阅读-2019强化讲义考研英语二课程

形合寻读法形合寻读法，是受教于多位名师，再结合7年考研教学经验和大量同学反馈后，独创的阅读方法。一改必须依靠翻译解题的传统阅读方法，是应试的一把利器。对于此方法拥有完全权利，并受法律保护。现在，将这一七年磨一剑之所得，传授于大家，以飨莘莘学子。同样也期待大：寻读Eg：Agroupofstudentsntodesignarobotthatbesidesaccordingafterbeforeunderto注意与author或者text相关的内容Eg：ThemainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceEg：Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotcan数量原则：题干中定位词的个数乘以1/2返回文章四舍五入取整数解本句为先，右二左1）顺译：从前往后翻译不调整语序，只翻译认识的内容，不认识的跳过是女人是不可 是女人是不可+=Eg：Johnisastudent.Helikesying合：Thestudentlikesying局部寻读法：确定局部考查的题目正确答案在文章段落寻WhatcanwelearnfromparagraphAllthefollowingaretrueexcept解篇章寻解首段前两句+首段尾句+中间各段首尾句+尾段首句以及末两按照大于文章1/2的篇幅确定中心为什么如此多的人不相信报纸了呢A、报纸行业的问题使得人们对报纸失望了有客观选客观objective没客观选乐观没乐观选谨慎prudent没谨慎选惊讶surprised

形合规结构是什么？句子的成分—词+XiaoHong’spigtailislongerthanXiaoHua’sEg:刘翔跑的sudu比所有qitapaodesudu都快LiuXiangrunsfasterthanallofthe Eg：题目问Robot文章说“Theyhavebuiltrobotthatcandosth判断下列句子之间的“修饰关系”是否一致（修饰关系就是词与词的连接关系1）Ieatan2)AnappleiseatenbyJohnworks4)Johnfinisheshisworkinashorttimewithhigh手。Eg：a? asmart形合寻读法“思维导找中心（篇章寻读法定位—A猜意思—形合三；B例子表达了什么观点—形合四；C普通题目—形合一—形合二—中A一段考查+B判断—段落寻读法—形合A中心+B全文态度+C用“局部寻读法”和“段落寻读法”解不了的题目中规将课程看至少3遍背诵我（-）上面给总结的“考研英语同义改写词到12月中旬，英语二必须至少做6遍： ：英2010年阅2008.②Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingle.③Itwasalastvictory.④Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.①IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMr.Hirst’ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplytheyeartoNovember2008.④Withinweekstheworld’stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby’sand①ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingsays:“I’mprettyconfidentwe’reatthebottom.”①Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket.②toreturn..theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofBeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverall Bysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Para.3),theauthorsuggests peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromartcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatworksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTSalesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007toTheartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinTheartmarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousSomeartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestoThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraph ArtMarketinEg：Iamlookingfortheteachersingingwholeeveninginsilence.”avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.①Inmyownresearch,comintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareerto butfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.it,wantingtotalk.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobably Allofthefollowingaretrue mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthannearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedwomenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweenafemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherWhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthisThemoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchby Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifeare avividaccountofthenewbookDivorce①Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticwhencustomerseatsnacksorwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.howtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”①ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-Palmoliveandcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.breathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.④Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartof①“Ourproductssucceedwhenthey consumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,the Tide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.②“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourorunhealthyfoods.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith shouldbefurthershouldbechangedaredeeplyrootedinBottledwater,chewinggumandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soas revealtheirimpactonpeople’sshowtheurgentneedofdailyWhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’s [B][C] [D]Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddue perfectedartof includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandlicyareequallythecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,,exampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.③Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstake①Butasrecentlyasin1968,juryselectionprocedures somestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedto representativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.④TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredselectingmaleandfemalejurors. tepeoplecanserveonnoagelimitshouldbeimposedforjury thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtEveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestates theyfellfarshortoftherequiredtheyweresupposedtoperformdomesticAftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwas itsnatureand2011年阅读Goldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassuptoomuchtime,shesaid.shouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.fromone statementtothenext.③Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sothethatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthe firmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.①ButtheresearchesbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirSimmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.[A]gainingexcessiveprofitsfailingtofulfillherdutyWelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.[A]generousinvestorsislikelyto.emorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings[D]performworseinlawsuitsItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm[C]areaccustomedtostress-workinthefirm[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirmTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis. launchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.⑥Shouldthey yearsago,butprofitallthesame.arepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.⑤Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantcanbepushedfurther.①Newspapersare muchmorestable.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”(Line3,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthat neglectedthesignofcrisis[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies[D]wereinadesperatesituationSomenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.[A]readersthreatenedtopaylessnewspaperswantedtoreducecosts[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas havemoresourcesofrevenue[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.[D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe [A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStorymarriagebureaus.①Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybethecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothanMies.efficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.eleganceofthebuildings’detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentofthe thetime.haddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.