Unit 6 单元话题阅读理解练习-2022-2023学年高一英语必修第一册单元重难点易错题精练（外研版2019）

Unit6单元话题阅读理解专项练习(名校最新真题)（2022·山东济南·高一开学考试）ZologialSocieyofLondon(ZSL),whichrunsLondonZoo,broughttogether16scientistsfromdifferentorganizationstomakeafull“heathheck”on215milesoftheThames.Theresultsofthefirst-everStateoftheThamesReporthavebeenshowntothepublicandthere’sbothgoodandbadnewsforLondon’smainwaterway.Firstup,sincetheThameswaspronounced“biologically(生物学地)dead”in1957,thenumberofanimalsandplantsgrowinginandaroundtheriverhasincreasedgreatly.Naturalhabitats(栖息地)arealsoontheincrease,someofwhichcanhelpinthefightagainstclimate(气候)change.It’snotallgoodnewsthough—likeeverywhereelse,theThamesisinfluencedbyclimatechange,mainlythroughchangesinwatertemperatureandsealevels.TheThamesisincreasingintemperatureatanaverage(平均数)of0.2℃eachyear,changingthenaturalenvironment.WaterlevelsarealsorisingintheThames—atSilvertown.Therehasbeenanaverageincreaseof4.26mmperyearsince1990,whichmakesLondonmorelikelytobeflooded.AswithprettymucheverywhereonEarth,theThamesneedsclimatechangetobestoppedinordertomakeitselfalivingriverinthefuture.TheEnvironmentAgencyhasputtogethertheThamesEstuary2100Planwhichsetsoutalong-termplanfordealingwiththeinfluenceofrisingsealevelsfortherestofthiscentury,inordertoprotectLondonfromfloods.JamesBrand,ThamesEstuary2100AdvisorattheEnvironmentAgencysaid,“WearegladtosupporttheStateoftheThamesReport.Ifwearegoingtostopclimatechange,natureneedstobeattheheartofouractivities,bothinslowingthepaceoffuturechangeanddealingwiththechangesthatwearealreadyseeing.”1．Whatdidthe16scientistsdowiththeThames?A．Theydidanexaminationofit. B．Theygaveanintroductiontoit.C．Theybroughtnewanimalstoit. D．Theyorganizedaclean-upofit.2．WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?A．Thewayanimalsareraised. B．Thedevelopmentofnaturalhabitats.C．Themeaningof“biologicallydead”. D．ThewelcomechangestotheThames.3．WhathashappenedtotheThames?A．Ithascausedmanyfloods.B．Itstemperaturehasbeenrising.C．Itsplantshavebecomefewerandfewer.D．Itishometoasmallernumberofanimals.4．WhywastheThamesEstuary2100Planmade?A．Torecordtherisingsealevels. B．TohelprebuildLondon.C．Toexplaintheimportanceofnature. D．Tofightagainstclimatechange.5．Wherecanthetextbefound?A．Inastorybook. B．Inahealthmagazine.C．Inaresearchpaper. D．Inageographytextbook.（2022·全国·高一课时练习）Overrecentdecades,hurricanesandothertropicalcyclones(气旋)intheU.S.wereassociatedwithupto33.4percenthigherdeathratesfromseveralmajorcausesinsubsequentmonths.ThisisthefindingofresearchfromColumbiaUniversityMailmanSchoolofPublicHealth,ColoradoStateUniversity,ImperialCollegeLondon,andHarvardT.H.ChanSchoolofPublicHealth,publishedinthejournalJAMA．Thestudyexemplifieshowfar-reachingandvariedthehiddencoststolifecouldbefromclimate-relateddisastersandclimatechange.Aftercollecting33.6millionU.S.deathrecordsfrom1988to2018,theresearchersusedastatisticalmodeltocalculatehowdeathrateschangedaftertropicalcyclonesandhurricaneswhencomparedtoequivalentperiodsinotheryears.Theresearchersfoundthelargestoverallincreaseinthemonthofhurricanesforinjuries(33.4percent),withincreasesindeathratesinthemonthaftertropicalcyclonesforinjuries(3.7percent),infectiousandparasiticdiseases(1.8percent),respiratorydiseases(1.3percent),cardiovasculardiseases(1.2percent),andneuropsychiatricconditions(1.2percent).Femaleinjurydeathrateincreases(46.5percent)werehigherthanmales(27.6percent)inthemonthofhurricanes.Deathrateincreaseswerehigherforthoseaged65yearsorolderinthemonthaftertropicalcyclones(6.4percent)whencomparedwithyoungerages(2.7percent).