基于单片机的步进电机电路控制设计英文文献及翻译

年4月19日基于单片机的步进电机电路控制设计英文文献及翻译文档仅供参考TheSteppermotorcontrolcircuitbebasedonSinglechipmicrocomputerTheAT89C51isalow-power,high-performanceCMOS8-bitmicrocomputerwith4KbytesofFlashprogrammableanderasablereadonlymemory(PEROM).ThedeviceismanufacturedusingAtmel’shigh-densitynonvolatilememorytechnologyandiscompatiblewiththeindustry-standardMCS-51instructionsetandpinout.Theon-chipFlashallowstheprogrammemorytobereprogrammedin-systemorbyaconventionalnonvolatilememoryprogrammer.Bycombiningaversatile8-bitCPUwithFlashonamonolithicchip,theAtmelAT89C51isapowerfulmicrocomputerwhichprovidesahighly-flexibleandcost-effectivesolutiontomanyembeddedcontrolapplications.FunctioncharacteristicTheAT89C51providesthefollowingstandardfeatures:4KbytesofFlash,128bytesofRAM,32I/Olines,two16-bittimer/counters,afivevectortwo-levelinterruptarchitecture,afullduplexserialport,on-chiposcillatorandclockcircuitry.Inaddition,theAT89C51isdesignedwithstaticlogicforoperationdowntozerofrequencyandsupportstwosoftwareselectablepowersavingmodes.TheIdleModestopstheCPUwhileallowingtheRAM,timer/counters,serialportandinterruptsystemtocontinuefunctioning.ThePower-downModesavestheRAMcontentsbutfreezestheoscillatordisablingallotherchipfunctionsuntilthenexthardwarereset.PinDescriptionVCC：Supplyvoltage.GND：Ground.Port0：Port0isan8-bitopen-drainbi-directionalI/Oport.Asanoutputport,eachpincansinkeightTTLinputs.When1sarewrittentoport0pins,thepinscanbeusedashighimpedanceinputs.Port0mayalsobeconfiguredtobethemultiplexedloworderaddress/databusduringaccessestoexternalprogramanddatamemory.InthismodeP0hasinternalpullups.Port0alsoreceivesthecodebytesduringFlashprogramming,andoutputsthecodebytesduringprogramverification.Externalpullupsarerequiredduringprogramverification.Port1Port1isan8-bitbi-directionalI/Oportwithinternalpullups.ThePort2Port2isan8-bitbi-directionalI/Oportwithinternalpullups.ThePort3Port3isan8-bitbi-directionalI/Oportwithinternalpullups.ThePort3outputbufferscansink/sourcefourTTLinputs.When1sarewrittentoPort3pinstheyarepulledhighbytheinternalpullupsandcanbeusedasinputs.Asinputs,Port3pinsthatareexternallybeingpulledlowwillsourcecurrent(IIL)becauseofthepullups.Port3alsoservesthefunctionsofvariousspecialfeaturesoftheATPort3alsoreceivessomecontrolsignalsforFlashprogrammingandverification.RSTResetinput.Ahighonthispinfortwomachinecycleswhiletheoscillatorisrunningresetsthedevice.ALE/PROGAddressLatchEnableoutputpulseforlatchingthelowbyteoftheaddressduringaccessestoexternalmemory.Thispinisalsotheprogrampulseinput(PROG)duringFlashprogramming.InnormaloperationALEisemittedataconstantrateof1/6theoscillatorfrequency,andmaybeusedforexternaltimingorclockingpurposes.Note,however,thatoneALEpulseisskippedduringeachaccesstoexternalDataMemory.Ifdesired,ALEoperationcanbedisabledbysettingbit0ofSFRlocation8EH.Withthebitset,ALEisactiveonlyduringaMOVXorMOVCinstruction.Otherwise,thepinisweaklypulledhigh.SettingtheALE-disablebithasnoeffectifthemicrocontrollerisinexternalexecutionmode.PSENProgramStoreEnableisthereadstrobetoexternalprogrammemory.WhentheAT89C51isexecutingcodefromexternalprogrammemory,PSENisactivatedtwiceeachmachinecycle,exceptthattwoPSENactivationsareskippedduringeachaccesstoexternaldatamemory.EA/VPPExternalAccessEnable.EAmustbestrappedtoGNDinordertoenablethedevicetofetchcodefromexternalprogrammemorylocationsstartingat0000HuptoFFFFH.Note,however,thatiflockbit1isprogrammed,EAwillbeinternallylatchedonreset.EAshouldbestrappedtoVCCforinternalprogramexecutions.Thispinalsoreceivesthe12-voltprogrammingenablevoltage(VPP)duringFlashprogramming,forpartsthatrequire12-voltVPP.XTAL1Inputtotheinvertingoscillatoramplifierandinputtotheinternalclockoperatingcircuit.XTAL2Outputfromtheinvertingoscillatoramplifier.OscillatorCharacteristicsXTAL1andXTAL2aretheinputandoutput,respectively,ofaninvertingamplifierwhichcanbeconfiguredforuseasanon-chiposcillator,asshowninFigure1.Eitheraquartzcrystalorceramicresonatormaybeused.Todrivethedevicefromanexternalclocksource,XTAL2shouldbeleftunconnectedwhileXTAL1isdrivenasshowninFigure2.Therearenorequirementsonthedutycycleoftheexternalclocksignal,sincetheinputtotheinternalclockingcircuitryisthroughadivide-by-twoflip-flop,butminimumandmaximumvoltagehighandlowtimespecificationsmustbeobserved.Figure1.OscillatorConnectionsFigure2.ExternalClockDriveConfigurationIdleModeInidlemode,theCPUputsitselftosleepwhilealltheonchipperipheralsremainactive.Themodeisinvokedbysoftware.Thecontentoftheon-chipRAMandallthespecialfunctionsregistersremainunchangedduringthismode.Theidlemodecanbeterminatedbyanyenabledinterruptorbyahardwarereset.Itshouldbenotedthatwhenidleisterminatedbyahardwarereset,thedevicenormallyresumesprogramexecution,fromwhereitleftoff,uptotwomachinecyclesbeforetheinternalresetalgorithmtakescontrol.On-chiphardwareinhibitsaccesstointernalRAMinthisevent,butaccesstotheportpinsisnotinhibited.ToeliminatethepossibilityofanunexpectedwritetoaportpinwhenIdleisterminatedbyreset,theinstructionfollowingtheonethatinvokesIdleshouldnotbeonethatwritestoaportpinortoexternalmemory.Power-downModeInthepower-downmode,theoscillatorisstopped,andtheinstructionthatinvokespower-downisthelastinstructionexecuted.Theon-chipRAMandSpecialFunctionRegistersretaintheirvaluesuntilthepower-downmodeisterminated.Theonlyexitfrompower-downisahardwarereset.ResetredefinestheSFRsbutdoesnotchangetheon-chipRAM.TheresetshouldnotbeactivatedbeforeVCCisrestoredtoitsnormaloperatinglevelandmustbeheldactivelongenoughtoallowtheoscillatortorestartandstabilize.ProgramMemoryLockBitsOnthechiparethreelockbitswhichcanbeleftunprogrammed(U)orcanbeprogrammed(P)toobtaintheadditionalfeatureslistedinthetablebelow.Whenlockbit1isprogrammed,thelogiclevelattheEApinissampledandlatchedduringreset.Ifthedeviceispoweredupwithoutareset,thelatchinitializestoarandomvalue,andholdsthatvalueuntilresetisactivated.ItisnecessarythatthelatchedvalueofEAbeinagreementwiththecurrentlogiclevelatthatpininorderforthedevicetofunctionproperly.IntroductionSteppermotorsareelectromagneticincremental-motiondeviceswhichconvertdigitalpulseinputstoanalogangleoutputs.Theirinherentsteppingabilityallowsforaccuratepositioncontrolwithoutfeedback.Thatis,theycantrackanysteppositioninopen-loopmode,consequentlynofeedbackisneededtoimplementpositioncontrol.SteppermotorsdeliverhigherpeaktorqueperunitweightthanDCmotors;inaddition,theyarebrushlessmachinesandthereforerequirelessmaintenance.Allofthesepropertieshavemadesteppermotorsaveryattractiveselectioninmanypositionandspeedcontrolsystems,suchasincomputerharddiskdriversandprinters,XY-tables,robotmanipulators,etc.Althoughsteppermotorshavemanysalientproperties,theysufferfromanoscillationorunstablephenomenon.Thisphenomenonseverelyrestrictstheiropen-loopdynamicperformanceandapplicableareawherehighspeedoperationisneeded.Theoscillationusuallyoccursatsteppingrateslowerthan1000pulse/s,andhasbeenrecognizedasamid-frequencyinstabilityorlocalinstability[1],oradynamicinstability[2].Inaddition,thereisanotherkindofunstablephenomenoninsteppermotors,thatis,themotorsusuallylosesynchronismathighersteppingrates,eventhoughloadtorqueislessthantheirpull-outtorque.Thisphenomenonisidentifiedashigh-frequencyinstabilityinthispaper,becauseitappearsatmuchhigherfrequenciesthanthefrequenciesatwhichthemid-frequencyoscillationoccurs.Thehigh-frequencyinstabilityhasnotbeenrecognizedaswidelyasmid-frequencyinstability,andthereisnotyetamethodtoevaluateit.Mid-frequencyoscillationhasbeenrecognizedwidelyforaverylongtime,however,acompleteunderstandingofithasnotbeenwellestablished.Thiscanbeattributedtothenonlinearitythatdominatestheoscillationphenomenonandisquitedifficulttodealwith.384L.CaoandH.M.SchwartzMostresearchershaveanalyzeditbasedonalinearizedmodel[1].Althoughinmanycases,thiskindoftreatmentsisvalidoruseful,atreatmentbasedonnonlineartheoryisneededinordertogiveabetterdescriptiononthiscomplexphenomenon.Forexample,basedonalinearizedmodelonecanonlyseethatthemotorsturntobelocallyunstableatsomesupplyfrequencies,whichdoesnotgivemuchinsightintotheobservedoscillatoryphenomenon.Infact,theoscillationcannotbeassessedunlessoneusesnonlineartheory.Therefore,itissignificanttousedevelopedmathematicaltheoryonnonlineardynamicstohandletheoscillationorinstability