美国文学选读第二版-课后习题答案-陶洁

Unit1BenjaminFranklin

AmericanLiterature

LectureOneIntroduction

Americanliterature

AmericanliteraturemainlyreferstoliteratureproducedinAmericanEnglish

bythepeoplelivingintheUnitedStates.

HistoricalBackground

WhatdoyouknowaboutAmericanearlyhistory?

1.Earlyhistory:

1)In1492,ChristopherColumbusfoundthenewcontinentcalledAmerica.

2)In1607,CaptainJohnSmithledsomeEnglishmenacrosstheocean.

3)In1620,102passengerssailedontheshipMayfloweracrosstheseaand

settledonthenewcontinent"NewEngland".

HistoricalBackground

2.People:

nativeinhabitants:Indians

ImmigrantsmostlyfromEurope:Spanish;Dutch;French

Englishimmigrants,Jamestown,Virginia,1607

Puritans

agroupofreligiouspeople

advocatedreligious&moralprinciples

BriefOutlineofAmericanLiterature

1.ColonialperiodandRevolutionaryperiod

2.Romanticism

3.TheageofRealism

4.TheModernperiod

5.AftertheWWII

ColonialperiodandRevolutionaryperiod

Time:1607-1783thesettlementofNorthAmerica-theIndependenceWar

Majortopic:AmericanPuritanism

Introduction

Therewerenowrittenliteratureamongthemorethan500differentIndian

languagesandtribalcultures,Americanwritingbeganwiththeworkof

EnglishadventurersandcolonistsintheNewWorldchieflyforthebenefitof

readersinthemothercountry.Thereforethewritinginthisperiodwas

essentiallytwokinds:

(1)practicalmatter-of-factaccountsoffarming,hunting,travel,etc.

designedtoinformpeople"athome,'whatlifewaslikeinthenewworld,and,

often,toinducetheirimmigration;

(2)highlytheoretical,generallypolemical(好辩的),discussionsofreligious

questions.

Romanticism

Time:1783—1861theIndependenceWar-theCivilWar

Romanticism(1783-1865)

WashingtonIrving

JamesFenimoreCooper

SummitofRomanticism-Transcendentalism(AmericanRenaissance)

RalphWaldoEmersonFllipThoreau

LateRomanticism

NathanielHawthorne

HermanMelville

notoptimistic

RomanticPoets

WaltWhitman

EmilyDickenson

EdgarAllenPoe：themostcontroversial&themostmisunderstood

TheageofRealism

Time:1865-1918theQvilWar-theFrstWorldWar

concernforthecommon-place

offeranobjectiveview

TheAgeofRealism(1865-1918)

MarkTwain

HenryJames

Naturalism

StephenCrane

TheodoreDreiser

AmericanLiterature

ColonialPeriodandRevolutionaryPeriod

Time:

thesettlementofNorthAmerica1607

theIndependenceWar1783

MajorTopic:AmericanPuritanism

Puritanism

FeaturesofPuritanism

(1)Predestination:Goddecidedeverythingbeforethingsoccurred.

(2)Originalsin:Humanbeingswereborntobeevil,andthisoriginalsincan

bepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.

(3)Totaldepravity

(4)Limitedatonement:Onlythe“elect“canbesaved.

Smplyspeaking,AmericanPuritanismjustreferstothespiritandidealof

puritanswhosettledintheNorthAmericancontinentintheearlypartofthe

seventeenthcenturybecauseofreligiouspersecutions(迫害).Incontentit

meansscrupulous(小心谨慎)moralrigor,especiallyhostilitytosocial

pleasuresandindulgences,thatisstrictness,sternnessandausterity(苦行)

inconductandreligion.Withtimepassingitbecameadominantfactorin

Americanlife,oneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmerican

thoughtandAmericanLiterature.Tosomeextentitisastateofmind,apart

ofthenationalculturalatmosphere.Actuallyitisacodeofvalues,a

philosophyoflifeandapointofviewinAmericanminds.

Generalfeatures

Typesofwriting:diaries,histories,lettersetc.

Content:servingeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth

Form:imitatingEnglishliterarytraditions

II.BenjaminFranklin1706-1790

BenjaminFranklin

Americanpolitician,scientist,inventor,andeducator.