“IntheU.S.,tropicalcyclones,suchashurricanesandtropicalstorms,haveadevastatingeffectonsociety,yetacomprehensiveassessmentoftheircontinuinghealthimpactshadbeenlacking,”saidMarianthi-AnnaKioumourtzoglou,ScD,assistantprofessorofEnvironmentalHealthSciencesatColumbiaMailmanSchoolofPublicHealth,“Ourstudyisafirstmajorstepinbetterunderstandinghowcyclonesmayaffectdeathsaftertheycausedestruction.”ThestudywassupportedbytheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciences,andtheBritishHeartFoundationImperialCollegeCentreforResearchExcellence.WorkontheU.S.mortalitydataisfinancedbyU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,aspartoftheCenterforCleanAirClimateSolution.6．Whatdidtheresearchersdowhentheycomparedthedeathrates?A．Theygavesomeexamples.B．Theyanalyzedthedata.C．Theymadeanassumption.D．Theydefinedtropicalcyclones.7．Accordingtothetext,thefindingsofresearchdon’tinclude________.A．Femaledeathrateishigherthanthatinmen.B．Hurricaneswereassociatedwiththemostinjuries.C．Thesurvivalrateoftheyoungishigherthanthatoftheold.D．Oldmale’sriskofdeathishigherthanthatofyoungfemale.8．Whichcanreplacetheunderlinedword“devastating”?A．Environmental. B．Predictable. C．Destructive. D．Continuous.9．Whatsectionofawebsitemayyoufindthisarticlein?A．Healthsciences.B．Socialsciences.C．Physicalsciences.D．Environmentalsciences.（2021·湖南株洲·高一期中）BestPlacestoVisitintheUKTheUnitedKingdomhaslongbeenafavoriteEuropeantouristdestinationformanybecauseofitsbeautifulcountryside,historiccities,topmuseumsandoutstandingtheaters.HerearesomeofthebestplacestovisitintheUK.CambridgeCambridgeisacharmingEnglishcitylocatedontheRiverCamjustnorthofLondon.Asthehometooneoftheworld’stopuniversities,theUniversitiesofCambridge,ithasalloftheculturalandentertainmentoptionsyoumightexpectfromacollegetown.ChesterLocatedontheRiverDeeinCheshire,England,Chesterismorethan2,00yearsold,whichmeansthereisplentyofhistory,cultureandarchitectureonhandlastingseveralcenturies.TheRomanandmedieval(中世纪)wallsaroundthecityareoneofChester’sbiggesttouristattractions.StonehengeOneofthemostfamoussitesintheworld,StonehengeconsistsofearthworkssurroundingacircularsettingoflargestandingstonesinsouthwestEngland.ItisalsohometosomeofthemostimportantNeolithicandBronzeAgestructuresintheUK.Itwasnotuntil1600BCthatStonehengecametobecompleted.LakeDistrictLocatedinnorthwestEngland,theLakeDistrictisthesecondlargestNationalParkintheUK.Themainattractionsarethelakes,mountainsandhillscarvedbyglacialerosion(冰川侵蚀)andprovidingdramaticandinspiringscenery.ItisEngland’sfamousdestinationforhikingandclimbing.10．Whichdestinationwillyouchooseifyouareinterestedinauniversity?A．Stonehenge. B．LakeDistrict.C．Cambridge. D．Chester.11．WhereshouldyougoifyouwanttoseetheStonehenge?A．Acollegetown. B．SouthwestEngland.C．NorthwestEngland. D．ANationalParkintheUK.12．Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A．LakeDistrictiswell-knownasadestinationforhikingandclimbing.B．Chesterisamoderncitywithashorthistory.C．TheLakeDistrictisthelargestNationalParkintheUK.D．CambridgeisontheRiverCamsouthofLondon.（2022·贵州·贵阳市民族中学高一开学考试）Natureandcultureareoftenseenasoppositeideas.Whatbelongstonaturecannotbetheresultofhumanactivitiesand,ontheotherhand,culturaldevelopmentisachievedagainstnature.However,thisisnottheonlyopinionontherelationshipbetweennatureandculture.Studiesinthedevelopmentofhumanssuggestthatculture,whethertakenasaneffortagainstnatureoranaturaleffort,ispartofthedevelopmentofthehumanspecies(物种).Severalmodernwriterssawtheprocessofeducationasastruggle(斗争)againsthumannature.Wearebornwithwildnatures,suchaseatingandbehavinginadisorganizedwayoractingselfishly.Educationusescultureasawaytogetusoutofourwildestnatures;itisthankstoculturethatthehumanspeciescouldlearntoadapt(适应),progressandraiseitselfaboveandbeyondotherspecies.Overthepastcenturyandahalf,however,studiesinthehistoryofhumandevelopmenthaveshownthattheformationofcultureispartofthebiologicaladaptation.Consider,forexample,hunting.Itseemstobeanadaptation,whichallowedhumanstomoveintonewanddifferentareas,openinguptheopportunitytochangelivinghabits.Atthesametime,thedevelopmentofweapons(武器)isrelatedtothatadaptation—fromrocksandstonestoasetofhuntingtools,andfromhuntingtoolstorulesrelatingtotheproperuseofweapons.Huntingalsoseemstoberesponsibleforawholesetofbodilyabilities,suchasbalancingononefoot.Justthinkofhowthisverysimplethingiscloselyrelatedtodance,akeyexpressionofhumanculture.Itisthenclearthatbiologicaldevelopmentandculturaldevelopmentarecloselytied.Thetransmissionofcultureseemstobedirectlyrelatedtowhat’sinourblood.Justassnailscarrytheirshell,sodowebringalongourculture.However,cultureisalsopassedonamongpeopleofthesametimesoramongpeoplebelongingtodifferentpopulations.WecanlearnhowtomakejiaozievenifwewerebornfromRussianparentsinParisjustaswecanlearnhowtospeakEnglishevenifnoneofourfamilyorfriendsspeaksthatlanguage.13．WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?A．Culturebelongstohumannature.B．Educationpushesthehumanspeciestoprogress.C．Humansaresupposedtobewellorganized.14．WhydoesthewritertalkabouthuntinginParagraph3?A．Tosuggestsomepossiblewaysofchanginglivinghabits.B．Tostresstheimportanceoftoolsinhumansstruggleforlife.C．Toshowhowculturedevelopsashumansadapttotheenvironment.15．Theword“transmission”inParagraph4probablymeans“____________”.A．spread B．system C．spirit16．Whatisthewriter’sopiniononthenature-culturerelationship?A．Natureandculturearedifferentbutconnected.B．Culturedependsmuchonnaturetoprogress.C．Naturefollowstheunwrittenrulessetbyculture.（2022·全国·高一课时练习）Twooftheworld’smostcommonspeciesofreef-buildingcoralsseemsurprisinglyabletosurviveandevencopewellwithclimatechange,accordingtoanewstudy—atleastsolongasglobalwarmingiskeptbelow2degreesCelsius,thetargetsetbytheParisAgreement.Theworldhassofarwarmedby1.1°C．TheGreatBarrierReef,theworld’slargestreefsystem,iscurrentlyin“crisis,”arecentlypublishedUNreportsaid.Thatreportwarnedthatsomecoralreefecosystemscouldfaceirreversibledamageiftheworldwarmsmorethan1.5°C．A2018reportbytheIPCCconcludedthatat2ºCormore,99percentofallreef-buildingcoralscouldbelost.Butthat’snotwhatMcLachlanandhercolleaguesobservedwhentheysubjectedHawaiiancoralstoasimulated(模拟)2ºCworldfornearlytwoyears.Theyfoundthattwocommoncoralspecieswereespeciallyresilient(能复原的):Two-thirdsofthosecoralssurvivedthesimulatedfuture.Tolearnmoreabouthowbothwarmingandacidificationmightthreatreefsinthefuture,theycollectedsamplesofthreecommoncoralspeciesandplacedthemintankswheretheywouldbeexposedtothesameweatherasareefjustoffshore.Theyfilledatotalof40tankswithsand,rubble,reeffish,plankton,andotherreeffeatures.Theideawastosimulateoceanconditionsasrealisticallyaspossible.For22months,theresearcherssubjectedsomecoralsto2ºCofwarming,sometoacidifiedwater,andsometobothchanges.Overall,ofthecoralsexposedtobothconditions,46percentofricecoral,56percentoflobecoral,and71percentoffingercoralsurvived.Manyofthecoralswereeventhriving.“ThepapersupportswhathasbeenobservedinHawaii.”saysKu’uleiRodgers,acoralexpertattheUniversityofHawaiiatManōa.“However,althoughitishopefulthatsomespecieswillsurvivethiscentury,unlesssignificantreductionsinemissionsoccur,coralswilleventuallylosetheirfightforsurvival.”17．Whatcanweknowfromthepassage?A．Itseemssomecoralscanadapttoawarmerworldwithoutlimits.B．