外研版英语八年级下Module2 Friendship知识精讲

初二英语Module2Friendship【本讲教育信息】教学内容：Module2Friendship二.重点内容：语法知识：宾语从句；语言知识：词汇及词语辨析三.具体内容：（一）语法指南宾语从句放在动词后面做宾语的句子，我们称之为“宾语从句”。宾语从句根据其表达意义与疑问的差别可以分作三类，一类由that引导，一类由whether/if引导，还有一类由疑问词引导。常用作宾语从句的连词有：that,ifwhether,what,which,who,whom,where,how,why等。1.当谓语动词表示肯定概念时，如“希望”、“相信”“知道”“说”，其后面的句子一般用that引导。That没有任何词汇意义，只有语法功能，使读者清楚后面的句子是前面动词的宾语。That在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接主句和从句的作用。that不用翻译出来，在口语当中常省略。除此以外，又语从句中有自己的主语，很容易与前面的主句分开，因此多数情况下that可以省略。如：Bettythinks（that）treesimprovetheair.贝蒂认为树可以改善空气。Ihope（that）itwillsnowthiswinter.我希望今年冬天能下雪。Ibelieve（that）we’llbecomegoodfriends.我相信我们会成为好朋友。有一点要注意，并非所有的动词后面都可接that引导的从句。接that引导的从句的谓语动词不可含有疑问的含义，常见的多是表示观点、看法、意念、要求等方面概念的词，如：believe,feel,hear,hope,expect,explain,prefer,promise,report,say,see,tell,think,understand,wish,warn等。2.whether/if引导的宾语从句如果我们要标达一个不确定的概念，比如：“记不清”、“不知道”、“问”、“想知道”等等，就要用whether/if表示，不能再用that。Hedoesn’tknowwhethertheywillplanttreesonSaturdayornot.他不知道他们周六是否会去植树。Ican’trememberwhether/ifIhaveseenhimbefore.我记不清以前是否见过他。Heaskswhether/ifwewillgofishingonSunday.他问周日我们是否去钓鱼？Tomwantstoknowwhether/ifheneedstocomeearlytomorrow.汤姆想知道明天他是否有必要早来。注意：一般情况下if和whether可以通用。但如果从句后面还有一个选择性词语ornot，则常用whether，构成whether…ornot的结构。3.疑问词引导的宾语从句有的句子不是用that连接，也不是用whether或if连接，而是用when，where，how，Why等疑问词连接。这是从句意思表达的需要。比如“他问什么时间出发”中的“什么时间出发”必须用一个疑问词才能表达；如果遇到什么时间，什么地点，什么方式，什么原因之类的疑问时，我们就要是用相应的疑问词来连接从句。但是同学们一定要注意，在疑问词引导的宾语从句中，一定要用陈述句语序。如：Heaskshowwecanhelpprotecttheenvironment.他问我们怎样才能为保护环境出点力。Ican’tunderstandwhytheylikecomputergamessomuch.我不理解他们为什么如此喜欢电脑游戏。Theyhaven’tdecidedwheretheyshouldgofortheholiday.他们还没有确定到什么地方去旅行。Doyouknowwhenwewillholdthesportsmeeting?你知道我们什么时候开运动会吗？（二）语法专项训练1.—Doyouknow______Icouldpasstheexam?—Sorry,I’venoidea.A.that B.whether C.what D.which2.—I’mwaitingforthemail.Doyouknow_______itwillarrive?—Usuallyitcomesby4:00.A.how B.where C.when D.what3.I’dliketoknow_____ornot.A.whetherwillhecome B.whetherhashecomeC.whetherhewillcome D.thathewillcome4.Theyaskedme________duringtheMayDayholidays.A.wherehadIgone B.whereIhadgone C.wherehadIbeen D.whereIhadgone5.Shedidnottellus________.A.howoldthepatientis B.howoldwasthepatientC.howoldthepatientwas D.howoldisthepatient6.—Wedon’tknow_______heis.—Theysayheismuchbetterthesedays.A.what B.who C.how D.where7.Couldyoutellme_____yesterday?A.whattheydo B.whattheydid C.whatdotheydo D.whatdidtheydo8.Iknewthatthesun________intheeastwhenIwasachild.A.willrise B.rose C.rise D.rises9.Shesaid______shewouldleavethemessageontheheadmaster’sdesk.A.that B.where C.which D.what10.ThemanaskedmeifI_______himthewaytothebusstop.A.cantell B.couldtell C.willtell D.tell（三）重点句子详解1.Digslowly,oryou‘llbetootiredtofinish.