Hewasatypicalexampleoftheso-calledAmericanDream.Hehelpeddraft

thel,DeclarationofIndependence".

HeconductedthedifficultnegotiationwithFrancethatbroughtfinancialand

militarysupportforAmericainthewar.

HefoundedthecollegethatwastobecometheUniversityofPennsylvania.

Borninapoorcandleandsoapmaker'sfamily,hehadtoleaveschoolbefore

hewaseleven.

Attwelvehewasapprenticedtoanolderbrother,James,aprinterinBoston.

Whenhewas17heranawaytoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortune

markingthebeginningofalongsuccessstoryofanarchetypalkind.

1.HisLife

Hesethimselfupasanindependentprinterandpublisher,Retiredaround

forty-two,hedidwhatwastohimagreathappiness:read,makescientific

experimentsAtthesametimehedidalotoffamousexperimentsand

inventedmanythingssuchasvolunteerfiredepartments,effectivestreet

lighting,theFranklinStove,bifocal(双焦，点的)glasses,efficientheating

devices,lightning-rodandsoon.Beginninghispubliccareerintheearly

fifties,hebecameamemberofthePennsylvaniaAssembly,theDeputy

Postmaster-Generalforthecolonies,andforsomeeighteenyearsservedas

representativeofthecoloniesinLondon.DuringtheWarofIndependence,he

wasmadeadelegatetotheContinentalCongressandamemberofthe

committeetowritetheDeclarationofIndependence.Oneofthemakersof

thenewnation,hebroughtFranceintoanalliancewithAmericaagainst

England,andplayedadecisiveroleattheConstitutionalConvention.

BenjaminFranklin(1706—1790)printer,editor,inventor,scientist,

openedhisownprintshopfor20yearsofthelightningrod

madeexperimentwithakite,provingthatlightningwaselectricitypublished

thePennsylvaniaGazette(newspaper)

BenjaminFranklin(1706—1790)

amemberofthegroupthatwrotetheDeclarationofIndependencefounded

thefirstpubliclibrary,organizedthefirstfiredepartmentandthefirstpaid

policeforce,foundedaschoolandahospital,thegreatmanofletters

Autobiography《自传》PoorRichard'sAlmanac《穷理查德历书》politician,

public-spiritedcitizen,prosewriter

Autobiography

Astorythatapersonwritesabouthisorherownlifeiscalledan

autobiography.Autobiographiesarewritteninfirst-personpointofview,and

biographiesinthird-personpointofview.

AutobiographythegreatestautobiographyproducedinColonialAmerica

TheworkportraysafascinatingpictureoflifeinPhiladelphia,

FranklinwrotethefirstfivechaptersofhisautobiographyinEnglandin1771,

resumedagainthirteenyearslater(1784-85)inParisandlaterin1788when

hereturnedtotheUnitedStates.

Franklinendstheaccountofhislifein1757whenhewas51yearsold.

Autobiography

ItisregardedasoneofthemostimportantworksofAmericanliterature

producedduringthe18thcentury.

Itisarecordofamanrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyand

obscurity,anaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica'sfirstself-mademan.

Autobiography

Itisperhapsthefirstrealpost-revolutionaryAmericanwritingaswellasthe

firstrealautobiographyinEnglish.

Frstofall,itisapuritandocument.Themostfamoussectiondescribeshis

scientificschemeofself-examinationandself-improvement.

Autobiography

Thestyle:itisthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision（言

简意赅）.Thenarrativeislucid（易懂的），thestructureissimple,theimageryis

homely（朴素的）.

anexemplaryillustrationoftheAmericanstyleofwriting.

Autobiography

"Tohelpmyselflivewithoutfault,ImadealistofwhatIconsideredthe13

virtues.Thesevirtuesare:1.Temperance2.Self-control3.Slence4.Order

5.Rrmness6.Savings7.Industry8.Honesty9.Justice10.Cleanliness11.