.ItisworthnotingthatTaftandGauthier[3],andTaftandHarned[4]usedmathematicalconceptssuchaslimitcyclesandseparatricesintheanalysisofoscillatoryandunstablephenomena,andobtainedsomeveryinstructiveinsightsintothesocalledlossofsynchronousphenomenon.Nevertheless,thereisstillalackofacomprehensivemathematicalanalysisinthiskindofstudies.Inthispaperanovelmathematicalanalysisisdevelopedtoanalyzetheoscillationsandinstabilityinsteppermotors.Thefirstpartofthispaperdiscussesthestabilityanalysisofsteppermotors.Itisshownthatthemid-frequencyoscillationcanbecharacterizedasabifurcationphenomenon(Hopfbifurcation)ofnonlinearsystems.OneofcontributionsofthispaperistorelatethemidfrequencyoscillationtoHopfbifurcation,thereby,theexistenceoftheoscillationisprovedtheoreticallybyHopftheory.High-frequencyinstabilityisalsodiscussedindetail,andanovelquantityisintroducedtoevaluatehigh-frequencystability.Thisquantityisveryeasytocalculate,andcanbeusedasacriteriatopredicttheonsetofthehigh-frequencyinstability.Experimentalresultsonarealmotorshowtheefficiencyofthisanalyticaltool.Thesecondpartofthispaperdiscussesstabilizingcontrolofsteppermotorsthroughfeedback.Severalauthorshaveshownthatbymodulatingthesupplyfrequency[5],themidfrequencyinstabilitycanbeimproved.Inparticular,PickupandRussell[6,7]havepresentedadetailedanalysisonthefrequencymodulationmethod.Intheiranalysis,Jacobiserieswasusedtosolveaordinarydifferentialequation,andasetofnonlinearalgebraicequationshadtobesolvednumerically.Inaddition,theiranalysisisundertakenforatwo-phasemotor,andtherefore,theirconclusionscannotapplieddirectlytooursituation,whereathree-phasemotorwillbeconsidered.Here,wegiveamoreelegantanalysisforstabilizingsteppermotors,wherenocomplexmathematicalmanipulationisneeded.Inthisanalysis,ad–qmodelofsteppermotorsisused.Becausetwo-phasemotorsandthree-phasemotorshavethesameq–dmodelandtherefore,theanalysisisvalidforbothtwo-phaseandthree-phasemotors.Uptodate,itisonlyrecognizedthatthemodulationmethodisneededtosuppressthemidfrequencyoscillation.Inthispaper,itisshownthatthismethodisnotonlyvalidtoimprovemid-frequencystability,butalsoeffectivetoimprovehigh-frequencystability.2.DynamicModelofStepperMotorsThesteppermotorconsideredinthispaperconsistsofasalientstatorwithtwo-phaseorthreephasewindings,andapermanent-magnetrotor.Asimplifiedschematicofathree-phasemotorwithonepole-pairisshowninFigure1.Thesteppermotorisusuallyfedbyavoltage-sourceinverter,whichiscontrolledbyasequenceofpulsesandproducessquare-wavevoltages.Thismotoroperatesessentiallyonthesameprincipleasthatofsynchronousmotors.Oneofmajoroperatingmannerforsteppermotorsisthatsupplyingvoltageiskeptconstantandfrequencyofpulsesischangedataverywiderange.Underthisoperatingcondition,oscillationandinstabilityproblemsusuallyarise.Figure1.Schematicmodelofathree-phasesteppermotorAmathematicalmodelforathree-phasesteppermotorisestablishedusingq–dframereferencetransformation.Thevoltageequationsforthree-phasewindingsaregivenbyva=Ria+L*dia/dt−M*dib/dt−M*dic/dt+dλpma/dt,vb=Rib+L*dib/dt−M*dia/dt−M*dic/dt+dλpmb/dt,vc=Ric+L*dic/dt−M*dia/dt−M*dib/dt+dλpmc/dt,whereRandLaretheresistanceandinductanceofthephasewindings,andMisthemutualinductancebetweenthephasewindings._pma,_pmband_pmcaretheflux-linkagesofthephasesduetothepermanentmagnet,andcanbeassumedtobesinusoidfunctionsofrotorposition_asfollowλpma=λ1sin(Nθ),λpmb=λ1sin(Nθ−2π/3),λpmc=λ1sin(Nθ-2π/3),whereNisnumberofrotorteeth.Thenonlinearityemphasizedinthispaperisrepresentedbytheaboveequations,thatis,theflux-linkagesarenonlinearfunctionsoftherotorposition.Byusingtheq;dtransformation,theframeofreferenceischangedfromthefixedphaseaxestotheaxesmovingwiththerotor(refertoFigure2).Transformationmatrixfromthea;b;cframetotheq;dframeisgivenby[8]Forexample,voltagesintheq;dreferencearegivenbyInthea;b;creference,onlytwovariablesareindependent(iaCibCicD0);therefore,theabovetransformationfromthreevariablestotwovariablesisallowable.Applyingtheabovetransformationtothevoltageequations(1),thetransferredvoltageequationintheq;dframecanbeobtainedasvq=Riq+L1*diq/dt+NL1idω+Nλ1ω,vd=Rid+L1*did/dt−NL1iqω,(5)Figure2.a,b,candd,qreferenceframewhereL1DLCM,and!isthespeedoftherotor.Itcanbeshownthatthemotor’storquehasthefollowingform[2]T=3/2Nλ1iqTheequationofmotionoftherotoriswrittenasJ*dω/dt=3/2*Nλ1iq−Bfω–Tl,whereBfisthecoefficientofviscousfriction,andTlrepresentsloadtorque,whichisassumedtobeaconstantinthispaper.Inordertoconstitutethecompletestateequationofthemotor,weneedanotherstatevariablethatrepresentsthepositionoftherotor.Forthispurposethesocalledloadangle_[8]isusuallyused,whichsatisfiesthefollowingequationDδ/dt=ω−ω0,where!0issteady-statespeedofthemotor.Equations(5),(7),and(8)constitutethestatespacemodelofthemotor,forwhichtheinputvariablesarethevoltagesvqandvd.Asmentionedbefore,steppermotorsarefedbyaninverter,whoseoutputvoltagesarenotsinusoidalbutinsteadaresquarewaves.However,becausethenon-sinusoidalvoltagesdonotchangetheoscillationfeatureandinstabilityverymuchifcomparedtothesinusoidalcase(aswillbeshowninSection3,theoscillationisduetothenonlinearityofthemotor),forthepurposesofthispaperwecanassumethesupplyvoltagesaresinusoidal.Underthisassumption,wecangetvqandvdasfollowsvq=Vmcos(Nδ),vd=Vmsin(Nδ),whereVmisthemaximumofthesinewave.Withtheaboveequation,wehavechangedtheinputvoltagesfromafunctionoftimetoafunctionofstate,andinthiswaywecanrepresentthedynamicsofthemotorbyaautonomoussystem,asshownbelow.Thiswillsimplifythemathematicalanalysis.FromEquations(5),(7),and(8),thestate-spacemodelofthemotorcanbewritteninamatrixformasfollowsẊ=F(X,u)=AX+Fn(X)+Bu,(10)whereXDTiqid!