慢慢挖，不然的话你会很累，干不完活的。*本句是“祈使句+or+并列分句”的句型，or连接连个分句，前面的分句相当于if引导的否定性从句。如： Hurryup,oryou’llbelate. =Ifyoudon’thurryup,youwillbelate.你快一点，不然就迟到了。Takethechance,oryouwillregret.=Ifyoudon’ttakethechance,youwillregretit.抓住这个机会，否则你会后悔的。Standstill,orI’llshoot.=Ifyoudon’tstandstill,I’llshoot.*有时前一个句子只有一个名词或名词短语。Awordfromyouandhe’llchangehismind.=Ifyousayaword,he’llchangehismind.只要你说一句话，他就会改变主意。Onemorefoulandhe’llbesentoutofthecourt.他再犯一次规，就要罚出场了。*“祈使句+and+并列分句”的句型中，祈使句表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。如： Workhardandyou’llsucceed. =Ifyouworkhard,you’llsucceed. 努力学习，你就能成功。 Stir，andyouareadeadman.=Ifyoustir,youareadeadman.动一动我就打死你。*too…to意为“太……而不能……”，其句型结构为“too+形容词/副词+to+动词原形”，该句型用于肯定句，但表达否定的意思。如：Heistoooldtowalk.他太老了，以致走不动了。It’stoohardforhimtolearnEnglishwell.学好英语对他来说太难了。Theboxistooheavyformetocarry.那只箱子对我来说太重了，搬不动。*当too…todo前面有only，but等词时，或出现“nevertoo…todo”或“too…nottodo”的双重否定时，该句型就不表达否定含义了。如：It’snevertoooldtolearn. 活到老，学到老。 Youarenevertoooldtoenjoythemusic. 你不会因为年纪大了而不喜欢这音乐。2.We’recuttingdowntoomanytrees.我们正在过量砍伐树木。*cutdown此处意为“砍倒”Aquarteroftheforestreserveshadbeencutdownby1974.到1974年，四分之一的森林保护区已被砍伐一空。Howmuchisitgoingtocostustocutallthesetreesdown?把这些树全部砍倒要花费我们多少钱？*cutdown可意为“削减”“减少”，如：Savetimeforyourselfbycuttingyourshoppingdowntotwiceaweek.拔去商店购物减少到每星期两次，以此为自己节省时间。Shecutdownonsmoking.她抽烟有所减少。*cutdown可以表示“改短（衣服）”IfyoucutdownthisT-shirt,it’llfityourson.如果你把T恤改短，就能适合你儿子穿。*cutsomeonedowntosize表示“使（某人）知道自己的分量”“使（某人）有自知之明”。Thatshouldcutherdowntosize.那该让她有点自知之明了。【模拟试题】II.Vocabulary词汇OnedayAmyandherfriendswenttotheMonkeyⅢ.Choosethebestanswer单项选择4.—Cometohavedinnerwithustonight.—Thanks.I_______.A.do B.didC.willD.come5.Anewhospital____inthistownlastyear.A.isbuilt B.wasbuilding C.wasbuiltD.isbuilding6.—Haveyouseen_______bluehat?Ileftitherejustnow.—Isit____oneonthebednearthedoor?A.a,a B.the,the C.the,aD.a,the7.—Didyougotothecinemayesterday?—_______.Iwenttoseemyauntwithmyfatherinstead.A.Yes,Idid B.No,Ididn't C.No,Idid D.Yes,Ididn't8.You’dbettergoandaskMr.Li.He_______knowhowtousethecomputer. A.mustB.could C.need D.may9. Heissobusy_______hehasnotimetoseeafilm.A.when B.which C.that D.after10.—I’vewrittenashortstory.MayIreadittoyou?—Pleasedo._______A.It’sagoodstory. B.Whatagoodstory!C.I’msurewe'llenjoyit. D.Let’ssee.11.He_______muchmoney_______booksandtapes.A.spends,in B.takes,on C.took,on D.spent,on12.Ican’tsay_______Iwanttoseeyouagain.It’sayearsinceIlastsawyou.A.howoften B.howlong C.howsoon D.howmuch13.Wedon’tknowifshe_______here.Ifshe_____,we'llcallyou.A.comes,comes B.willcome,willcomeC.willcome,comesD.comes,willcome14.