Calmness12.Morality13.Humbleness"

节制饮食，自我克制，沉默寡言，有条不紊，坚定信念，勤俭节约，工作勤奋,

忠诚老实，办事公正，衣履整洁，平心静气，品行高尚，谦虚恭顺

Hewasararegeniusinhumanhistory,hebecamealmosteverything:a

printer,postmaster,citizen,almanacmaker,essayist,scientist,inventor,

orator（雄辩家），statesman,philosopher,politicaleconomist,ambassadorand

musician.

Hewasthefirstgreatself-mademaninAmerica,hisfineexamplehelpedto

liberalize.

3.Evaluation

ForquitesometimehewasregardedasthefatherofAmerica,evenmore

thanWashingtonwas.HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocuments

thatcreatedtheUnitedStates:thedeclarationofIndependence,thetreatyof

alliancewithFrance,thetreatyofpeacewithEngland,andtheconstitution.

Scientifically,heinventedalotofusefulimplements.

Literally,hereallyopenedthestoryofAmericanliterature.D.H.Lawrance

agreedthatFranklinwaseverythingbutapoet.IntheScottishphilosopher

DavidHume'seyeshewasAmerica's"firstgreatmanofletters".

Unit1TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin

TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin

CharactersintheAutobiography：

BenjaminFranklin-TheauthorandprotagonistoftheAutobiography;

TheAutobiographytellsofthemajoreventsofhislifeandmanyofhis

importantscientificandpoliticalideas,buttheworkdoesnotdiscussthe

AmericanRevolution,inwhichFranklinwasamajorparticipant.

WilliamFranklin

Benjamin'ssonandroyalgovernorofNewJerseyin1771whenBenbegins

writingthework.

BenbeginstheAutobiographyasalettertoWilliamwiththeintentoftelling

himabouthislife.

JamesFranklin

FranklinolderbrotherwhoownsaprintinghouseinBoston.Benis

apprenticedtoJameswhenBenis12,andwhiletheydonotalwaysgetalong

verywell,BenlearnsmuchfromJamesandprovestobequitehelpful.When

Jamesisarrestedforholdingsubversive（颠覆性的）politicalideas,Bentakes

overthepaperuntilJames'release.WhenBenbreakshiscontractandleaves

forPhiladelphia,Jamesgrowsangryandspiteful.

AndrewBradford

AprinterinPhiladelphia,heisunabletohireFranklinbuthedoesallow

Franklintostayinhishouse.Lateron,whenFranklinrunshisownpaper,the

twoarecompetitorsuntilBradfordleavestheprintingindustry.

SamuelKeimer

TheprinterinPhiladelphiaforwhomFranklinworks.

Theirrelationshipdeterioratesovertime,andeventuallytheyhaveafalling

out.

Keimer,however,triestomakeamendswhenherealizesthatBencansupply

himwithimportantprintingtools.

JohnRead

AresidentofPhiladelphia,hehousesFranklinshortlyafterFranklinarrivesin

Philadelphia.

DeborahRead

ThedaughterofJohnRead,sheeventuallymarriesFranklineventhough

theircourtshipisinterruptedbyhis18-monthtriptoEngland,duringwhich

timeshemarriesanothermanwhodisappearsthusallowinghermarriageto

Franklin.

"Firsts"associatedwiththeAutobiography

1.ltisconsideredthefirstpopularself-helpbookeverpublished.

2.ItwasthefirstandonlyworkwritteninAmericanbeforethe19thcentury

thathasretainedbestsellerpopularitysinceitsrelease.

3.ItwasthefirstmajorsecularAmericanautobiography.

4.ItisalsothefirstrealaccountoftheAmericanDreaminactionastoldfrom

amanwhoexperienceditfirsthand.

PartOne,firstsection

TheAutobiographyopenswithasalutation（问候、致意）toBenFranklin'sson,

WilliamFranklinwhoatthetimewastheroyalgovernorofNewJersey.

Frankliniswritinginthesummerof1771onvacationinasmalltownabout

50milessouthofLondon.Franklinsaysthatbecausehissonmaywishto

knowabouthislife,heistakinghisoneweekvacationintheEnglish

countrysidetorecordhispast.Franklinsaysthathehasenjoyedhislifeand

wouldliketorepeatit,althoughhewouldliketocorrectsomesmallerrorsif

theopportunityarose.ButsinceFranklincannotrepeatlife,hecaninstead

recollectit.HethanksGodforallowinghimtoliveagoodlife.