_UT,uDT!1TlUTisdefinedastheinput,and!1DN!0isthesupplyfrequency.TheinputmatrixBisdefinedbyThematrixAisthelinearpartofF._/,andisgivenbyFn.X/representsthenonlinearpartofF._/,andisgivenbyTheinputtermuisindependentoftime,andthereforeEquation(10)isautonomous.TherearethreeparametersinF.X;u/,theyarethesupplyfrequency!1,thesupplyvoltagemagnitudeVmandtheloadtorqueTl.Theseparametersgovernthebehaviourofthesteppermotor.Inpractice,steppermotorsareusuallydriveninsuchawaythatthesupplyfrequency!1ischangedbythecommandpulsetocontrolthemotor’sspeed,whilethesupplyvoltageiskeptconstant.Therefore,weshallinvestigatetheeffectofparameter!1.3.BifurcationandMid-FrequencyOscillationBysetting!D!0,theequilibriaofEquation(10)aregivenasand'isitsphaseangledefinedbyφ=arctan(ω1L1Equations(12)and(13)indicatethatmultipleequilibriaexist,whichmeansthattheseequilibriacanneverbegloballystable.OnecanseethattherearetwogroupsofequilibriaasshowninEquations(12)and(13).ThefirstgrouprepresentedbyEquation(12)correspondstotherealoperatingconditionsofthemotor.ThesecondgrouprepresentedbyEquation(13)isalwaysunstableanddoesnotrelatetotherealoperatingconditions.Inthefollowing,wewillconcentrateontheequilibriarepresentedbyEquation(12).基于单片机的步进电机电路控制设计89C51是一种带4K字节闪烁可编程可擦除只读存储器（FPEROM—FalshProgrammableandErasableReadOnlyMemory）的低电压、高性能CMOS8位微处理器，俗称单片机。该器件采用ATMEL高密度非易失存储器制造技术制造，与工业标准的MCS-51指令集和输出管脚相兼容。由于将多功能8位CPU和闪烁存储器组合在单个芯片中，ATMEL的89C51是一种高效微控制器，89C2051是它的一种精简版本。89C单片机为很多嵌入式控制系统提供了一种灵活性高且价廉的方案。功能特点·与MCS-51兼容·4K字节可编程闪烁存储器·寿命：1000写/擦循环·数据保留时间：·全静态工作：0Hz-24MHz·三级程序存储器锁定·128*8位内部RAM·32可编程I/O线·两个16位定时器/计数器·5个中断源·可编程串行通道·低功耗的闲置和掉电模式·片内振荡器和时钟电路管脚说明VCC：供电电压。GND：接地。P0口：P0口为一个8位漏级开路双向I/O口，每脚可吸收8TTL门电流。当P1口的管脚第一次写1时，被定义为高阻输入。P0能够用于外部程序数据存储器，它能够被定义为数据/地址的低八位。在FIASH编程时，P0口作为原码输入口，当FIASH进行校验时，P0输出原码，此时P0外部必须被拉高。P1口：P1口是一个内部提供上拉电阻的8位双向I/O口，P1口缓冲器能接收输出4TTL门电流。P1口管脚写入1后，被内部上拉为高，可用作输入，P1口被外部下拉为低电平时，将输出电流，这是由于内部上拉的缘故。在FLASH编程和校验时，P1口作为第八位地址接收。P2口：P2口为一个内部上拉电阻的8位双向I/O口，P2口缓冲器可接收，输出4个TTL门电流，当P2口被写“1”时，其管脚被内部上拉电阻拉高，且作为输入。并因此作为输入时，P2口的管脚被外部拉低，将输出电流。这是由于内部上拉的缘故。P2口当用于外部程序存储器或16位地址外部数据存储器进行存取时，P2口输出地址的高八位。在给出地址“1”时，它利用内部上拉优势，当对外部八位地址数据存储器进行读写时，P2口输出其特殊功能寄存器的内容。P2口在FLASH编程和校验时接收高八位地址信号和控制信号。P3口：P3口管脚是8个带内部上拉电阻的双向I/O口，可接收输出4个TTL门电流。当P3口写入“1”后，它们被内部上拉为高电平，并用作输入。作为输入，由于外部下拉为低电平，P3口将输出电流（ILL）这是由于上拉的缘故。P3口也可作为AT89C51的一些特殊功能口.口管脚备选功能P3.0RXD（串行输入口）P3.1TXD（串行输出口）P3.2/INT0（外部中断0）P3.3/INT1（外部中断1）P3.4T0（记时器0外部输入）P3.5T1（记时器1外部输入）P3.6/WR（外部数据存储器写选通）P3.7/RD（外部数据存储器读选通）P3口同时为闪烁编程和编程校验接收一些控制信号。RST：复位输入。当振荡器复位器件时，要保持RST脚两个机器周期的高电平时间。ALE/PROG：当访问外部存储器时，地址锁存允许的输出电平用于锁存地址的地位字节。在FLASH编程期间，此引脚用于输入编程脉冲。在平时，ALE端以不变的频率周期输出正脉冲信号，此频率为振荡器频率的1/6。因此它可用作对外部输出的脉冲或用于定时目的。然而要注意的是：每当用作外部数据存储器时，将跳过一个ALE脉冲。