Which

month

is____,

June,

July

or

August?A.

hot

B.

hotter

C.

hottest

D.

the

hottest15.

Do

you

have

____

to

tell

us?A.

something

new

B.

new

something

C.

anything

new

D.

new

anything16.There

is

___

in

today's

newspaper.A.

interesting

something

B.

nothing

interesting

C.

interesting

anything

D.

anything

interesting

17.My

____

brother

is

three

years

____

than

I.

A.

elder;

elder

B.

older;

oldest

C.

elder;

older

D.

older;

elder

18.Please

_______the

other

exercises

after

you

finish

the

exercise.

A.

go

on

to

do

B.

go

on

doing

C.

go

on

with

D.

go

onⅣ.完成句子19.这条裙子你穿着很漂亮。Thedresslooksnice_____________.20.钟每天早上叫醒我。Theclock______me________everymorning.21.他躺下让脑子休息一会儿。Helaybackandlethismind_________.22.Ihavesomethinginterestingtotellyou.（变为一般疑问句）______youhave_______interestingtotell________?V.将下列句子重新排序，构成一篇对话：A.Hi,ChenHui!B.Itwasapleasure.C.That’llbefine.I’lltellMum.IthinkI’mfreethatnight.D.Sure.E.Bye!F.Good!Pleasegivemearingafteryoutalktoyourparents.G.Hi,Ann!Thankyouforsupperlastnight.Ienjoyeditverymuch.H.Itoldmyparentsaboutlastnight.Theyaskedmetothankyourmother.WehopeyoucancometoourhouseforsuppernextSaturday.I.Good-bye!VI.完型填空：Doyouknowhowtostudybetterandmakeyourstudymoreeffective（有效的）?WeallknowthatChinesestudentsusuallystudyveryhardforlong___23____.Thisisverygood,butitdoesn’t___24___alot,foraneffectivestudentmusthaveenoughsleep,enoughfoodandenoughrestandexercise.Everydayyouneedtogooutforawalkorvisitsomefriendsorsomeniceplaces.It’sgoodforyourstudy.Whenyoureturn___25___yourstudies,yourmindwillberefreshed（清醒）andyou’lllearnmore___26____studybetter.Psychologists（心理学家）___27___thatlearningtakesplacethisway.HeretakeEnglishlearning___28___anexample.Firstyoumakealotofprogressandfeelhappy.Thenyourlanguagestudyseems___29___thesame.Soyouwillthinkyou’relearning__30___andyoumaygiveup.Thiscanlastfordaysorevenweeks,yetyouneedn’tgiveup.Atsomepointyourlanguagestudywillagaintakeanotherbig___31___.You’llseethatyoureallyhavebeenlearningallalong.Ifyougetenoughsleep,food,restandexercise,studyingEnglishcanbeveryeffectiveand___32___.Don’tgiveupalongtheway.Learnslowlyandyou’resuretogetagoodresult.23.A.days B.time C.hours D.weeks24.A.help B.give C.make D.take25.A.after B.for C.at D.to26.A.yet B.and C.or D.but27.A.havefound B.havetaught C.told D.said28.A.with B.for C.as D.to29.A.tohave B.tomake C.totake D.tostay30.A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything31.A.work B.jump C.walk D.result32.A.hard B.common C.interesting D.possibleⅦ.阅读Afriendofminewasfondofdrawinghorse.Hedrewthehorsesverywell,buthealwaysbeganthetail.NowitistheWesternruletobeginattheheadofthehorse,thatiswhyIwassurprised.Itstruckmethatitcouldnotreallymakeanydifferencewhethertheartistbeginsattheheadorthetailorthebelly（肚子）orthefootofthehorse,ifhereallyknowshisbusiness.Andmostgreatartistswhoreallyknowtheirbusinessdonotfollowotherpeople'srule.Theymaketheirownrules.Everyoneofthemdoeshisworkinawaypeculiar（奇特的）tohimself;andthepeculiaritymeansonlythathefindsitmoreeasytoworkinthatway.Nowtheverysamethingistruetoliterature（文学）.Andthequestion,"HowshallIbegin?"onlymeansthatyouwanttobeginattheheadinsteadofbeginningatthetailorsomewhereelse.Thatis,youarenotyetexperienced（有经验的）enoughtotrusttoyourownpowers.Whenyoubecomemoreexperiencedyouwillneveraskthequestion,andIthinkthatyouwilloftenbeginatthetail--thatistosay,youwillwritetheendofthestorybeforeyouhaveeventhoughtofthebeginning.33.Afriendofthewriter'sdrewthehorses____.A.verywellB.inthewayofwesternruleC.inthewayofhisownruleD.alloftheabove34.Thewriterwassurprisedbecause____.A.theartistbegantodrawattheheadofthehorseB.theartistbegantodrawatthetailofthehorseC.theartistmadehisownruleD.theartistdidnotfollowotherpeople'srule35.Youarenotyetexperiencedbecause____.A.youdon'tknowwheretobeginB.youwanttobeginattheheadinsteadofbeginningatthetailC.youalwaysaskedquestionD.youdonottrusttoyourownpowers36.Whenyoubecomemoreexperiencedyouwill____.A.neveraskquestionB.oftenbeginatthetailC.shouldwritetheendofthestoryD.shouldthinkofthebeginning37.Thetopicofthepassageis______.A.HowtodrawahorseB.HowtowriteastoryC.HowtomakeyourownrulesD.Trusttoyourownpowers阅读文章并回答问题Whenshelookedahead,FlorenceChadwicksawnothingbutawalloffog.Herbodywasnumb（麻木的）.Shehadbeenswimmingfornearlysixteenhours.