定位时，先寻找完整定位词，如果找不到，优先寻 定位时，先寻找完整定位词，如果找不到，优先寻 ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans’.[A]prosperityandgrowthefficiencyandpracticality[D]prideandfaithfulness[A]ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign.[A]wasrelatedtolargespace[D]wasnotassociatedwithefficiency[A]Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsof [A]Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.Naturalscenesweretakenintoaccount.[D]Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdenies membersthequickfixofdevaluation.withintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonise.①A“southern”campheadedbyFrancewantssomethingdifferent:“Europeaneconomicernment”competitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.英语二的改写方式文：Johnworks选项：JohnfinisheshisworkinashorttimewithhighTheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblems ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinevenitssupportersbegintofeelsomeofitsmembercountriesntoabandonThedebateovertheEU’ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominant failtoreachanagreementonTosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposed EUfundsforpoorregionsbeonlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeTheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimplies poorcountriesaremorelikelytoget[C]loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountriesRegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel 2012年阅arerevisingtheirthinkingonthiseducationalritual.③Unfortunay,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblewhichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses, longercountformorethan10%ofastudent’sacademicgrade.haveincompletingtheir.②Buttheisunclearandcontradictory.③Certainly,no①Districtadministratorssaythat assignasmuchofitastheywant.②Butwith across-the-boardrule.①Atthesametime,theaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabout .②Ifthenotassigningmorethantheyarewillingtoreviewandcorrect.doright.Itisimpliedinparagraph1thatnowadaysisnolongeraneducationalisnotrequiredforadvancedL.A.Unifiedhasmadetherule mainlybecausepoor haveaskedforadifferenteducationalAccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththeisthatit AsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunanswered itshouldbeitcountsmuchinitcesextraburdenson AFaultyApproachedforPoorandinterests.definedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears.byclothingmanufacturersinthe1930s. cannotexingirls'lackofshouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'AccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofColoursareencodedingirls'BlueusedtoberegardedasthecolourforWhiteispreferredbyinfluencedby WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvised focusoninfantwearandolderkids'createsomecommonshoppers' longerbattle.riskofbreastcancer.③ThechiefexecutiveofMyriad,a firmsandpatientsalike.mayyetreachtheSupremeCourt..③Firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinct,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’sefficacy.④Companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor“connectingthedots”,exinsHansSauer,alawyerfortheBIO.①Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,tocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.③Eachmeetingwaspacked.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph1thatthebiotechcompanieswould genestobetheBIOtoissueajudgestoruleoutgeneThosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelieve onlyman-madeproductsarepatentsongenesdependmuchonAccordingtoHansSauer,companiesareeagertowinpatents drawingpicturesofBysaying“Eachmeetingwaspacked”(Para.6),theauthormeans thesupremecourtwastheBIOwasapowerfulgenepatentingwasagreatlawyerswerekeentoattend [B] [C] [D]saidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimprovedtheminsomeways:theyhad nationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendtoaneraofreckless andlessinclusive,andhaveusuallystoppedorreversedtheadvanceofrightsanddoms.③①einequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthisone.②Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessmayreinclassdivides,anddecreaseopportunitiestocrossthem—especiallyforyoungpeople.③TheresearchofTillVonWachter,theeconomistatColumbiaAmericansociety.②Moredifficult,inthemoment,isdiscerningpreciselyhowtheseleantimesare . lookonthebrightsideoftheAccordingtoParagraph2,therecessionhasmade imposeaheavierburdenonbringoutmoreevilsofhuman easesbetweenracesandTheresearchofTillVonWachtersuggeststhatinrecessiongraduatesfrom .lagbehindtheothersduetodecreasedseetheirlifechancesasdimmedasthe 2013年阅manawayfromthemachines.”reasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-class estodayisalsorapidlythaneverrecinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.①Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,nganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle.①Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.②Butthere’sbeenanjobs—about6millionintotal—disappeared.”tohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.①Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotoThejokeinParagraph1isusedto AccordingtoParagraph3,tobeasuccessfulemployee,onehas workoncheapaskforamoderateadoptanaverageThequotationinParagraph4exins gainsoftechnologyhavebeennewjobsandserviceshavebeenAccordingtotheauthor,toreduceunemployment,themostimportant toadvanceeconomictopassmorebillsinthe21stWhichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitlefortheNewLawTakesAverageIswiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,andwhowouldmakesomemoneyandgohome.③Between1908and1915,about7example,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.⑤Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,“uccellidipassaggio,”birdsofpassage.①Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.②Wedivide solveourimmigrationchallenges.canmanagetohaveajobinoneceandafamilyinanother.canbelongtotwonationshonorably.①modatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesofthegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultiple includingsomethatarenoteasyto plishlegallyintheexistingsystem. Itisimpliedinparagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationsystemintheU. needsnewimmigranthasloosenedcontrolovershouldbeadaptedtohasbeenfixedviapolitical aglobalthedomtostayand witheconomicasmightyWhichisthebesttitlefortheComeandGo:BigWithorWithout:GreatLegalorIllegal:Bighard-wiredresponses.atleastaminute,preferablyfive.④Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsof oropen-mindedness.①Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren’texclusivetotheinter alrealm.②①Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.②Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsortwodays,nottwoseconds.thehigh-speedtrend.Thetimeneededinmakingdecisions varyaccordingtotheurgencyofthedependontheimportanceoftheOurreactiontoafast-foodlogoshowsthatsnap canbearenotcanbearenotToreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdecisions,we thinkbeforeweaskforexpert ①Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.②Inparticular,thecorporateworkcewillneverbecompleyfamily-friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniormanagementdecisions,andEurope’stoppositionsonEuropecorporateboards.wasconsideredafailure:only24companiestookitup.balanceworkandfamily?countertomybeliefinmeritocracy( ①Afterall,fourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeaswellastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotopposition—nomatterhowmuch“softremaintheexceptiontotherule.IntheEuropeancorporateworkce, womentakethemenhavethefinal AccordingtoReding,quotasmayhelp gettopbusinessbalancework Womenenteringtop eheadlinesduetothelack moresocial附加练习

secretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatit esmorenatural.Includeafewanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Tomakeyourhumorwork,you makefunofthedisorganizedaddressdifferentproblemstodifferentshowsympathyforyourThejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,they impolitetonew [B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlike [D]verybusyevenduringlunchItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublic havebenefitedmany [B]arethefocusofpublic[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughing [B]asawkwardlyas[C]inexaggerated [D]ascasuallyasThebesttitleforthetextmay [C]AddHumorto scienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyinligentgizmoswhosepresencewerobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedlerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Indeedthequestfortrueartificialinligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialbydecadesifnotcenturies.nervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandwindingroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.Themostadvancedcomputersystemson theuseofmachinestoproducescienceTheword“gizmos”（Line1,Paragraph2）mostprobably programs[B] [C] [D]Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthat ctwithhumanbeingshavealittlecommonBesidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscan makeafewdecisionsfordealwithsomeerrorswithhumanTheauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobots farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,andintheshortterm.industrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyand only0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—have emoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.almost30%.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilprice [B]reductionin[C]fastgrowthin Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramatically priceofcrude [B]commodityprices[C]consumption [D]oiltaxes heavy esmoreenergy-oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonWecandrawaconclusionfromthetext energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilthepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyFromthetextwecanseethatthewriter [C]gloomy[D]actorintendsonlythegoodeffect.controltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.”ofdying.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofdevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.licensingboards“mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatare managedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.” [D]Adoctor’smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.AccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecare Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”（Line3,Paragraph7Bold.[B] [C] [D]GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedif reducedrugdosagesfortheirreshaDonovan'svocationaswell.astheNetgrows,itis compilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginia AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsshinthisnewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateinligence-ysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringFriedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-inligenceTheemergenceoftheNet restoredmanycommonrevivedspyingasa showhowhefoughtfortheThephrase"makingthebiggestssh"(line1,paragraph3)mostprobably Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4 hasprovedStraitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsStraitford'sbusinessischaracterizedbyStraitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableStraitfordismostproudof nonconformistefficientToparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondfullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberayharmananimal.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Don’tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandableway—inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shiprecement,afather’sbypassoperation,ababy’svaccinations,andevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt”middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothing,thereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke’swords callonscientiststotakesomecriticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalwarnofthedoomofbiomedicalshowthetriumphoftheanimalrightsMisledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearch cruelbutinhumanandinevitablebutpointlessandTheexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthe discontentwithanimalignoranceaboutmedicalanxietyaboutanimalTheauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientists communicatemorewiththeemployhi-techmeansinfeelnoshamefortheirstrivetodevelopnewFromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooper awell-knownamedicalanenthusiastinanimalasupporterofanimalInrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-movedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailSupportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscominthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyone .Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,time-consuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeeuptheline.It’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketce?”asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers.Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperating ein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikely costreductionisbasedonservicescallforcross-tradeoutsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoshipperswillhavetherailwaybytheWhatismanycaptiveshippers’attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherail [B][C] ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3 shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivaltherewillsoonbeonlyone overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforrateaernmentboardensuresfairyinrailwayTheword“arbiters”（Line7,Paragraph4）mostprobablyrefersto whoworkaswhofunctionaswhosupervisewhodeterminetheAccordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycaused thecontinuingthegrowingthecheeringWalltheshrinkingItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath—andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians—frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient—toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theU.S.spent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbe$1,540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethataernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage—say83orso.FormerColoradoernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”,sothatyounger,healthierpeople