如想禁止ALE的输出可在SFR8EH地址上置0。此时，ALE只有在执行MOVX，MOVC指令是ALE才起作用。另外，该引脚被略微拉高。如果微处理器在外部执行状态ALE禁止，置位无效。/PSEN：外部程序存储器的选通信号。在由外部程序存储器取指期间，每个机器周期两次/PSEN有效。但在访问外部数据存储器时，这两次有效的/PSEN信号将不出现。/EA/VPP：当/EA保持低电平时，则在此期间外部程序存储器（0000H-FFFFH），不论是否有内部程序存储器。注意加密方式1时，/EA将内部锁定为RESET；当/EA端保持高电平时，此间内部程序存储器。在FLASH编程期间，此引脚也用于施加12V编程电源（VPP）。XTAL1：反向振荡放大器的输入及内部时钟工作电路的输入。XTAL2：来自反向振荡器的输出。振荡器特性XTAL1和XTAL2分别为反向放大器的输入和输出。该反向放大器能够配置为片内振荡器。石晶振荡和陶瓷振荡均可采用。如采用外部时钟源驱动器件，XTAL2应不接。由于输入至内部时钟信号要经过一个二分频触发器，因此对外部时钟信号的脉宽无任何要求，但必须保证脉冲的高低电平要求的宽度。Figure1.OscillatorConnectionsFigure2.ExternalClockDrive芯片擦除整个PEROM阵列和三个锁定位的电擦除可经过正确的控制信号组合，并保持ALE管脚处于低电平10ms来完成。在芯片擦操作中，代码阵列全被写“1”且在任何非空存储字节被重复编程以前，该操作必须被执行。另外，AT89C51设有稳态逻辑，能够在低到零频率的条件下静态逻辑，支持两种软件可选的掉电模式。在闲置模式下，CPU停止工作。但RAM，定时器，计数器，串口和中断系统仍在工作。在掉电模式下，保存RAM的内容而且冻结振荡器，禁止所用其它芯片功能，直到下一个硬件复位为止。空闲模式在空闲模式下,中央处理器把自己睡;所有的微外设保持活跃。该模式调用的软件。片上的内容的公绵羊、所有的特殊功能寄存器不变在这个模式下。空闲模式能够终止任何使中断或由硬件复位。应该指出的是,闲时终止一个硬件复位,设备一般程序执行,从简历在它停止两封,机器周期之前,内部重置算法以控制。样品的硬件抑制进入内部RAM在这种情况下,但进入港口大头针空洞。消除这种可能性一个出乎意料的写信给一个港口销闲时被终止,由复位、指导证明那个中调用一个空闲不应该写端口销或外部存储器。Power-down模式在power-down模式下,振子是结束了,但这个指令;用它召唤“power-down是最后的指令执行。这片上的公绵羊、特殊功能寄存器值,直到power-down保留自己的方式终止。唯一的退出,是一家五金power-down重置。SFRs重置重新定义,但不改变样品的公羊。重置不应该被激活之前VCC回到正常操作水平,都必须保持活跃的时间还不够久,允许振荡器来重新启动和稳定。程序记忆锁位在芯片上的三个锁位能够离开unprogrammed(U)或可编程(P)获得的额外功能列在下表。当锁点,1是程序逻辑电平EA销样品并就搭在重置。如果这个装置是开机没有重置,门闩初始化一个随机值,认为直到重置价值被激活。加入是必要的值EA是一致的逻辑与当前水平销为设备正常运作步进电机介绍步进电机是将数字脉冲输入转换为模拟角度输出的电磁增量运动装置。其内在的步进能力允许没有反馈的精确位置控制。也就是说，她们能够在开环模式下跟踪任何步阶位置，因此执行位置控制是不需要任何反馈的。步进电机提供比直流电机每单位更高的峰值扭矩;另外，它们是无电刷电机，因此需要较少的维护。所有这些特性使得步进电机在许多位置和速度控制系统的选择中非常具有吸引力，例如如在计算机硬盘驱动器和打印机，代理表，机器人中的应用等.尽管步进电机有许多突出的特性，她们仍遭受振荡或不稳定现象。这种现象严重地限制其开环的动态性能和需要高速运作的适用领域。这种振荡一般在步进率低于1000脉冲/秒的时候发生，并已被确认为中频不稳定或局部不稳定[1]，或者动态不稳定[2]。另外，步进电机还有另一种不稳定现象，也就是在步进率较高时，即使负荷扭矩小于其牵出扭矩，电动机也常常不同步。该文中将这种现象确定为高频不稳定性，因为它以比在中频振荡现象中发生的频率更高的频率出现。高频不稳定性不像中频不稳定性那样被广泛接受，而且还没有一个方法来评估它。中频振荡已经被广泛地认识了很长一段时间，可是，一个完整的了解还没有牢固确立。这能够归因于支配振荡现象的非线性是相当困难处理的。大多数研究人员在线性模型基础上分析它[1]。尽管在许多情况下，这种处理方法是有效的或有益的，但为了更好地描述这一复杂的现象，在非线性理论基础上的处理方法也是需要的。例如，基于线性模型只能看到电动机在某些供应频率下转向局部不稳定，并不能使被观测的振荡现象更多深入。事实上，除非有人利用非线性理论，否则振荡不能评估。窗体顶端窗体底端因此，在非线性动力学上利用被发展的数学理论处理振荡或不稳定是很重要的。值得指出的是，Taft和Gauthier[3]，还有Taft和Harned[4]使用的诸如在振荡和不稳定现象的分析中的极限环和分界线之类的数学概念，并取得了关于所谓非同步现象的一些非常有启发性的看法。尽管如此，在这项研究中依然缺乏一个全面的数学分析。本文一种新的数学分被开发了用于分析步进电机的振动和不稳定性。本文的第一部分讨论了步进电机的稳定性分析。结果表明，中频振荡可定性为一种非线性系统的分叉现象（霍普夫分叉）。本文的贡献之一是将中频振荡与霍普夫分叉联系起来，从而霍普夫理论从理论上证明了振荡的存在性。高频不稳定性也被详细讨论了，并介绍了一种新型的量来评估高频稳定。这个量是很容易计算的，而且能够作为一种标准来预测高频不稳定性的发生。在一个真实电动机上的实验结果显示了该分析工具的有效性。本文的第二部分经过反馈讨论了步进电机的稳定性控制。一些设计者已表明，经过调节供应频率[5]，中频不稳定性能够得到改进。特别是Pickup和Russell[6，7]都在频率调制的方法上提出了详细的分析。在她们的分析中，雅可比级数用于解决常微分方程和一组数值有待解决的非线性代数方程组。另外，她们的分析负责的是双相电动机，因此，她们的结论不能直接适用于我们需要考虑三相电动机的情况。在这里，我们提供一个没有必要处理任何复杂数学的更简洁的稳定步进电机的分析。在这种分析中，使用的是d-q模型的步进电机。由于双相电动机和三相电动机具有相同的d-q模型，因此，这种分