AlreadyshewasthefirstwomantoswimtheEnglishChannel.Now,attheageof34,shewantedtobecomethefirstwomantoswimfromCatalinaIslandtotheCaliforniacoast.

OnthemorningofJulythefourthin1952,theseawaterwasnotverycoldandthefogwassothickshecouldhardlyseeanything.Sharks（鲨鱼）swamaroundher,onlytobedrivenawaybyrifleshots.Againstthecoldofthesea,sheneverstoppedswimming?hourafterhour?whilemillionswatchedonnationaltelevision.

AlongsideFlorenceinoneoftheboats,hermotherandhertrainerencouragedher.Theytoldheritwasn’tmuchfarther.Butallshecouldseewasfog.Theyaskedhernottogiveup.Sheneverhad...untilthen.Withonlyahalfmiletogo,sheaskedtobepulledout.

Severalhourslater,shetoldareporter,“Look,I’mnotexcusingmyself,butifIcouldhaveseenlandImighthavemadeit.”Itwasnotfatigue（疲劳）oreventhecoldwaterthatdefeatedher.Itwasthefog.Shewasunabletoseehergoal.

Twomonthslater,shetriedagain.Thistime,nomatterhowthickthefogwas,sheswamwithhergoalclearlypicturedinhermind.Sheknewthatsomewherebehindthatfogwaslandandthistimeshemadeit!FlorenceChadwickbecamethefirstwomantoswimtheCatalinaChannel!FlorenceChadwickthefirstwomantoswimtheEnglishChannel?

___________________________39.WhendidFlorenceChadwickswimtheCatalinaChannelfirst?___________________________40.HowmanyhoursdidFlorenceChadwickneedtoswimtheCatalinaChannelfirst?______________________________41.WhatmadeFlorenceChadwickfailtoswimtheCatalinaChannelfirst?______________________