2013年12月六级真题及答案(共三套)汇总

12六级考试真题（1套）SectionASomeperformanceevaluationsrequiresupervisorstotakeaction.whoreceiveaveryfavorableevaluationmaydeservesomeofrecognitionorevenapromotion.Ifsupervisorsdonotacknowledgesuchoutstandingperformance,mayeitherlosetheir36andreducetheireffortorsearchforanewjobatafirmthatwill37themforhighperformance.Supervisorsshouldacknowledgehighperformancesothatthewillcontinuetoperformwellinthefuture.whoreceiveunfavorableevaluationsmustalsobegivenattentionSupervisorsmust38thereasonsforpoorperformanceSomereasonssuchasafamilyillnessmayhaveatemporaryadverse39onperformanceandcanbecorrectedOtherreasonssuchasabadattitudemaynotbeWhensupervisorsgiveanunfavorableevaluation,theymustdecidewhethertotakeany40actions.Ifthewereunawareoftheirowndeficienciestheunfavorableevaluationcanpinpoint(指出thedeficienciesthatmustcorrect.Incase,thesupervisormaysimplyneedtomonitorthe41andensurethatthedeficienciesarecorrected.additionalaffectaptlyassimilateH)circulationcloselyconsistententhusiasmidentifyimpactpenaltyrewardsuspendingvulnerableIfthewerealreadyawareoftheirdeficienciesbeforetheevaluationperiod,however,theymaybeunableorunwillingtocorrectthem.Thissituationismoreserious,andthesupervisormayneedtotakeaction.Theactionshouldbe42withthefirm’sguidelinesandincludereassigningtonewjobs,43themtemporarily,orfiringthem.Asupervisor’sactiontowardapoorlyperformingworkercan44theattitudesofotherIfno45isimposedonanforpoorperformance,otheradditionalaffectaptlyassimilateH)circulationcloselyconsistententhusiasmidentifyimpactpenaltyrewardsuspendingvulnerableSectionBTheCollegeEssay:WhyThose500WordsDriveUsCrazyMegisainsuburbanWashingtonD.C.wherearethickonthegroundHersonDougisoneofseveralhundredthousandhigh-schoolseniorswhohadapainfulfallThedeadlinefortohisfavoritecollegewasNov1,andbyearlyOctoberhehadtofillouttheapplication.Moretothepointhehadtosettleonasubjectforthepersonaltheapplication.Accordingtocollegefolkloreawell-turnedessayhasthepowertoseduce(诱惑anadmissionscommittee.“Hewantedtodoonethingatatime,”Megsays,explainingherson’sdelay.“Butreally,mynsaer.eysetgo,osttfe”FriendsandotherveteransoftheprocesshavewarnedMegthatthebackandforthbetweeneditingparentandwritingstudentcanbetraumatic(痛苦的Backnthegoodolddas—,os,netfyndel折磨—ahigh-schoolstudentapplingollegecouldprocrastinateleyoNewYear’sDaytheirseniorassumingtheycouldwithstandtheparentalpestering(烦扰).Butthingschangefastinthenail-bitingworldofcollegeadmissionsTherecenttrendtowardandamongselectivecollegesanduniversitieshaspushedthetraditionaldeadlineofJanuaryuptoNov1orearlyDecemberformanystudents.Ifthetimeforheel-dragginghasbeenshortened,thetruesourceofthepanicremainswhatithasalwaysbeen.Andit’snottheapplicationitself.Acollegeapplicationisarelativelystraightforwardquestionnaireaskingforthebasics:name,address,familyhistoryemploymenthistory.Itwouldallbeinnocentenough—20minutesofbusywork—exceptitcomesattachedtoapersonalessay.“Therearegoodreasonsitcausessuchanxiety,”saysLisaSohmer,directorofcollegecounselingattheGardenSchoolinJacksonHeights,N.Y.