TheGreatBarrierReefwillbelostastheworldhaswarmedby1.1°.C．Twokindsofreef-buildingcoralsseemabletosurvivebefreeofglobalwarming.D．Livingcoralreefswoulddisappearfromtheplanetiftheworldwarms2ºCormore.18．WhyMcLachlanandhercolleaguesdidthestudy?A．Tocollectsamplesofthreecommoncoralspecies.B．Tosimulateoceanconditionsasrealisticallyaspossible.C．Tofigureouthowbothwarmingandacidificationmightdamagereefs.D．Towarnthatreefecosystemscouldfacesignificantdamageforglobalwarming.19．Whatdoesthelastparagraphimply?A．Ku’uleiRodgersspeakshighlyofthepaper.B．It’shopefulthatcoralswillsurviveinthefuture.C．Coralswilleventuallylosetheirfightforsurvival.D．Humansshouldsparenoefforttoreduceemissions.20．Howdidtheresearchersdotheresearch?A．Bysamplinganddiscussing.B．Bycontrastingandobserving.C．Byassumingandcontrasting.D．Byobservinganddiscussing.（2022·黑龙江·哈九中高一期中）TheHimalayas,whichstretchsome2,450kilometersbetweenChina,India,Pakistan,Afghanistan,Bhutan,andNepal,aretheworld’stallestmountainrange.InadditiontoMountQomolangma,theworld'stallestmountainbypeakelevationstanding8,848.86meterstall,therangealsofeaturesseveralothermountainpeaksover8,000meters.Itisthefirstmountainrangetohavemountainsover8,000meters—therunner-upisamountainrangeinAsia,whosetallestpeakis8,611meterstall.Millionsofyearsago,thesemountainpeaksdidn’texist.TheAsiancontinentwasmostlycomplete,butIndiawasanislandfloatingoffthecoastofAustralia.Around150millionyearsago,aroundthetimewhenGondwanalandwasbreakingapart,Indiastartedtomovenorthwards.Ittraveledsome6,000kilometersbeforeitfinallyhitEurasiaaround50to55millionyearsago.Then,partoftheIndianlandmass(陆块)begantogobeneaththeAsianone,movingtheAsianlandmassup,whichresultedintheriseoftheHimalayas.It’sthoughtthatIndiancoastlinewasdenserandmorefirmlyattachedtotheseabed,whichiswhyAsiansoftersoilwaspushedupratherthantheotherwayaround.Themountainrangegrewveryrapidlyincomparisontomostmountainranges,andit'sactuallystillgrowingtoday.MountQomolangmaanditsfellowsactuallygrowbyapproximatelyacentimeterorsoeveryyear.TheAppalachianMountainsinNorthAmerica,whichdevelopedsome300millionyearsagoormore,areactuallydecreasinginpeakelevationsastheyerode(风化).ThecontinuedgrowthintheHimalayasislikelyduetotheIndiantectonic(地壳构造的)platestillmovingslowlybutsurelynorthwards.Weknowtheplateisstillmovinginpartbecauseofthefrequentearthquakesintheregion.21．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“therunner-up”inParagraph1probablymean?A．Thefastest. B．Thelowest. C．Themostpopular. D．Thesecondtallest.22．WhatledtotheformationoftheHimalayas?A．ThelongcoastlineofIndia. B．ThefastmovementofIndia.C．ThefirmattachmentofAsiatotheseabed. D．ThemeetingofIndiawiththeAsiancontinent.23．WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph3?A．Mostmountainsintheworldgrowrapidly.B．TheAppalachianMountainshavesoftsoil.C．MountQomolangmawillbeaboutonemetertallerinacentury.D．TheAppalachianMountainswereoncetallerthantheHimalayas.24．WhatwillhappentotheHimalayasinthefuture?A．Itwillcontinuetogrow. B．Itwillmovesouthwards.C．Itwillattractmoretourists. D．Itwillhavefewerearthquakes.（2022·辽宁大连·高一期中）Inthelast100years,theglobaltemperaturehasgoneupbyaround0.75’℃.Thismaynotsoundlikemuch,butanincreaseof2℃inglobaltemperaturescouldresultinextinctionfor30%oftheworld’slandspecies.Onaccountofthechangingclimate,theworld’secosystemsarealsochangingfaster.Morethanone-thirdoftheworld’smangroves(红树林)andaround20％oftheworld’scoralreefs(珊瑚礁)havebeendestroyedinthelastfewdecades.Duetothehighertemperaturesandhigherlevelsofcarbondioxideintheatmosphere,plantsareproducingmorepollen(花粉),whichcouldleadtomorecasesofasthma,

