2023届高考英语一轮复习名词专讲讲义

名词专讲名词的分类一般名词：个体名词：表示作为个体而存在的人或事物：boy,book,week,dream;集体名词:表示假设干个人和事物的总称：family,mittee,police,data;物质名词:表示物质，材料的总称：air,sand;抽象名词:表示性质，行为，状态，情感等抽象概念的名称：peace,freedom,fun;专出名词可数名词及其单复数可数名词是指可以分为个体，且直接用数进行计算的名词，大局部可数名词复数形式是通过在词尾加s,es来构成。规那么变化构成法分为四大类：1〕一般在词尾加s；以元音加o或oo结尾的词；一些外来词〔尤其是音乐方面的词〕，缩写词等；parentparents,girlgirls;zoozoos;pianopianos(钢琴，外来词〕；photophotos(照片，photogragh的缩写〕以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词加es；黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿加es；glassglasses,boxboxes,brushbrushes,watchwatchesnegronegroes,heroheroes,potatopotatoes，tomatotomatoes以y结尾的：以辅音字母加y结尾的词，把y改i,再加es以元音字母加y,结尾的词直接加sfactoryfactories;partyparties;studystudiestoytoys;boyboys;valleyvalleys4)以f或fe结尾的词，把f，fe变成v,再加esthiefthieves;halfhalves;wolfwolveswifewives;lifelives;knifeknives;留意：1.stomachstomachs，词尾ch发音为/k/。以o结尾的复数可以加s或es，mosquito蚊子，volcano火山以f结尾直接加s的名词有：roof屋顶；chief首领；belief；proof证据；chef厨师变内部元音男人女人鹅牙脚manmen;womanwomengoosegeese;toothteeth;footfeet单复同形中日瑞不变Sheep,deer,series,species,head(头，数量〕；crossroads十字路口Chinese，Japanese,Swiss外来名词criterioncriteria标准phenomenonphenomena现象crisiscrises危机basisbases根底同一名词，不同意义aworkbyMark一部马克的作品achemicalworks一家化工厂twofish两条鱼manyfishes许多种类的鱼Peopletwopeople两个人apeopletwopeoples两个民族常以单数形式消失的集体名词family家庭/家人，class班级，audience观众，army队，enemy敌人，group组，government政府，team队，crowd人群只有的单数形式，并常与定冠词连用的集体名词themajority多数，theminority少数，thepublic公众由两局部构成的名词trousers裤子，shorts短裤，jeans牛仔裤，glasses眼镜，pants裤子，scissors剪刀表示复数概念的名词arms武器，goods商品，spirits心情，stairs楼梯，wages工资，belongings财物，earnings收入，findings调查结果，leavings剩余物，savings存款，surroundings环境复合名词的复数在最终加s：没有连字符；组合复合名词的单词中没出名词时；housewifehousewives家庭主妇grownupgrownups成年人有连字符间隔，将复合名词中主要的名词变复数；passerbypassersby路人，daughterinlawdaughtersinlaw儿媳妇man,woman为复合名词的第一局部时，复合名词的各局部皆变为复数；amancookmencooks男厨师awomanteacherwomenteachers女老师不行数名词不行数名词不能用数计算，既没有单复数变化也不能和a,an直接连用。不行数名词作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。不行数名词主要包括物质名词和抽象名词，常考内容如下：“雷打不动〞的不行数名词News新闻，information信息，work工作，advice建议，progress进步，weather天气，fun乐趣，equipment设备，jewellery珠宝，luck运气，music音乐，health健康，furniture家具同词不同义，不行数名词化为可数名词glass玻璃aglass一个玻璃杯paper纸apaper一份论文、报纸、试卷抽象名词详细化honour敬重anhonour一件荣幸的事pleasure开心apleasure一件乐事success胜利asuccess一个胜利的人或事物fort抚慰afort一个令人感到抚慰的人或事物surprise惊异asurprise一件令人惊异的事名词全部格一般状况下，在单数名词词尾加’stoday’snewspaper今日的报纸China’spopulation中国的人口以s结尾的单数名词或专出名词加’或’s构成全部格，读作/iz/Dickens’(s)novels狄更斯的小说theboss’(s)order老板的命令以s或es结尾的复数名词只加’twohours’walk步行两个小时的路程themasses’advice群众的意见不以s或es结尾的复数名词只加’swomen’sclothes女装名词〔短语〕的句法功能名词〔短语〕在句中可以作主语，宾语，补足语，表语，同位语，状语，定语等。单句填空·名词专练TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate______(population)andhomesofgiantpandas.(2022新高考I)CaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad,inordertopromoteenvironmental______(protect).(2022全国甲)Chinahasa_____(responsible)toworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.(2022全国乙)Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe_____(human)are.(2021新高考I)Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand____(watchtower)totakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheirdailyroutines.(2021全国甲)_____(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.(2020新高考I)7.Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular_____(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山)，moresothanthefamiliarnearside.(2020全国I)8.Filledwith____(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.(2020全国Ⅲ)Now,lotsof_____(country)andregionsaretakingactiontobanthesaleofsuchbagstostoppeopleusingthem.(2020北京)10.Later,theylearnedtoworkwiththe_____(season),plantingattherighttimeand,indryareas,makinguseofannualfloodstoirrigate(浇灌)theirfields.(2020浙江7月)11.InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa______(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.(2019全国I)Whentheywerefreefromwork,theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting_____(pete)towatch,togetherwiththestorybehindit.(2019全国Ⅲ)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall_____(cause).(2018全国I)Thisswitchhasdecreased______(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.(2018全国Ⅱ)MynameisMireyaMayor.I'ma_____(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.(2018全国)语法填空名词专练Passage1Manypeoplehavethehobbyofcollectingthings,e.g.stamps,postcardsorantiques.Inthe______(century),wealthypeopletravelledandcollectedplants,historical____(object)andworksofart.Theykepttheircollectionathomeuntilitgottoobigoruntiltheydied,andthenitwasgiventoamuseum.The80,000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane,forexample,formedthecore3.(collect)oftheBritishMuseumthatopenedin1759Thepartsofamuseumopentothepublicarecalled4.(gallery)orrooms.Often,onlyasmallpartofamuseum’scollectionisondisplay.Mostofitisstoredawayorusedforresearch._____(museum)arelivelyplacesandtheyattractalotofvisitors.Aswellaslookingatexhibits,visitorscanplaywithputersimulations(模拟)andimaginethemselveslivingatadifferenttimeinhistoryorwalkingthrougharainforest.AttheJorvikCentreinYork,thecity'sViking6._________(sight),soundsandsmellsoftheoldtown.Historical8.______(accurate)isimportantbutalsoisentertainment.Museumsmustpeteforpeople’ssparetimeandmoneywithother________(amusement).Mostmuseumsalsoweleschoolgroupsandarrangedifferentspecial10.________(activity)forchildren.Passage2DecoratingforChineseNewYearChineseNewYearisa1._______(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthe2._______(begin)ofspring.Thisiswhydecoratingwithplants,fruitsandflowerscarriesspecial3.__________(significant).Theyrepresenttheearthingbacktolifeandbest4.______(wish)fornewbeginnings.Thesearesomeofthemostpopularinmanypartsofthecountry:Oranges:Orange5._______(tree)aremorethandecoration;theyareasymbolofgood6.____