“It’snotjusttheactualwriting.Bynoweverythingelseisalreadyset.Yourcourseloadisset,gradesareset,testscoresareset.Buttheessayissomethingyoucancontrol,andit’sopen-ended.Sothetemptationistowriteandrewriteand”rldldTheapplicationessay,alongwithitsmythicalimportance,isarecentinvention.Inthe1930s,whenonlyonein10Americanshadadegreefromafour-yearcollege,anadmissionscommitteewascontenttoaskforasampleofapplicants’schoolpaperstoassesstheirwritingability.Bythe1950s,mostschoolsrequiredabriefpersonalstatementofwhythestudenthadchosentoapplytooneschooloveranother.Todaynearly70percentofgraduatingseniorsgoofftocollege,includingtwo-yearandfour-yearinstitutions.Evenapartfromtheincreasedcompetition,thekidsenteraprocessthathasbeenutterlytransformedfromtheonebabyboomersknew.Nearlyallapplicationmaterialsaresubmittedonline,andtheCommonApplicationprovidesaone-size-fitsformacceptedbymorethan400schools,includingthenation’smostselective.Thoseschoolsusuallyrequireessaysoftheirown,butthelongestessay,500wordsmaximum,isgenerallyattachedtotheCommonApplication.Studentschooseoneofsixquestions.Applicantsareaskedtodescribeanethicaldilemmathey’vefacedanditsimpactonthem,ordiscussapublicissueofspecialconcerntothem,ortellofafictionalcharacterorcreativeworkthathasprofoundlyinfluencedthem.Anotherquestioninvitesthemtowriteabouttheimportance(tothem,again)ofdiversity―awordthathasassumedmagicpowerinAmericanhighereducation.Themostpopularoption:writeonatopicofyourchoice.snrktersd,,soh”snacounselorintheAnnArbor,Mich.,publicschools.“Theythinkiftheydoatopicoftheirchoice,“I’lljustgogetthathistorypaperIdidlastontheRomanEmpireandturnitintoafirst-personn’Andydpggy”TalkingtoadmissionsprofessionalslikeBoshoven,yourealizethatthelistof“don’ts”inessaywritingishrne”ok,oy,or”stsu,wyspoé(”s.ytelrs.Ideglnrtr.yservedinWorldWarIIandIhopetobejustlikehimsomeday.Thatmaymeanalottothatparticular.tnedfen,s.leernet”“Thegreateststrengthyoubringtothisessay,”saystheCollegeBoard’showtobook,“is17yearsorsooffamiliaritywiththetopic:YOU.Theformandstylearefamiliar,andbestofall,youaretheworld-classexpertonthesubjectofYOU...Ithasbeenthesubjectofyourclosescrutinyeverymorningsinceyouweretallenoughtoseeintothebathroommirror.”ThekeywordintheCommonApplicationss”ThecollegeadmissionessaycontainsthegrandestAmericanthemes―statusanxiety,parentalpiety(孝),intellectualstandards—andsoitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeitbecomesinfectedbythecountry’scultureofexcessiveconcernwithself-esteem.Evenifthequestionisostensibly ()aboutsomethingoutsidetheself(describeafictionalcharacterorsolveaproblemofgeopolitics),theessayinvariablyreturnstothefavoritetopic:whatisitsimpactonYOU?“Foralltheanxietytheessaycauses,”saysBillMcClintickofMercersburgAcademyinPennsylvania,“it’saverysmallpieceofthepuzzle.Iwasincollegeadmissionsfor10years.Isawkidsandparentsbeatthemselvesupoverthis.Andatthevastmajorityofplaces,itissimplynotabigvariableinthesg”Manyadmissionsofficerssaytheyspendlessthanacoupleofminutesoneachapplication,includingtheessay.Accordingtoarecentsurveyofadmissionsofficers,oneinfourprivatecollegessaytheessayisof“considerableimportance”injudginganapplication.Amongpubliccollegesanduniversities,thenumberdropstoroughlyonein10.Bycontrast,86percentplace“considerableimportance”onans,0tnhf”Still,atthemostselectiveschools,wherethousandsofcandidatesmaysubmitidenticallyhighgradesandtestscores,amarginalitemliketheessayserveasatie-breakerbetweentwoequallyqualifiedcandidates.ThethoughtiscertainlyenoughtokeepthepotboilingunderparentslikeMeg,thelawyer-mom,asshetriestohelphersonchooseanessaytopic.Foramomenttheotherday,shethoughtshemighthavehitonagoodone.