amedicalconditionwhichmakesithardtobreathe.Whatiscausingclimatechange?Itseemsthatthemaincauseisthehugeamountofgreenhousegases,suchasCH4andCO2,buttherealreasonforthisisthattheworld’spopulationincreasesandmorelandisneededtoprovidefoodandenergy.Burningfossilfuelsforheating,lighting,transport,electricityormanufacturingproducesCO2.Bycuttingdowntrees,weareincreasingtheamountofCo2andreducingtheamountofoxygen.Asaresultofhumanactivities,CO2levelsarenowattheirhighestin800,000years.Thebiggestchallengeweallfaceistopreventfurtherenvironmentaldisasters.Wemustdosomethingbeforeitistoolate.WeneedtoreducetheamountofCO2intheatmosphere.Weneedtostopburningfossilfuelsandstartusingrenewableenergy.Wecangetenoughenergyfromrenewablefuels,suchassolarenergyorwindpowertostopusingfossilfuelscompletely.25．Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisarticle?A．Topredicttheeffectsofglobalwarming.B．Todescribethechangesinnature.C．Tourgetheuseofrenewableenergy.D．Towarnpeopleofnaturaldisasters.26．What’stheresultoftheclimatechange?A．Ecologyisbadlyaffected.B．30%ofspecieswilldieout.C．TheamountofCO:isgrowing.D．Morepeopledieofasthma.27．What’stherealcauseofthechangingclimate?A．Cuttingdowntrees.B．IncreasingpopulationC．Burningfossilfuels.D．Greenhousegases.28．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsfurtherenvironmentaldisasters?A．What’sdonecannotbeundone.B．Manwillsurelydefeatnature.C．Humansarenothinginfaceofnature.D．Actionsareneededtoresolveproblems.参考答案：1．A