Ben,attheageof12,signedacontracttoworkforJamesforthenexteight

years.

Commentary

TheopeningpartoftheAutobiographyaddressessomethemesthatwill

comeuplateroninthebook,namely,self-bettermentandreligion.Franklin's

toneatthebeginningofthebookishumble.

Heclaimstowriteonlysothathisownlifemaybeanexampleforhissonof

howonecanlivewellandhowonecangetthroughhardships.Franklin'sbook,

astoryofself-betterment,iswrittensoastobeamodelforthebettermentof

others.Thisgeneralmotiveforwriting,aswellasFranklin'smentionof

correctingsomeerrorswerehetorelivehislife,bothindicateFranklin's

constantinterestinself-improvement.Thisisperhapsthelargestthemein

theAutobiography;itdominatesPartTwoandrecursofteninPartOne.Also

noticethatFranklinthanksGodforhelpinghimtoleadagoodlife.Franklin

doesnotoftenshowareligiousside,andhewillexplainingreaterdepthlater

onthatheisaDeist（自然神论信仰者）withoutascribingtoanyparticular

religiousdenomination（教派）.Franklinisoftenseenastheprototypical

AmericanandthefirstrealexampleoftheclassicAmericanDreaminaction.

NoticehowFranklincarefullydrawsoutthroughoutthebookhowheroseup

withhelpprimarilyfromhardworkandskills.ThispartoftheAutobiography

isinterestingfromaliterarystandpointbecauseBenFranklinisessentially

creatingthelegendoftheAmericanDream.

PartOne,secondsection

WhenJameswasjailedforpoliticalreasons,Benhadthechancetotakeover

thepaperbriefly,ajobwhichBenheldinnameevenafterJameswas

releasedunderthestipulation（约定）thathecouldnolongerworkonthe

paper.AfteranotherfightwithJames,however,Bensuddenlybrokehis

contractandquithisjob.Jamesimmediatelyinstructedtheotherprintersin

Bostonnottohirehisbrother,andasaresult,Benrealizesthathewould

havetotraveltoadifferentcityifhewishedtofindwork.Atage17,he

secretlyleaveshomeandtraveledtoNewYorkQty.

Hefindsnoworkthere,butlearnsthathecouldgetajobinPhiladelphia

workingforaprinternamedAndrewBradford.HisjourneytoPhiladelphiais

eventfulashegetscaughtinastorm,duringwhichhesavedthelifeofa

drunkenDutchman,whonearlydrowned.Theboatdroppedhimoffnear

Burlington,about18milesfromPhiladelphia.Hefinallyarrivedinthecityon

October6,1723intheMarketStreetWharf.Wanderingaround,Franklin

stumbledintoaQuakermeeting（贵格会教派的祈祷会）nearthemarket.One

oftheseQuakersshowedhimaplacetostaythenight.

Commentary

Franklinmentionsinthissectiononeofhis"firsterrata,"whenhequitshisjob

withhisbrother.

Franklinmentionsthemforonereasonsoastoshowothershowtolivetheir

lives.Healsopointsthemoutasameansofshowinghumility.Hewantsto

makeitclearthathehasneveractedperfectlyinallsituations,andhewishes

toindicatethatherecognizesthemistakeshehasmadeduringhislife.

Questions

I.WhydidFranklinwritehisAutobiography?

Franklinsaysthatbecausehissonmaywishtoknowabouthislife,heis

takinghisoneweekvacationintheEnglishcountrysidetorecordhispast.He

alsosaysthathehasenjoyedhislifeandwouldliketorepeatit

2.WhatmadeFranklindecidetoleavethebrothertowhomhehadbeen

apprenticed?

Hisbrotherwaspassionate,andhadoftenbeatenhim.Theaversionto

arbitrarypowerthathasstucktohimthroughhiswholelife.Afterabrush

withthelaw,Franklinlefthisbrother.

3.HowdidhearriveinPhiladephia?