“Hisfather’sfromFrance,”shesays.“Isaidmaybeyoucouldwriteaboutthat,assomethingthatmakesyoudifferent.Youknow:halfFrench,halfAmerican.Isaid,couldwriteaboutyouridentityissues.’Hesaid,‘Idon’thaveanyidentityissues!’Andhe’sright.He’sa,l.ttterad,s”Todaymanyuniversitiesrequiretheirapplicantstowriteanessayofuptofivehundredwords. Onerecentchangeincollegeadmissionsisthatselectivecollegesanduniversitieshavemovedthetraditionaldeadlinetoearlierdates. Applicantsandtheirparentsaresaidtobelievethatthepersonalessaycanswaytheadmissionscommittee.Applicantsareusuallybetteroffiftheycanwriteanessaythatdistinguishesthemfromtherest.Notonlyisthecompetitiongettingmoreintense,theapplicationprocesstodayisalsototallydifferentfromwhatbabyboomersknew. Inwritingabouttheirownexperiencesapplicantsslipintothusfailingtoengagereader.Accordingtoarecentsurvey,mostpubliccollegesanduniversitiesconsideranapplicant’sgradeshighlyimportant.Althoughtheapplicationessaycauseslotsofanxiety,itdoesnotplaysoimportantaroleinthecollege’sdecision-makingprocess. Thequestionyouaresupposedtowriteaboutmayseemoutsidetheself,butthethemeoftheessayshouldcenterarounditsimpactonyou. Intheolddays,applicantshadtosubmitasampleoftheirschoolpaperstoshowtheirwritingability.SectionCPassageOneAmongthegovernment’smostinterestingreportsisonethatestimateswhatparentsspendontheirchildren.Notsurprisingly,thecostsaresteep.Foramiddle-class,husband-and-wifefamily(averagepretaxincomein2009:$76,250),spendingperchildisabout$12,000ayear.Withinflationthefamily’sspendingonachildwilltotal$286,050byage17.Thedrystatisticsoughttoinformtheongoingdeficitdebate,becauseabudgetisnotjustacatalogofsd.tsassd.rys— e)tothecontrar— putmuchvalueonraisingchildren.Presentbudgetpoliciestaxparentsheavilytosupporttheelderly.Meanwhile,taxbreaksforchildrenaremodest.Ifdeficitreductionaggravatesthesebiases,moreAmericansmaychoosenottohavechildrenortohavefewerchildren.Downthatpathlieseconomicdecline.SocietiesthatcannotreplacetheirpopulationsdiscourageinvestmentandinnovationTheyhave(条的orshrinkingmarketsforgoodsandservicesWitholderpopulationstheyresistchange.Tostabilieitspopulatio—gn—ntenefo.afertilityrateof2.0.Manycountrieswithstrugglingeconomiesarewellbelowthat.Thoughhavingachildisadeeplypersonaldecision,it’sshapedbyculture,religion,economics,andgovernmentpolicy.“Noonehasagoodanswer”astowhyfertilityvariesamongcountries,sociologistAndrewCherlinofTheJohnsHopkinsErodingreligiousbeliefinEuropepartlyloweredbirthrates.InJapanwomenberebellingagainsttheirmothers’isolatedlivesofchildrearing.Generaloptimismandpessimismcount.HopefulnessfueledAmerica’sbabyboom.AftertheSovietUnion’scollapse,saysCherlin,“anxietyforthefuture”depressedbirthratesinRussiaandEasternEurope.Inpoorsocieties,peoplehavechildrentoimprovetheireconomicwell-beingbyincreasingthenumberoffamilyworkersandprovidingsupportsforparentsintheiroldage.Inwealthysocieties,thelogicoftenreverses.Governmentnowsupportsthediminishingtheneedforchildren.Bysomestudies,thesafetynetsforretireeshavereducedfertilityratesby0.5childrenintheUnitedStatesandalmost1.0inWesternEurope,reportseconomistRobertSteininthejournalNationalAffairs.somecouplesdon’thavechildrenbecausetheydon’twanttosacrificetheirownlifestylestothelimeandexpenseofaYoungAmericansalreadyfaceableaklabormarketthatcannotinstill(入confidenceabouthavingchildren.Pilingonhighertaxeswon’thelp,“Ifhighertaxesmakeitmoreexpensivetoraisechildren,”saysNicholasEberstadtoftheAmericanEnterpriseInstitute,“peoplewillthinktwiceabouthavinganotherchild.”Thatseemslikecommonsense,despitethemultipleinfluencesonbecomingparents.Whatdowelearnfromthegovernmentreport?Inflationincreasesfamilies’expenses.RaisingchildrenisgettingBudgetreductioninaroundthecorner.Averageisincreasing.Whatissaidtobetheconsequenceofashrinkingpopulation?Weakenednationalstrength. C)Economicdownturn.Increasedimmigration. D)SocialWhataccountedforAmerica’sbabyboom?Optimismforthefuture. C)Religiousbeliefs.Improvedlivingconditions. D)EconomicWhydopeopleinwealthycountriesprefertohavefewerchildren?Theywanttofurtherimprovetheireconomicwell-being.Theycannotaffordthetimeandofrearingchildren.Theyareconcernedaboutthefutureofthecominggeneration.Theydon’trelyontheirchildrentosupporttheminoldage.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?Toinstillconfidenceintheaboutraisingchildren.Toadvisecouplestothinktwicebeforehavingchildren.ToencouragethetotakecareoftheToappealfortaxreductionforraisingchildren.ewoSpacehasbeentheprovinceofdreamersThehumanimaginationreadilysoarswherehumaningenuity(创造力strugglestofollowAVoyagetotheMoon,oftencitedasthefirstsciencefictionwaswrittenbydeBergeracin1649wasdeadandburiedforagoodcenturiesbeforethefirstmannedrocketsstartedtoIn1961whenPresidentKennedydeclaredthatAmericawouldsendamantothemoonbythedecade’sendthosewordstoohadadreamlikeTheyresonated(withoptimismandambitioninmuchthesamewayasthemostfamousdreamspeechofalldeliveredbyMartinLutherKingJrtwolater.BytheendofthedecadebothvisionshadconcreteresultsandtransformedAmericanAndinthetwodreamsendedupatoddsotherThefightforracialandeconomicequalityisintensely(实用的andimmediateinitsimpactTheurgetoexplorespaceisjusttheoppositeItisfigurativelyandliterallyotherworldlyinitsaims.Whenthedustsettled,thespacedreamerslostout.Therewasnograndfollow-uptotheApollomissions.Thetechnologicallycompromisedspaceshuttleprogramhasjustcometoanend,withnosuccessor.Theperpetualargumentisthatfundsaretight,thatwehavemorepressingproblemshereonEarth.Amidthecurrentconcernsaboutthefederaldeficit,reachingtowardthestarsseemsadispensablesfghfaestderButhumaningenuitystruggleson.NASAisdevelopingaseriesofroboticprobesthatwillgetthemostbangfromabuck.willserveasMagellans,mappingoutthesolarsystemforwhateverexplorersfollow,whethermanormachine.Ontheflipside,companieslikeVirginGalacticareplottingabottom-upassaultonthespacedreambymakingitarealitytothepublic.Privatespaceflightcouldliewithinreachofrichciviliansinafewyears.Anotherdecadeortwoanditcouldgomainstream.Thespacedreamersendupbenefitingallofus—notjustbecauseofthetheyexpandhumanknowledge,orbecauseofthespin-offtechnologiestheyproduce,butbecausethetwotypesofdreamsfeedoffeachother.BothMartinLutherKingandJohnKennedyappealedtotheideathathumanscantranscendwhatwereonceconsideredinherentlimitations.Todaywefaceseemingchallengesinenergy,theenvironment,healthcare.Tomorrowwewilltranscendtheseaswell,andthedreamerswilldeservealotofthecredit.Themoreevidencewecollectthatourspeciesiscapableofgreatness,themorewewillactuallyachieveit.TheauthormentionsCyranodeBergeracinordertoshowthat .imaginationisthemotherofinventioningenuityisessentialforsciencefictionwritersittakespatienceforhumanstorealizetheirdreamsdreamershavealwaysbeeninterestedinsciencefictionwdelcwsenItsymbolizedtheAmericanspirit.Itwasasurgentasracialequality.Itsoundedverymuchlikeadream.Itmadeanancientdreamcometrue.tserytsmoeItmaynotbringaboutimmediateeconomicgains.Itcannotberealizedwithouttechnologicalinnovation.Itwillnothelptherealizationofracialandeconomicequality.Itcannotbeachievedwithoutagoodknowledgeoftheotherworlds.tsesedeCritical. C)Unbiased.Reserved. D)Supportive.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheproblemsfacinghumanbeings?Theyposeaseriouschallengetofuturehumanexistence.Theycanbesolvedsoonerorlaterwithhumaningenuity.Theirsolutionsneedjointeffortsofthepublicandprivatesectors.Theycanonlybesolvedbypeoplewithoptimismandambition.36~40HLIJA41~45FGNBK 46~50GBAOF 51~55JNMLE 56~60BCADD 61~ACADB2013122SectionAQuiteoften,educatorstellfamiliesofchildrenwhoarelearningEnglishasasecondlanguagetospeakonlyEnglish,andnottheirnativelanguage,athome.Althoughtheseeducatorsmayhavegood 36 advicetofamiliesismisguided,andit 37 frommisunderstandingsabouttheprocessoflanguageacquisition.Educatorsmayfearthatchildrenhearingtwolanguageswillbecome 38 confusedandthustheirlanguagedevelopmentwillbe 39 ;thisconcernisnotdocumentedintheliterature.Childrenarecapableoflearningmorethanonelanguage,whether 40 orsequentially().Infact,mostchildrenoutsideoftheUnitedStatesareexpectedtobecomebilingualoreven,inmanycases,multilingual.Globally,knowingmorethanonelanguageisviewedasan 41 andevenanecessityinmanyareas.ItisalsoofconcernthatthemisguidedadvicethatstudentsshouldspeakonlyEnglishisgivenprimarilytopoorfamilieswithlimitededucationalopportunities,nottowealthierfamilieswhohavemanyeducationaladvantages.Sincechildrenfrompoorfamiliesoftenare 42 asat-riskforacademicfailure,teachersbelievethatadvisingfamiliestospeakEnglishonlyisappropriate.Teachersconsiderlearningtwolanguagestobetoo 43 forchildrenfrompoorfamilies,believingthatthechildrenarealreadyburdenedbytheirhomesituations.IffamiliesdonotknowEnglishorhavelimitedEnglishskillsthemselves,howcanthey communicateinEnglish?Advisingnon-English-speakingfamiliestospeakonlyEnglishis 44 totellingthemnottocommunicatewithorinteractwiththeirchildren.Moreover,the45 messageisthatthefamily'slanguageisnotimportantorvalued.A)asset B)delayed C)deviatesD)equivalentE)identifiedF)intentionsG)objectH)overwhelmingI)permanentlyJ)prevalentK)simultaneouslyL)stemsM)successivelySectionBN)underlyingO)visualizingTheUsesofDifficultyThebrainlikesachallenge—andputtingafewobstaclesinitswaymaywellboostitscreativity.JackWhite,theformerfrontmanoftheWhiteStripesandaninfluentialfigureamongfellowmusicians,likestomakethingsdifficultforhimself.Heusescheapguitarsthatwon’tstayinshapeorintune.Whenperforming,hepositionshisinstrumentsinawaythatisdeliberatelyinconvenient,sothatswitchingfromguitartoorganmid-songinvolvesamaddashacrossthestage.Why?Becausehe’sontherunfromwhathedescribesasadiseasethatpreysoneveryartist:“easeofuse”.Whenmakingmusicgetstooeasy,saysWhite,itbecomeshardertomakeitsing.It’sanoddthoughtWhywouldanyonemaketheirworkmoredifficultthanitalreadyisYetweknowthatdifficultycanpayunexpecteddividends.In1966,soonaftertheBeatleshadfinishedworkon“RubberSoul”,PaulMcCartneylookedintothepossibilityofgoingtoAmericatorecordtheirnextalbum.TheequipmentinAmericanstudioswasmoreadvancedthananythinginBritain,whichhadledtheBeatles’greatrivalstheRollingStonestomaketheirlatestalbum,“Aftermath”inLosAngelesMcCartneyfoundthatEMI’s百代唱片contractualclausesmadeitprohibitivelyexpensivetofollowsuitandtheBeatleshadtomakedowiththeprimitivetechnologyofAbbeyRoad.Luckyforus.Overthenexttwoyearstheymadetheirmostgroundbreakingwork,turningtherecordingstudiointoamagicalinstrumentofitsown.Preciselybecausetheywereworkingwithold-fashionedmachines,GeorgeMartinandhisteamofengineerswereforcedtoapplyeveryounceoftheircreativitytosolvetheproblemsposedtothembyLennonandMcCartney.Songslike“TomorrowNeverKnows”,“StrawberryFieldsForever”,and“ADayintheLife”featuredrevolutionarysoundeffectsthatdazzledandmystifiedMartin’sAmericancounterparts.Sometimesit’sonlywhenadifficultyisremovedthatwerealisewhatitwasdoingforus.Formorethantwodecades,startinginthe1960s,thepoetTedHughessatonthejudgingpanelofanannualpoetrycompetitionforBritishschoolchildren.Duringthe1980shenoticedanincreasingnumberoflongpoemsamongthesubmissions,withsomerunningto70or80pages.Thesepoemswereverballyinventiveand,toy”.rgssdtyecomposedoncomputers,thenjustfindingtheirwayintoBritishhomes.YoumighthavethoughtanytoolwhichenablesawritertogetwordsontothepagewouldbeanadvantageButtheremaybeacosttosuchfacilityInaninterviewwiththeParisReviewHughesspeculatedthatwhenapersonputspentopaper“youmeettheterribleresistanceofwhathappenedyourfirstyearatit,nutet”.sensoeeydoos,tensionbetweenthetworesultsinamorecompressedpsychologicallydenserexpressionRemovethatresistanceandyouaremorelikelytoproducea70ramble().Ourbrainsrespondbettertodifficultythanweimagine.Inschools,teachersandpupilsalikeoftenassumethatifaconcepthasbeeneasytolearn,thenthelessonhasbeensuccessful.Butnumerousstudieshavenowfoundthatwhenclassroommaterialismadehardertoabsorb,pupilsretainmoreofitoverthelongterm,andunderstanditonadeeperlevel.AsapoetTedHugheshadanacutesensitivitytothewayinwhichconstraintsonself-expressionlikethedisciplinesofmetreandrhyme(spurcreativethoughtWhatappliestopoetsandmusiciansalsosory.edosh,,seandwriterAdamPhillipshasobservedwithoutobstaclestoourdesiresit’shardertoknowwhatwewant,orwherewe’reheadingHetellsthestoryofapatientafirst-timemotherwhocomplainedthatheryoungsonwasalwaysclingingtoherwrappinghimselfaroundherlegswherevershewentSheneverhadato,e,ernssne”.nsdredofetne,ed,,ItweI”Takeanothercommonobstacle:lackofmoney.Peopleoftenassumethatmoremoneywillmakethemhappier.Buteconomistswhostudytherelationshipbetweenmoneyandhappinesshaveconsistentlyfoundthat,aboveacertainincome,thetwodonotreliablycorrelate.Despitetheeasewithwhichtherichcanacquirealmostanythingtheydesire,theyarejustaslikelytobeunhappyasthemiddleclasses.Inthisregardatleast,F.Scottwaswrong.IndeedeaseofacquisitionistheproblemThenovelistEdwardStAubynhasanarratorremarkoftheyh,tgor,rsdnees)dtee”nn,aresearchuniversitywantedabetterfeelforitspotentialdonorsitaskedthepsychologistRobertKennytoinvestigatethemindsetofthesuper-richHesurveyed165householdsmostofwhichhadanetworthof$25mormore.Hefoundthatmanyofhissubjectswereconfusedbytheinfiniteoptionstheirmoneypresentedthemwith.Theyfoundithardtoknowwhattowant,creatingakindofexistentialbafflement.Oneofthemputitlikethis:“Youknow,Bob,youcanjustbuysomuchstuff,andwhenyougettothepointeuntyoh,wteugo”Theinternetmakesinformationbillionairesoutofallofusandthearchitectsofouronlineexperiencesarecatchingontotheneedtomakethingscreativelydifficult.Twitter’shugesuccessisrootedinthesimplebutprofoundinsightthatinamediumwithinfinitespaceforself-expressionthemostinterestingthingwecandoisrestrictourselvesto140charactersThemusicserviceThisIsMyJamhelpspeoplenavigatethetensofmillionsoftracksnowavailableinstantlyviaSpotifyandiTunesUserspicktheirfavouritesongoftheweektosharewithothersTheyonlygettochooseoneTheservicewasonlylaunchedthisyearbutbytheendofSeptember650,000jamshadbeenchosenItsco-founderMattOgleexplainsitsraison d’être(存在理由)likethis:“Inanageofendlesschoice,weweremissingawaytosay:‘This.Thisistheoneudn”Today’sworldoffersmoreopportunitythanevertofollowtheadviceoftheWalkerBrothersandmakeiteasyonourselves.Comparedwithahundredyearsago,ourlivesarelesstightlyboundbysocialnormsandphysicalconstraints.Technologyhascutoutmuchoflife’sdonkeywork,andwehavemorefreedomsthanever:wecanwearwhatwelikeandcommunicatewithhundredsoffriendsatonceattheclickofamouse.Obstaclesareeverywheredisappearing.Fewofuswishtoturntheclockback,butperhapsweneedtoremindourselveshowusefultherightobstaclescanbe.Sometimes,thebestroutetofulfilmentisthepathofmoreresistance.Therigorousrequirementsplacedonthewritingofpoetrystimulatethepoet’screativity.Withcreativity,evenold-fashionedinstrumentsmayproducespectacularsoundeffects.Moremoneydoesnotnecessarilybringgreaterhappiness.ItISafalseassumptionthatlessonsshouldbemadeeasiertolearn.Obstaclesdeliberatelyplacedinthecreationofmusiccontributetoitssuccess.Thosewhoenjoytotalfreedommaynotfindthemselveshappy.TedHughesdiscoveredmanylongpoemssubmittedforpoetrycompetitionwerecomposedoncomputers.Maybeweneedtobearinbearinmindthattherightobstacleshelpleadustogreaterachievements.Aninvestigationfoundthatmanyofthesuper-richwerebaffledbytheinfinitechoicestheirmoneymadeavailable.Onefreesocialnetworkingwebsiteturnedouttosuccessfulbecauseitlimitedeachpostingtoonehundredandfortycharacters.SectionCTherewasatimenotlongagowhennewsciencePh.D.sintheUnitedStateswereexpectedtopursueacareerpathinacademia).Buttoday,mostgraduatesendupworkingoutsideacademia,notonlyinindustrybutalsoincareerssuchassciencepolicy,communications,andpatentlaw.Partlythisisaresultofhowbleaktheacademicjobmarketis,butthere'salsoarisingawarenessofcareeroptionsthatPh.D.stdr— trhyel,,d.there'sahugedisconnectbetweenthewaywecurrentlytrainscientistsandtheactualemploymentopportunitiesavailableforthem,andanurgentneedfordramaticimprovementsintrainingprogramstohelpclosethegap.OnecriticalstepthatcouldhelptodrivechangewouldbetorequirePh.D.studentsandpostdoctoralscientiststofollowanindividualdevelopmentplan(IDP).In2002theU.S.FederationofAmericanSocietiesforExperimentalBiologyrecommendedthateverypostdoctoralresearcherputtogetheranIDPmconsultationwithanadviser.Sincethen,severalacademicinstitutionshavebeguntorequireIDPsforpostdocsAndinJune,theU.S.NationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)BiomedicalResearchWorkforceWorkingGrouprecommendedthattheNIHrequireIDPsfortheapproximately32,000postdoctoralresearcherstheysupport.Otherfundingagencies,publicandprivate,aremovinginasimilardirection.IDPshavelongbeenusedbygovernmentagenciesandtheprivatesectortoachievespecificgoalsfortheemployeeandtheTheaimistoensurethatemployeeshaveanexplicittooltohelpthemunderstandtheirownabilitiesandaspirations,determinecareerpossibilities,andset(usuallyshort-term)goals.Inscience,graduatestudentsandnewPh.D.scientistscanuseanIDPtoidentifyandnavigateaneffectivecareerpath.AfreeWebapplicationforthispurposecalledmyIDFhasbecomeavailablethisweekIt'sdesignedtoguideearly-careerscientiststhroughaconfidentialrigorousprocessofintrospection)tocreateacareerplanGuidedbyexpertknowledgefromapanelofscience-focusedcareeradviserseachtrainee’sself-assessmentisusedtorankasetofcareertrajectories(轨迹Aftertheuserhasidentifiedalong-termcareergoal.MyIDPwalksherorhimthroughtheprocessofsettingshort-termgoalsdirectedtowardaccumulatingnewskillsandexperiencesimportantforthatcareerchoice.AlthoughsurveysrevealtheIDPprocesstobeuseful,traineesreportaneedforadditionalresourcestohelpthemidentifyalong-termcareerpathandcompleteanIDP.Thus,myIDPwillbemosteffectivewhenit’sembeddedinlargercareer-developmentefforts.Forexample,universitiescouldincorporateIDPsintotheirgraduatecurriculatohelpstudentsdiscuss,plan,preparefor,andachievetheirlong-termcareergoals.WhatdowelearnaboutnewsciencePh.D.sintheUnitedStatestoday?Theylacktheskillsandexpertiseneededfortheirjobs.Theycanchoosefromawiderrangeofwell-payingjobs.Theyoftenhavetoseekjobsoutsidetheacademiccircle.Theyareregardedasthenation’sdrivingforceofchange.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutAmerica’sPh.D.training?Itshouldbeimprovedtobettersuitthejobmarket.Itiscloselylinkedtofuturecareerrequirements.Itshouldbere-orientedtocareersoutsideacademia.Itincludesagreatvarietyofpracticalcourses.WhatwasrecommendedforPh.D.sandpostdoctoralresearchers?Theymeettheurgentneedsofthecorporateworld.Along-termcareergoalbesetasearlyaspossible.AnIDPbemadeinconsultationwithanadviser.Theyacquireanexplicittooltohelpobtainjobs.GovernmentagenciesandtheprivatesectoroftenuseIDPsto .bringintofullplaytheskillsandexpertiseoftheirpostdoctoralresearchershelpemployeesmakethebestuseoftheirabilitiestoachievetheircareergoalsplaceemployeesinthemostappropriatepositionshirethemostsuitablecandidatestoworkforthemWhatdoweknowaboutmyIDP?Itisaneffectivetoolofself-assessmentandintrospectionforbettercareerplans.Itenablespeopletolookintovariouspossibilitiesandchoosethecareertheylove.Itpromisesalong-termcareerpath.Itispartofthegraduatecurricula.ewoJustoveradecadeintothe21stcentury,women’sprogresscanbecelebratedacrossarangeoffields.TheyholdthehighestpoliticalofficesfromThailandtoCostaRicatoAustralia.AwomanholdsthetopspotattheInternationalMonetaryFund;anotherwontheNobelineconomics.Self-madebillionairesinBeijing,techinnovatorsinSiliconValley,pioneeringjusticesinGhana—intheseandcountlessotherareas,womenareleavingtheirmark.Butholdtheapplause.InSaudiArabia,womenaren’tallowedtodrive.InPakista