2．D

3．B

4．D

5．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍泰晤士河目前生态环境的状况，并揭露了其存在的问题，以及为应对这些问题而制定的解决方案。1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“ZologialSocieyofLondon(ZSL),whichrunsLondonZoo,broughttogether16scientistsfromdifferentorganizationstomakeafull“heathheck”on215milesoftheThames.（伦敦动物园的运营商伦敦佐洛吉尔协会召集了来自不同组织的16名科学家，在215英里的泰晤士河上进行了一次完整的“健康检查”）”可知，这16名科学家对泰晤士河做了一个检查；故选A项。2．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Firstup,sincetheThameswaspronounced“biologicallydead”in1957,thenumberofanimalsandplantsgrowinginandaroundtheriverhasincreasedgreatly.Naturalhabitatsarealsoontheincrease,someofwhichcanhelpinthefightagainstclimatechange.（首先，自从1957年泰晤士河被宣布为“生物地死亡之地”以来，河流及其周围的动植物数量大大增加。自然栖息地也在增加，其中一些有助于应对气候变化。）”可知本段介绍了泰晤士河周边动植物的增加以及自然栖息地的增加，这是泰晤士河往好的方向改变的一面，是令人愉快的改变，故选D项。3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“It’snotallgoodnewsthough—likeeverywhereelse,theThamesisinfluencedbyclimatechange,mainlythroughchangesinwatertemperatureandsealevels.TheThamesisincreasingintemperatureatanaverage(平均数)of0.2℃eachyear,changingthenaturalenvironment.（但这并不都是好消息——就像其他地方一样，泰晤士河也受到气候变化的影响，主要是通过水温和海平面的变化。泰晤士河每年以平均0.2℃的温度上升，改变自然环境。）”可知泰晤士河的温度每年在以平均0.2℃的温度上升，故选B项。4．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“TheEnvironmentAgencyhasputtogethertheThamesEstuary2100Planwhichsetsoutalong-termplanfordealingwiththeinfluenceofrisingsealevelsfortherestofthiscentury,inordertoprotectLondonfromfloods.（环境署制定了泰晤士河口2100计划，该计划为应对本世纪剩余时间中海平面上升所造成的影响而制定的长期计划，以保护伦敦免于遭受洪水）”可知制定该计划是为了应对海平面上升所造成的影响；根据文章第三段“It’snotallgoodnewsthough—likeeverywhereelse,theThamesisinfluencedbyclimatechange,mainlythroughchangesinwatertemperatureandsealevels.（但这并不都是好消息——就像其他地方一样，泰晤士河也受到气候变化的影响，主要是通过水温和海平面的变化。）”而海平面上升是气候变化所导致的结果，故制定这个计划是为了对抗气候变化，故选D项。5．推理判断题。通读文章可知，本文主要介绍泰晤士河目前生态环境的状况，并揭露了其存在的问题，以及为应对这些问题而制定的解决方案，文章中数据都是调查研究所取得的结果，提出解决问题的方法也是凭借调查报告而制定的一种研究方案，故本文一般会在一篇研究论文里；故选C项。6．B

7．D

8．C

9．D【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在美国，飓风和其他热带气旋造成破坏后，还会在接下来的几个月里导致很高的死亡率。6．细节理解题。根据第二段“Aftercollecting33.6millionU.S.deathrecordsfrom1988to2018,theresearchersusedastatisticalmodeltocalculatehowdeathrateschangedaftertropicalcyclonesandhurricaneswhencomparedtoequivalentperiodsinotheryears.(在收集了1988年至2018年3360万美国死亡记录后，研究人员使用统计模型计算了与其他年份的同等时期相比，热带气旋和飓风后死亡率的变化)”可知，研究人员通过分析数据对死亡率进行了比较。故选B项。7．细节理解题。根据第三段“Theresearchersfoundthelargestoverallincreaseinthemonthofhurricanesforinjuries(33.4percent),withincreasesindeathratesinthemonthaftertropicalcyclonesforinjuries(3.7percent),infectiousandparasiticdiseases(1.8percent),respiratorydiseases(1.3percent),cardiovasculardiseases(1.2percent),andneuropsychiatricconditions(1.2percent).Femaleinjurydeathrateincreases(46.5percent)werehigherthanmales(27.6percent)inthemonthofhurricanes.Deathrateincreaseswerehigherforthoseaged65yearsorolderinthemonthaftertropicalcyclones(6.4percent)whencomparedwithyoungerages(2.7percent).(研究人员发现，飓风当月受伤人数总体增幅最大（33.4%），热带气旋过后受伤人数（3.7%）、传染病和寄生虫病（1.8%）、呼吸系统疾病（1.3%）、心血管疾病（1.2%）和神经精神疾病（1.2%）的死亡率增加。飓风当月，女性受伤死亡率（46.5%）高于男性（27.6%）。热带气旋过后一个月内，65岁或以上的人的死亡率增长率（6.4%）高于年轻人（2.7%）)”可知，研究表明女性死亡率高于男性、飓风造成的伤害是最多的、年轻人的存活率高于老年人，没有提及老年男性的死亡风险高于年轻女性。故选D项。8．词句猜测题。根据第四段“IntheU.S.,tropicalcyclones,suchashurricanesandtropicalstorms,haveadevastatingeffectonsociety,(在美国，飓风和热带风暴等热带气旋对社会具有devastating影响)”以及“Ourstudyisafirstmajorstepinbetterunderstandinghowcyclonesmayaffectdeathsaftertheycausedestruction.(我们的研究是更好地理解飓风在造成破坏后如何影响死亡的第一步)”可知，飓风造成破坏，即对社会造成破坏性影响，推测划线单词表示“破坏性的”，与destructive同义。故选C项。9．推理判断题。根据第一段“Overrecentdecades,hurricanesandothertropicalcyclonesintheU.S.wereassociatedwithupto33.4percenthigherdeathratesfromseveralmajorcausesinsubsequentmonths.(近几十年来，美国的飓风和其他热带气旋在接下来的几个月里导致了高达33.4%的多个主要原因的死亡率)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了在美国，飓风和其他热带气旋等自然环境的变化造成破坏后，还会在接下来的几个月里导致很高的死亡率，推测文章可能出自网站的环境科学部分。故选D项。10．C

