《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语

#《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语Introduction:GrammaticalHierarchy(导论—语法层次)Freemorpheme自由词素Boundmorpheme粘附词素Allomorph 词素变体1.Morpheme词素2.Partsofspeech(wordclass)Simplewords 简单词Derivatives 派生词Compounds 复合词*(1)ClassificationintermsofwordformationOpen-classwords(contentwords)v开放词类(实义词)NounVerbAdjectiveAdverb3.Phrases词组4.Clause分句5.Sentence句子Closed-classwords(functionwords)封闭词类(功能词)Intermediateclass(中间词类)NumeralsInterjectionPrepositionPronounDeterminerConjunctionAuxiliary*(2)ClassificationintermsofgrammaticalfunctionNounphraseVerbphraseAdjectivephraseAdverbphrasePrepositionphraseConjunctionIndependentclause&Subordinateclause独立分句和从属分句Simpleclause&Complexclause(*complexsentence)简单分句和复杂分句(*复杂句)Mainclause&Subordinateclause主句和从句Finiteclause，non-finiteclauseandVerblessclause限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句Fullsentence&Minorsentence完全句和不完全句Simplesentence,Compoundsentence,Complexsentence&Compoundcomplexsentence简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句Declarativesentence,imperativesentence,interrogativesentence,exclamatorysentence（（L1）Lecture1SentenceStructureSentenceelements:S(subject)V(predicateverb)主语谓语动词O(object)宾语C(complement)A(Adverbial)补足语 状语Twowaysofsentenceanalysis1)SVOSentenceClausenPVPNPAllthemanPredicateverbObjecthavedonetheirbest.Sentence=Subject+Predicate(PredicateVerb+Object,Complement,Adverbial,etc.)•句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。2)Subject+Predicate(=operator+predication)SentenceClausePredicateSubjectnPVPNPAllthemanPredicateverbObjecthavedonetheirbest.Sentence=Subject+Predicate(PredicateVerb+Object,Complement,Adverbial,etc.)•句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。2)Subject+Predicate(=operator+predication)SentenceClausePredicateSubjectOperatorPredicationAlltheman•句子由主语和谓语构成havedonetheirbest.进一步把谓语剖析为操作词（operator）和述谓成分（predication）。2.BasicclausetypesSVC,SV,SVA,SVO,SVOA,SVOC,SVoOLecture2Subject-VerbConcord(L2-3)Guidingprinciples:GrammaticalConcord语法一致原则Guidingprinciples:GrammaticalConcord语法一致原则NotionalConcord意义一致原则PrincipleofProximity就近原则Nominalclause名词性分句Non-finiteclause Relativeclause Cleftsentence非限定分句 关系分句 分裂句Existentialclause存在句Lecture3Nominalclause名词性分句Non-finiteclause Relativeclause Cleftsentence非限定分句 关系分句 分裂句Existentialclause存在句Lecture3NounandNounPhrase(L4-5)1.ClassificationofnounsNouns—Nouns—rProperN/Individual?）小间加巳M

/^-CollectiveN<LComon \、、Mat巳rial“qjncgntatileN^-AbstractNzPartitive（UnitNoun）单位词CasesofNounsNominativecase/Subjectivecase（主格）AccusativecaseNominativecase/Subjectivecase（主格）Accusativecase/Objectivecase（宾格）Dativecase（受事格/与格）Genitivecase（属格）Dativecase（受事格/与格）GenitivecaseIndependentGenitiveGenitivecaseDoubleGenitiveGenitivecasesspecifyingthereferenceofthenounphrase.Specificreference（特指） Genericreference（类指）Indefinitegenitivephrase（非确定特指）Lecture4Determiner（L6-7）DefinitionDeterminersarefunctionwordswhichareusedtodetermineorfixthereferenceofanoun.ra_SpeciticreferenceScope（gffl）j/ 1b・Genericreference（类指）Reference/\ rc.Definitequantity（确定数量）Quantity（数量）yLd-Indefinitequantity（非确定数量）Classification

