist-relatedactivitiesintheruralareas.直到近期，他们才鼓励在农村地区开展与旅游业有关的活动。◆(湖南卷)Onlyaftertheyhaddiscussedthematterforseveralhoursdidtheyreachadecision.他们讨论了那个问题几个小时之后才作出决定。◆(重庆卷)AtthemeetingplaceoftheYangtzeRiverandtheJialingRiverliesChongqing,oneofthetenlargestcitiesinChina.在长江和嘉陵江的交汇处，坐落着中国十大城市之一的重庆。[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错1．(2018·渭南一模)Onthetopofthehillstands(stand)atemplewheretheoldmanoncelived.2．(福建卷)Notuntilhewentthroughrealhardshipherealizethelovewehaveforourfamiliesisimportant.在hardship后加did强调句1．陈述句式：Itis/was...that/who...(强调主语且主语为人时可用that或who，其他情况只用that)一般疑问句：Is/Was＋it＋...that/who...?特殊疑问句：疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that...?◆(2017·天津卷)ItwaswhenIgotbacktomyapartmentthatIfirstcameacrossmynewneighbors.正是当我回到公寓的时候，我第一次遇到我的新邻居们。◆(四川卷)Wasitonalonelyislandthathewassavedonemonthaftertheboatwentdown?他是在船沉了一个月之后在一个荒岛上被救的吗？2．“not...until...”的强调句：Itis/wasnotuntil...that...(注意时态)◆(湖南卷)ItwasnotuntilIcameherethatIrealizedthisplacewasfamousfornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsweather.直到我来到这儿，我才知道这个地方出名不仅因为它的美，还因为它的天气。eq\a\vs4\al()强调谓语动词，用do/does/did＋动词原形。该结构只用于肯定句，并且只有一般现在时和一般过去时。[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错1．(2018·临沂实验中学月考)Itisnotwhoisrightbutwhatisrightthatisofimportance.2．(2015·重庆卷)Bachdiedin1750,butitwasnotuntiltheearly19thcenturythathismusicalgiftwasfullyrecognized.3．(2018·西安模拟)Wasitin1969whentheAmericanastronautsucceededinlandingonthemoon？when→that其他特殊句式一、省略1．状语从句的省略当时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it且从句中含be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词，构成下列结构：连词＋形容词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式。◆(湖南卷)Children,whenaccompaniedbytheirparents,areallowedtoenterthestadium.当孩子有父母陪伴的时候，他们是被允许进入体育馆的。2．不定式的省略(1)在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，可以省去不定式中和前面句子中相同的动词(短语),只保留不定式符号to。常用在expect,hope,intend,mean,try,want,wish等词后。◆(2016·江苏卷书面表达)Firstly,peoplemayfeelforcedwhenaskedtodothingsthattheydon’twantto.首先，当人们被要求去做他们不想做的事情时他们会感到是被迫的。(2)but用作介词，意为“除……之外”时，前面有实义动词do,后接不定式时，要省略to；但前面没有实义动词do时，后接的不定式不省略to。◆(陕西卷)Ifhetakesonthiswork,hewillhavenochoicebuttomeetanevengreaterchallenge.如果他接受了这份工作，除了迎接更大的挑战之外他别无选择。eq\a\vs4\al()特殊的省略结构：if省略结构，常作为插入语来处理。ifso 如果这样的话ifnot 如果不；不然的话ifever 如果曾经有的话ifnecessary 如果有必要的话ifpossible 如果可能的话ifany 如果有的话二、感叹句1．what引导的感叹句(1)What＋a/an＋(adj.)＋单数可数名词＋主语＋谓语！(2)What＋(adj.)＋不可数名词/复数名词＋主语＋谓语！2．how引导的感叹句(1)How＋adj./adv.＋主语＋谓语！(2)How＋adj.＋a/an＋单数可数名词＋主语＋谓语！(3)How＋主语＋谓语！◆(辽宁卷)Whatastrangeplant(＝Howstrangeaplant)!I’veneverseenitbefore.这种植物真奇怪！我以前从未见过。◆Theshockingnewsmademerealizewhatterribleproblemswewouldface.这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。三、祈使句祈使句常用来表达命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告、劝告等。1．祈使句的主语一般是第二人称you(常省略)。祈使句的否定形式一般在动词原形前加don’t,也可用副词never构成。祈使句的强调形式可以在句首加do。◆(2018·北京东城期末)DoyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV.看电视之前要先做你的家庭作业。2．祈使句表示假设的情况(1)祈使句＋and/or＋简单句(2)名词词组(多含有more,another)＋and＋简单句◆(大纲全国卷)CallmetomorrowandI’llletyouknowthelabresult.明天给我打电话，我会让你知道实验结果的。◆Startoutrightaway,orwe’llmissthefirsttrain.立刻出发，否则的话，我们将要错过首班车。四、therebe句型1．therebe句型中的be可以有不同的时态，可以和助动词或情态动词连用。并且be有时可用live,remain,stand,lie,exist,seemtobe,appeartobe,happentobe,usedtobe等替换。◆Therehavebeenmanygreatchangesinourcountrysincethen.自从那时起我国发生了很多大的变化。◆Onceuponatimetherelivedanoldfishermaninavillagebythesea.从前在海边的一个村庄里住着一位老渔夫。2．therebe句型的常考句型：Thereisnopoint/sense(in)doingsth. 做某事没有意义。Thereisnodoubtthat... 毫无疑问……Thereisnoneed(forsb.)todosth. (某人)没有必要做某事。