11．B

12．A【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了英国的几个最佳旅游胜地。10．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Asthehometooneoftheworld’stopuniversities,theUniversitiesofCambridge,ithasalloftheculturalandentertainmentoptionsyoumightexpectfromacollegetown.(作为世界顶尖大学之一剑桥大学的所在地，它拥有你可能期望的大学城的所有文化和娱乐选择。)”可知，如果你对大学感兴趣，你应该选择剑桥。故选C项。11．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Oneofthemostfamoussitesintheworld,StonehengeconsistsofearthworkssurroundingacircularsettingoflargestandingstonesinsouthwestEngland.(巨石阵是世界上最著名的遗址之一，位于英格兰西南部，由围绕着圆形巨石的土方工程组成。)”可知，如果你想看巨石阵，你应该去英格兰西南部。故选B项。12．细节理解题。根据最后一段（LakeDistrict）下列段落中“ItisEngland’sfamousdestinationforhikingandclimbing.(它是英国著名的徒步旅行和登山胜地。)”可知，选项A“湖区（LakeDistrict）是徒步旅行和登山的好去处”是正确的。故选A项。13．B

14．C

15．A

16．A【导语】本文是一篇议论文，探讨自然和文化之间的关系。13．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Severalmodernwriterssawtheprocessofeducationasastruggle(斗争)againsthumannature.Wearebornwithwildnatures,suchaseatingandbehavinginadisorganizedwayoractingselfishly.Educationusescultureasawaytogetusoutofourwildestnatures;itisthankstoculturethatthehumanspeciescouldlearntoadapt(适应),progressandraiseitselfaboveandbeyondotherspecies.”（几位现代作家视教育的进程为与人类本性斗争的进程。我们带有野蛮天性，比如生来饮食无度，行为混乱，或自私自利。教育以文化的途径帮助我们摆脱最野蛮的天性。由于文化的存在，人类才能学会适应，才能进步，超越其他物种。）可知，该段讲的是人类天性野蛮，是文化和教育使人类能够摆脱野蛮的天性，不断进步，即教育促成人类的进步。故选B项。14．推理判断题。根据第三段的第一、二句“Overthepastcenturyandahalf,however,studiesinthehistoryofhumandevelopmenthaveshownthattheformationofcultureispartofthebiologicaladaptation.Consider,forexample,hunting.”（然而，过去一个半世纪的研究表明，人类历史发展中，文化的形成是生物适应的一部分。比如，想一想打猎。）可知，研究表明，文化的形成是生物适应的一部分，随机举出打猎的例子。由此可知，提及打猎是为了举例说明文化是如何随着人类对环境的适应而不断发展的。故选C项。15．词句猜测题。结合语意，根据第四段的第三句“However,cultureisalsopassedonamongpeopleofthesametimesoramongpeoplebelongingtodifferentpopulations.”（然而，文化也在同一时代的人群之间或者在属于不同群体之间传播。）的“also”表并列可知，“Thetransmissionofculture”意同“cultureisalsopassedon”，则划线单词transmission同动词短语passon，意为“传播”。A.spread传播；B.system系统；C.spirit精神。所以A项符合题意。故选A项。16．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第三段第一句的“theformationofcultureispartofthebiologicaladaptation”（文化的形成是生物适应的一部分）及第三段的最后一句“Itisthenclearthatbiologicaldevelopmentandculturaldevelopmentarecloselytied.”（显然，生物发展和文化发展密切相关。）可知，作者的观点为文化的形成是生物适应的一部分，则文化和自然不是完全等同的；但是生物发展和文化发展密切相关，说明作者认为自然和文化是不同的，但又是相通的。故选A项。17．D