DeterminerArticles［冠而J）DefiniteIndefinitezeroGenitivesrGenitivenoun（possessivesh（属格）〔GenitivePronDemonstratives（指示词）Centrill

determinersyRelatives（关系限定词）DeterminerArticles［冠而J）DefiniteIndefinitezeroGenitivesrGenitivenoun（possessivesh（属格）〔GenitivePronDemonstratives（指示词）Centrill

determinersyRelatives（关系限定词）Mh- （疑问限定词）JMultiplierI倍数） 1PredeterminerNumeralsyFraction（分数） ,［数词） CardMal［基数） IchTinal（序数）Quantifiers（量词） 广Pastdeterminers<sevieral,many；much,inure,mostT（n）few/little,IndefiniteDetJother,another（不定限定词） ulLboth,half'sucli __no, anyT吧aeh,everj\enough,either,neither3.ArticlesArticleisamajorgroupofdeterminersusedtodelimitthescopeofreferenceofnouns（主要用来限定名词的指称范围）.TypesFunctionsrDefinite:theUncertain<Indefinite:a/anSpecificreference（特指）Genericreference0K指）*p.74,7.1.3,冠词的确定特指（definitespecificreference）分为前照应特指（cataphoricspecificreference）、B照应特指（anaphoricspecificreference）和语境特指（situationalreference）,这与后面的代词照应（pronounreferencep.104,9.3）在术语上略有不同。Lecture5Pronoun（L8-9）Classification/■PersonalPron（人称代词）：I/me,we/usfyou,he/him.she/her,it,they/tliemPossessivesPron「物主i代词）:mine,ours,yours,his.hers,theirsReflexiveProm（反身代词kmyself,ourselves*yourself,yourselves,himself^herselfiitself,themselvesPron<ReciprocalFron（相互代词）：eachother,,oneanotherDemonstrativePron（指示代词）：this,that,these,those,suchRelativePron（美系代词）：tJiat,who?what?wliichf-everInterragativePron（疑|可彳弋词）；who,what<which,wh.ose?-everIndefiniteFron（不定代词）；every-,sonie-?any>no-?others,another,many,nniehj.few,little*all,halLalot.either,neither,Qtc.;theforiner/latter;one/t\vc/tliree/etc.;thefirst/second/last/ctc.Antecedent先行词Theuseofreflexivepronoun（-self）广ObjectUncmphaticJuse PreposiitiorLalcomplementatlonl（介词补足成分）ReflexivePronJ <APPoSitive（同位语）Contrastiveprepositionalcomplementation（对比性介词补足成分）EmphaticSpccifil-mcaningprepositionaluse]complem&ntation（表特殊意义的介词补是成分）Subjectcomplement（主语补语）SubjectorpartofsubjectPronounreference（代词照应）前照应（Cataphoricreference）、后照应（Anaphoricreference）、语境照应（Situationalreference）、人称照应（Personalreference）、指示照应（Demonstrativereference）Lecture6VerbandVerbPhrase(L10-22)1.ClassificationofverbsNotionalverbPrimary,modal&semi-auxiliaries/『verbsMainverbs&auxiliaries(function&formation)verbsTransitiveverb,intransitiveverbs&linkingverbs

(whetherfollowedbycompliments)/V.+object/complinnent/adverbialDynamicverb&stativeverbs(lexicalmeaning)Single-wordverb&phrasalverbs(word-formation

&grammaticalform)Finiteverbsandnon-finiteverbs(form)to-infinitive;-ingparticiple&-edparticiple(L19-22)动词分类的标准有很多种，如上图所示，记住基本的术语和其用法就是。比如及物动词、不及物动词、联系动词、助动词、动态动词、静态动词、词组动词、限定动词、非限定动词、不定式，不带to不定式(bareinfinitive)等等，还有副词/介词小品词(adverbparticle&propositionparticle)。>TransitiveVerbs：followedbyobjects.>Intransitiveverbs:donotrequireanobject.SVO王—动—兵SVoO王一动SVO王—动—兵SVoO王一动一宾一宾SVOC王一动一宾一补SV王—动SVC王—动—补(Transitiveverb)(Ditransitiveverb)【双宾语动词】(Monotransitiveverb)【单宾语动词】(Intransitiveverb)(Linkingverb)•Thisaspectisofessentialimportancebecausetheverbtypeheredeterminesthebasicsentencestructureofyoursentenceandhowyoucanexpandyoursentence.2.FiveformsofVerbs(动词的五种基本形式)原形(baseform)、第三人称单数(thirdpersonsingular)、过去式(pasttense)、过去分词(pasttense)、现在分词(presentparticiple)3.Tenseandaspects“'JenseAspectSimplepresentSimplepastSimplefuturePastfutureprogressive现在进行体过去进行体将来进行体过去将来进行体perfective现在完成体过去完成体将来完成体过去将来完成体Perfectiveprogressive现在完成进行体过去完成进行体将来完成进行体过去将来完成进行体