FirsthesetoutinaboatforAmboy,theboatdroppedhimoffabout50miles

fromBurlington,thenextdayhereachedBurlingtononfoot,inBurlingtonhe

foundaboatwhichwasgoingtowardsPhiladelphia,hearrivedthereabout

eightornineo'clock,ontheSundaymorningandlandedattheMarketStreet

wharf.

4.Whatfeaturesdoyoufindinthestyleoftheaboveselection?

ItisthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision（言简意赅）.

Thenarrativeislucid（易懂的），thestructureissimple,theimageryis

homely（朴素的）.

Unit2EdgarAllenPoe

TheAmericanRomanticism

I.WhatisRomanticism

aliterarymovementflourishedasaculturalforce

theearlyperiodandthelateperiod.

associatedwithimaginationandboundlessness,

asanhistoricalmovementitaroseinthe18thand19thcenturies.

ThemostclearlydefinedromanticliterarymovementintheU.S.Awas

Transcendentalism.

WashingtonIrvingandJamesFenimoreCooper,

andthoseofthelateperiodcontainRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavid

Thoreau,WaltWhitman,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,EdgarAllan

Poe.

11.FeaturesofAmericanromanticism

(1)Itwastheexpressionof"arealnewexperience(全新体验)

(2)AmericanPuritanismwasaculturalheritage.ManyAmericanromantic

writingsintendedtoedify(启发)morethantheyentertained.

(3)AmericanRomanticismisfullof"newness(新奇)”.

Ideals：Individualism;politicalequality

Dream：America:anewGardenofEden

(4)Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.

EdgarAllenPoe(1809-1849)

themostcontroversialandmostmisunderstoodliteraryfigure.

aBohemian（吉普赛人），depraved（堕落）anddemonic（恶魔的），avillain

（恶棍）withnovirtueatall.

MarkTwaindeclaredhisprosetobeunreadable.

ButEliotproclaimedhimacriticofthefirstrank.

HeenjoyedrespectandwelcomegreatlyinEurope.

Heisthefatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism.Indeed,Poeplacesthe

subconsciousconditionofthemindunderinvestigationandprobesbeneath

thesurfaceofnormalexistence.

Whatinterestshimmostisthedeepabyss（深渊）oftheunconscious（无

意识）andsubconscious（下意识）mentalactivityofthepeople,

Histheoriesfortheshortstoryandpoetryareremarkable.

HewasthefirstauthorinAmericanliteraturetomaketheneurotic（神经质

的）theheroicfigure,theprotagonist,inhisstories.

Asashortstorywriter,Poewasafascinatingmanofimaginationinterestedin

deductionandinduction.Andhalfadozenofhisstoriesbelongto

Ratiocinative（推理的）

Poe'sstyleistraditionalbutheisdifficulttoread.

EdgarAllanPoewasamasterofthesuspensefulshortstoryandhe

introducedthedetectivestorytoAmericanreaders.

Asapoet,hewrotesomeveryfineshortlyrics,someacknowledged

masterpiecesinAmericanliterature.

PoewasthefirstgreatcriticofAmerica.

Butheneverseemedabletofindsuccessorhappiness.

Heledalifewhichwasalmostasunusualashiswriting.

PoewasborninBoston,Massachusetts.Hewastwoyearsoldwhenhisactor

parentsdied.

JohnAllan,awealthytobaccomerchanttookhimin,althoughheneverreally

adoptedtheboy,Poetookhisownmiddlename.

PoewassenttotheuniversityofVirginia.Howerver,becauseofgambling

debts,hewasforcedtoleaveafteronlyoneyear.

HethenenlistedintheArmy.AfterabriefmilitarycareerPoefocuseddirectly

onwriting.

Heworkedasaneditorforanumberofpopularmagazinesandwon

recognitionforhismagazinestoriesandarticles.

Yethispersonallifecontinuedtobeastrugglewithpoverty.

In1836hemarriedhisthirteen-year-oldcousin,VirginiaQemm,

butshediedfromtuberculosisattheageoftwenty-five.

DuringherlifeRoedidhismostinspiredwritingandwasprobablyashappyas

heeverwas.

Virginia'deathleftthepoetinastateofdespair.