18．C

19．D

20．B【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述全球温度的升高对珊瑚的影响。17．推理判断题。根据第一段“Twooftheworld’smostcommonspeciesofreef-buildingcoralsseemsurprisinglyabletosurviveandevencopewellwithclimatechange,accordingtoanewstudy—atleastsolongasglobalwarmingiskeptbelow2degreesCelsius,thetargetsetbytheParisAgreement.”(一项新的研究显示，世界上最常见的两种造礁珊瑚似乎能够令人惊讶地生存下来，甚至能够很好地应对气候变化——至少在全球变暖保持在《巴黎协定》设定的2摄氏度以下的情况下)和最后一段““ThepapersupportswhathasbeenobservedinHawaii.”saysKu’uleiRodgers,acoralexpertattheUniversityofHawaiiatManōa.“However,althoughitishopefulthatsomespecieswillsurvivethiscentury,unlesssignificantreductionsinemissionsoccur,coralswilleventuallylosetheirfightforsurvival.””(“这篇论文支持了在夏威夷观察到的现象。”夏威夷大学Manōa分校的珊瑚专家库乌莱·罗杰斯说。“然而，尽管某些物种有希望在本世纪存活下来，但除非排放量大幅减少，否则珊瑚最终将输掉生存之战。”)可知，如果全球变暖2摄氏度或更高，活着的珊瑚礁将从地球上消失。故选D。18．细节理解题。根据第四段“Tolearnmoreabouthowbothwarmingandacidificationmightthreatreefsinthefuture,theycollectedsamplesofthreecommoncoralspeciesandplacedthemintankswheretheywouldbeexposedtothesameweatherasareefjustoffshore.”(为了进一步了解气候变暖和海水酸化在未来对珊瑚礁的威胁，他们收集了三种常见的珊瑚物种的样本，并把它们放置在与近海珊瑚礁相同天气的水箱中。)可知，McLachlan和她的同事们做这项研究的目的是为了进一步了解气候变暖和海水酸化在未来对珊瑚礁的威胁。故选C。19．推理判断题。根据最后一段““ThepapersupportswhathasbeenobservedinHawaii.”saysKu’uleiRodgers,acoralexpertattheUniversityofHawaiiatManōa.“However,althoughitishopefulthatsomespecieswillsurvivethiscentury,unlesssignificantreductionsinemissionsoccur,coralswilleventuallylosetheirfightforsurvival.””(“这篇论文支持了在夏威夷观察到的现象。”夏威夷大学Manōa分校的珊瑚专家库乌莱·罗杰斯说。“然而，尽管某些物种有希望在本世纪存活下来，但除非排放量大幅减少，否则珊瑚最终将输掉生存之战。”)可知，要想保护珊瑚，人类应该不遗余力地减少排放。故选D。20．推理判断题。根据第三段“Butthat’snotwhatMcLachlanandhercolleaguesobservedwhentheysubjectedHawaiiancoralstoasimulated(模拟)2ºCworldfornearlytwoyears.Theyfoundthattwocommoncoralspecieswereespeciallyresilient(能复原的):Two-thirdsofthosecoralssurvivedthesimulatedfuture.”(但是当McLachlan和她的同事们将夏威夷珊瑚置于模拟2摄氏度的环境中近两年时，他们观察到的并非如此。他们发现两种常见的珊瑚物种具有特别的适应能力：其中三分之二的珊瑚在模拟的未来中存活了下来。)和第五段“For22months,theresearcherssubjectedsomecoralsto2ºCofwarming,sometoacidifiedwater,andsometobothchanges.Overall,ofthecoralsexposedtobothconditions,46percentofricecoral,56percen