Mood陈述式(Indicativemood)、祈使式(Imperativemood)、虚拟式(Subjunctivemood)Non-finiteverbspp.230-1动态形容词(DynamicAdjective)、静态形容词(StativeAdjective)p.251前置修饰语(Premodifier)、p.256悬垂分词(DanglingParticiple)/无依着分词(Unattachedparticiple)、依着法则(Attachmentrule)Lecture7AdjectiveandAdverb(L23-24)Adjective&AdjectivePhraseA(ljP(pre-modifier)head(complementation补足成分orpost-niodjfier后置珍饰语)brtmdAdi1hittersweetlerriblysorrythat1couldn'thelptooyoungtogotoschoolven-proudothersonnotmatLireenoughIGO%surethatthegamewaslostasgoodasusualworththeeffortworthpraisinggladLoworkanthisprojectbusyansweringquestionsAdjectiveform广FreemorphemeAdj(e.g.,hot,cold)/One-ivordAdjYDerivativeAdj(派生形容词)r-ingAdjParticipialAdj我'-edAdj'-edAdjJCompoundAdj(复合形容词)AdjectivemeaningambitiousassociatedivitBmotion?匕，莒”dbusiujfriendly,enthusiasric「StativeArij*Aloretall。©- ►associatedivitBmotion?匕，莒”dbusiujfriendly,enthusiasric「StativeArij*Aloretall。©- ►Non-gradableAdjminority<eia舌与source)associatedwithinherentnatore,e.g.?tnllyuglyfivhiteEitherAnyexceptionstot]iisclassiiicatioii?E・g”unemployed,following;rural.Americanatomic

dental

American

childlessnon-atomiciwti-dentalnon-AmeTieannoil-childless•动态形容词、静态形容词、等级形容词、非等级形容词Adverb&AdverbPhrase（AdvP）independentlyofhisparentsAdvform广SimpleAdv:well,too<rather?hard,quite,late,soon<here,fast,early,loiigtdown,round,today,tomorrow,etc.clearly,usually,uh•动态形容词、静态形容词、等级形容词、非等级形容词Adverb&AdverbPhrase（AdvP）independentlyofhisparentsAdvform广SimpleAdv:well,too<rather?hard,quite,late,soon<here,fast,early,loiigtdown,round,today,tomorrow,etc.clearly,usually,uhconsciously;weekly,fatherly,timely;paii'vvise,pieceyvise,clock^vise;homewards,aftenvards?seawards;etc.anyway,anywhere,noivhere,heretofore,however,henceforth,nevertheless,therefore,thereof,thereupon,thereafter,thereby,etc.IdiomaticAdv:ofcourse,kindof,atlast,onearth,afterall,infact,veiymuchetc.AdAdvMeaningC£pp・421-3/AdjunctiveAdw（■修饰性用词）"AdvoftimeAdvofplace

y.AdvofmannerAdvofdegreeLAdvoffi^quencynkjunctiveAdvf评注性副词）：说话人的认知、情感、说话方式<ConjunctiveAdv（连接性副词）p.274修饰性状语（Adjunct）、评注性状语（Disjunct）、连接性状语（Conjunct）Lecture8Degree&ComparativeConstruction（L25）（比较等级和比较结构）1.DegreeformsRegulardegreeformsofAdj&AdvPositive/absolute原级Comparative比较级Superlative最高级Monosyllabic(单音节)Adj&AdvSynthetic(inflectional)综合(屈折)形式Adj-/Adv-erAdj/Adv-estPolysyllabic(多音节)Adj&AdvAnalytic(phrasal)分析(词组)形式moreAdj/AdvmostAdj/AdvDisyllabic(双音节)Adj&AdvSyntheticorAnalyticAdj-/Adv-ermoreAdj/AdvAdj/Adv-estmostAdj/AdvNotes:-ingand-edparticipialAdjtakesmore~&most~Someirregularforms,e.g.,far,goodGradableindefiniteDet&Prons:many/much,few,littleComparativeconstructionThenonstandardAustrianGermanspeakerswereratedas[aggressiveJ.>,.，Lmoreaggressive]....[moreaggressivethanthestandardspeakers].AdjPmodifi-erheadIAdvP厂———————————thead degreecomplementationmoreaggressivethanthestandardspeakers张道真等人：aWthan引导的成分是比较状语(X)-Ho曾aggressive?-'loreaggressivethsmthegtandaMipcnkers.(修饰语)GeneralstructureofComparativeconstructionComparativeconstructionmodifierheadAdvP厂—————————— 、head degreecomplementationAdv comparativephrase/clauseas/so;-er;more/lessAdj/Adv/N as/than-'phrase/clauseNotes:More(less,fewer)canbeDet.orPron.:

Model2accountedformorevariance...thandidModel1.(Det.)Itappearedinmorethan50%oftherequeste-mails.(Pron.)As&thanareConjorrarelyPrep:Johnistallerthanshe(is)./Johnistallerthanher.E.g.Appleisastastyastomato.ClauseSubjectVPComplementSubjectVPAdjP(comparativeconstruction)NPApplemodifierheadAdjAdvPtastvdegreTcomplementationcomparativephraseConjasNPNPApplemodifierheadAdjAdvPtastvdegreTcomplementationcomparativephraseConjasNPtomatoLecture9Statement,Question,Command&Exclamation(L27)(陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句)Sentencetypes句子⑴Simplesentence,Compoundsentence,Complexsentence&Compoundcomplexsentence简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句Sentencetypes句子(2)Declarativesentence,imperativesentence,interrogativesentence,Exclamatorysentence陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句(Accordingtocommunicativefunction)Statements(Declarativesentences):Positive/NegativestatementsQuestions(Interrogativesentences):General(yes-no)questions,Special(Wh-)questions,Alternativequestions,Tagquestions(附加疑问句),Rhetoricalquestions(修辞疑问句)CommandsandExclamationsTagquestions(pp.316-9)Transferrednegation(否定转移)Lecture10ExistentialSentence&It-Patterns(L28-29)(存在句和It-句型)Existentialsentence存在句、实义主语(NotionalSubject)、真主语(Realsubject)、地点状语(Locativeadverbial)、时间状语(Temporaladverbial)*p.326,提及的非确定特指，冠词、数词等限定词，见限定词(Determiner)一讲。前置修饰语(premodifier)、后置修饰语(postmodifier)、操作词(Operator)*p.328,存在句的非限定形式(Non-finiteexistentialclauses)：theretobe/therebeing(therehavingbeen)的用法区别。It-Patterns*pp.331-5虚义it(Emptylt)、先行it(Anticipatorylt)、分裂句(ClefLsentence)假分裂句(Peudocleftsentence)Lecture11Coordination并列结构(L30)并列结构(Coordinateconstruction)、并列连词(Coordinator)Lecture12Subordination从属结构(L31-34)从属连词(Subordinator):简单从属连词、复杂从属连词、关联从属连词、边际从属连词(simplesubordinator,complexsubordinator,correlativesubordinator,marginalsubordinator)从属结构(Subordinateconstruction)：限定从属分句(Finitesubordinateclause)、非限定从属分句(Non-finitesubordinateclause)、限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句FinitesubordinateclauseFinitesubordinateclauseNominalclause名词性分句L31Relativeclause关系分句L31，L33Adverbialclause状语分句L31，L34Conditionalclause条件分句L34表语从句：Predicativeclause4.Non-finiteclause&Verblessclause(L32)Non-finiteclause&VerblessclauseL32Subjectiveclause主语从句Objectiveclause宾语从句Subjectcomplement主语补语(表语从句)Appositiveclause同位语从句Prepositionalcomplementation介词补足成分RestrictiveClause限制性关系分句Non-restrictiveClause非限制性关系分句DoubleRelativeClause双重关系分句EmbeddedRelativeClause嵌入式关系分句AdverbialclauseofTime时间AdverbialclauseofPlace地点AdverbialclauseofManner方式AdverbialclauseofCause原因AdverbialclauseofResult结果AdverbialclauseofPurpose目的AdverbialclauseofCondition条件AdverbialclauseofConcession让步TypeI:whenever-typerealconditionalTypeII:thecommonesttypeofrealconditionalTypeIII:probableunrealconditionalTypeIV:hypotheticalunrealconditional

contrarytothepastfact1)Infinitiveclause不定式分句2)-ingparticipleclause-ing分词分句3)-edparticipleclause-ed分词分句4)Verblessclause无动词分句5)Absoluteconstruction独立结构Lecture13DirectSpeech&IndirectSpeech(L35)直接引语(Directspeech)、间接引语(Indirect/reportedspeech)Lecture14Modification修饰(L36).前置修饰语(premodidier)、后置修饰语(postmodifier)、限定词(determiner)、限制性修饰语(Restrictivemodifier)非限制性修饰语(Non-restrictivemodifier)、分隔修饰(discontinuousmodification).作为名词词组的同位语，也是一种后置修饰语。同位语(appositive)、限制性同位语(Restrictiveappositive)、非限制性同位语(Non-restrictiveappositive).广义上说，状语(Adverbial)也是一种修饰语。状语分为修饰性状语(Adjunct)、评注性状语(Disjunc