语言学简明教程Chaer

Chapter5Grammar:Clause5.1IntroductionClause(小句/子句)—agroupofwordswhichformagrammaticalunitandwhichcontainasubjectandafiniteverb.Aclauseformsasentenceorpartofasentenceandoftenfunctionsasanoun,adjectiveoradverb.Traditionallyaverb,e.g.inLatinorGreek,inflectedfor‘person’and‘number’.Nowmoregenerallyofanyverbwhoseformissuchthatitcanstandinasimpledeclarativesentence.1ClausecanbeclassifiedintoFINITE（限定性)andNON-FINITE（非限定性）

clauses,thelatterincludingthetraditionalinfinitivephrase,participialphrase,andgerundialphrase.2

Afiniteclause（限定性分句）hasafiniteverb.Afiniteverbhastense.

E.g.:“Irundaily.”

Anon-finiteclause（非限定性分句）hasaverbwithouttense.

E.g.:"...torundaily..."3Examples:

1)Ihurriedhome.

(asentence,alsoaclause,asimplesentence)3)Because

Iwaslate,theywentwithoutme.subordinateclause(从属句)mainclause(独立句,主句)

complexsentence2)Johnlikeslinguistics,butMaryisinterestedinhistory.(coordinatesentence/compoundsentence)coordinatingconjunctionsubordinator4

Thewordsyntax,derivedoriginallyfromGreek,ismadeupoftwomorphemes:syn“together”,andtax“toarrange”,hencetheliteralmeaning“asettingouttogether”or“arrangement”.Inlinguistics,itreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheformationofsentences.5(---abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.

句法学研究组词成句的规则，研究句子内部组成成分间的关系。)Syntax(句法)—abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.6①Theboykickedtheballangrily.②Boytheballkickedangrily.③Thegirlcaughttheboyangrily.④Theflowersmileshappily.

Whicharegrammaticalandwhicharenot,andwhy?5.2WordClassesandWordOrderDeterminer+noun+verb+determiner+noun+advThedogatethebonenoisily.Theboykickedtheballangrily.7Syntacticrelationscanbeanalyzedintothreekinds:relationsofpositionrelationsofsubstitutabilityrelationsofco-occurrence

Syntacticrelations

（句法关系）8Positionalrelationorwordorder(syntagmaticrelation组合关系)referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.Ifthewordsinasentencefailtooccurinafixedorderrequiredbytheconventionoflanguage,thesentencewillbeungrammaticalornonsensical.(e.g.Thetallboyhaskickedtheballwithhisrightfootangrily.)Wordorderisoneofthebasicwaystoclassifylanguagesintheworld:SVO,VSO,SOV,OVS,OSV,andVOS.

EnglishbelongstoSVOtype,thoughthisdoesnotmeanthatSVOistheonlypossiblewordorder.9Relationofsubstitutability(paradigmaticrelation聚合关系)referstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinthesamesentencestructures.E.g.1.The

______smiles.

manboygirl yesterday.2.Hewenttherelastweek.thedaybefore.10Associative(Paradigmatic)AxisSyntagmaticAxisAC’’C’BCDEC’’’11

RelationofCo-occurrence（同现关系）

Wordsofdifferentsetsofclassesmaypermit,orrequire,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceoraparticularpartofasentence.Forinstance,anominalphrasecanbeprecededbyadeterminerandadjective(s)andfollowedbyaverbalphrase.12Relationsofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelations,partlytoparadigmaticrelations.

13Syntacticcategory(句法范畴）Anyclassofunitsdistinguishedinthesyntaxofalanguage,e.g.Sentence,nounphrase,verb,etc.acategoryofwordshavingthesamegrammaticalpropertiesPhrase:expansionofwords.E.g.thenewbook;runfast

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