Thereis(no)difficulty/troubleindoing/withsth. 做某事(没)有困难。Thereis(no)possibilityof(doing)sth./that... (做)某事(没)有可能性。[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错1．(2015·北京卷)Ifaccepted(accept)forthejob,you’llbeinformedsoon.2．(2018·山西太原调研)Thereseemstobemuchmoresupportforthenewpolicyamongcollegestudentsthanamongofficials.3．(2018·福建质检)Failingforthefirsttimehasmadehimcometoknowwhatimportantasecondchanceis.what→how4．Standingonthetopofthetowerandyou’llenjoythesceneryofthewholecity.Standing→Standeq\a\vs4\al()特殊句式与语法填空注意分析句式结构，确定为何种特殊句式；根据特殊句式的结构特点填入适当的词。特殊句式与短文改错遇到特殊句式，要注意倒装句、强调句、省略句、祈使句、感叹句等的构成特点，从而确定错因。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)单句语法填空1．(2018·哈尔滨六校联考)Suchgooduse__doeshemakeofhissparetimethathisEnglishhasimprovedalot.2．(2018·广东三校联考)Itwasnotuntildark__thathefoundwhathethoughtwasthecorrectwaytosolvetheproblem.3．(2018·湖南四校期中)Whenwearrived,weweresurprisedtofindthattheairaswellaslargequantitiesofwaterwas(be)polluted.4．(2018·温州十校联考)Thepolicewereseekingmoreinformationtofindoutwhoitwasthatkilledtherichmerchant.5．(2018·东北师大附中期中)SomeofyoumayhavefinishedUnitOne.Ifso,__youcangoontoUnitTwo.6．Itwasthisschoolwhereheoncestudiedthatgavehimachanceofteaching.7．Bringtheflowersintoawarmroomandthey’llsoonopen.8．Thelittleboycameridingatfullspeeddownthemotorwayonhisbicycle.Whatadangeroussceneitwas!9．ExerciseⅠshouldbedoneinclassasanexample,whiletherestare(be)tobefinishedashomework.10．—Whoshouldberesponsiblefortheaction?—Thebossistoblame.Theemployeesjustcarriedouttheorderastold(tell)．eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)单句改错1．(2018·山东省实验中学诊断)HisteammateandfriendHenry,aswellasmostoftheaudience,aresurprisedatthejudge’spreference.are→is2．Itwasnobodyelseathand,andIhadtocarrytheheavyboxtotheeighthfloorbymyself.It→There3．Onlyatthismomenttheparentsrealizethatwhatgreateffecttheirbehaviorhadontheirchildren.在moment后加did4．HowrapidprogressTomhasmadeinhisstudies！How→What5．Protectingourearth,orelseitwillbenolongerfitforustoliveon.Protecting→Protecteq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ)语法填空(2018·江西南昌一模)Wewanteveryonetorespectus.Dowerespecteveryonearoundus?TheanswerisabigNO!Wedon’trespectwethinkisbetterthanus,wedon’trespectpoorandoldpeople,andwedon’trespectwhowefeelisnotbetter2.____________us.Sohowcanwewinrespect?Theeasiestway(gain)respectisbygivingrespect.Winningrespectmightbedifficultbutnotimpossible.Don’tusebadlanguage.Being4.____________(help)andlisteningtosomeoneareasignofgivingrespectand(win)respectaswell.Withpatienceandpractice,youcangetanykindofvirtue.Flowersarethemain6.____________(attract)ofanytypeofdecorationandinthesamewayrespectisthebeautyoflife.Lifeisterriblerespect.Justthinkwheneveryougotoaparty,everyonethereisnottreatedequally.Doyouknowwhy?Becauseof(they)manners.Whyarewenottreatedsometimesas9.____________(expect)?Becausewedothesametootherswhohaveexpectationsfromus.Relationshipcanbehealthyifwenevercrossthewallsofrespect.Withoutrespect,youcan’tlive.Youneedrespecteverywhere,inlife,inwork,insocietyorinfamily.Arespectedperson10.____________(speak)politely.【解题导语】本文探讨了尊重与被尊重之间的关系并告诉我们应该如何赢得他人的尊重。1．who解析：考查连接词。空处引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语，且主语是人，wethink是插入语，不影响句子结构，故应填who。2．than解析：考查介词。根据空前的better可知，此处为比较级，故应填介词than。3．togain解析：考查非谓语动词。此处为不定式作后置定语，修饰名词way，故填togain。4．helpful解析：考查形容词。由Being可知，此处应填一个形容词，故填形容词形式helpful。5．winning解析：考查动名词。介词后跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语，故此处用winning作介词of的宾语。6．attraction解析：考查词性转换。根据空前的themain和空后的of可推知，此处应填一个名词，故用名词形式attraction。7．without解析：考查介词。根据上文的“respectistheb