Ashislifebecameincreasinglydifficult,

Poesoughttoescapefromit,oftenthroughalcohol.

In1849hewasfounddeadinBaltimoreinanalley(d^)nearatavern(小

酒馆).

Fbe'sMajorLiteraryWorks

poems

1)“TheRaven《乌鸦》

2)uAnnableLee"《安娜贝尔•李》

3)“TheSleeper”《睡梦人》

4)"ADreamWithinaDream”《梦中梦》

5)l,Sonnet—ToScience"《十四行诗一致科学》

6)“ToHelen"《致海伦》

7)"TheQtyintheSea"《海中的城市》earlierentitledTheDoomedQty《衰

败的城市》

tales

TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque«述异集》acollectionofshortstories

twokinds

Horror

Ratiocination(推理)

"TheMurdersintheRueMorgue"《莫格街谋杀案》

,(TheGoldBug”《金甲虫》

“TheBlackCat”《黑猫》

"TheCaskofAmontillado^^

TheMasqueoftheRedDeath

“Ligeia”《莉盖亚》

"TheFalloftheHouseofUsher"

"ThePurloinedLetter”《被窃的信件》

"TheMysteryofMarieRoget"《玛丽罗杰谜案》

works

ThePhilosophyofComposition《创作原理》

ThePoeticPrinciple《诗歌原则》

Literarytheory

Themes

1.death-predominanttheme

"Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive.EverythinginPoe'swritingsisdead."

2.horror

3.negativethoughtsofscience

Themes

4.Love-usuallyofamourningmanforhisdeceasedbeloved.

5.Pride-physicalandintellectual.

6.Beauty-ofayoungwomaneitherdyingordead.

Roe'stheoryforpoetry

poems

shortbutachieve

maximumeffect

produceafeelingofbeautyinthereader

"pure",nottomoralize

Hestressesrhythm

insistsonaneven（规贝Ll的）metricalflow

真实能够满足人的理智，感情能够满足人的心灵，而美则能激动人的灵魂

Poe'stheoryforshortstory

Shortstoryshouldbeofbrevity（简短），totality（完整），singleeffect,

compression（压缩）andfinality.

Roe'sachievement

1.Hisaesthetics,hiscallfor“therhythmicalcreationofbeauty"have

influencedFrenchsymbolistsandthedevotees（献身者）of"artforart's

sake."

2.Heisthefatherofpsychoanalytic（心理分析的）criticism.

3.Heisthefatherofthedetectivestory.

TheCaskofAmontillado

Gothicliterature

agenrethatrosewithRomanticisminBritaininthelateeighteenthcentury,

exploresthedarksideofhumanexperiencedeath,alienation,nightmares,

ghosts,andhauntedlandscapes.

Questions

I.HowmanycharactersdoesPoeincludeinTheCaskofAmontillado?What

arethesenames?

2.WhatdrinkaretheFrenchmostfamousfor?

3.DoesMontresorhavesomethingofgreatvaluetohimwhichwemight

considertobehistreasure?

4.DoesMontresorseemtohavemuchrespectforItalians?

5.WhatwasFortunato'sinsult?

6.WhichwinedoesMontresorusetolureFortunatointothecatacombs?

7.WhydoesMontresorentertainFortunatowithwinesfromhiscollection?

8.InwhattwowaysdoesMontresorimprisonFortunato?

9.InwhatwaysisTheCaskofAmontilladogrotesque?First,whichof

Montresor'sactionsareabnormal?

10.1sthereanythinggrotesqueaboutFortunato?

Questions

I.HowmanycharactersdoesPoeincludeinTheCaskofAmontillado?What

arethesenames?

Montresor,FortunatoandLuchesi

2.WhatdrinkaretheFrenchmostfamousfor?

Wine

3.DoesMontresorhavesomethingofgreatvaluetohimwhichwemight

considertobehistreasure?

HisprideandtheprideofhisFrenchfamilyheritage.Perhapshisdeviousplot

ofrevenge.

4.DoesMontresorseemtohavemuchrespectforItalians?

MontresordoesnothavemuchrespectforItalians.HefeelstheFrenchare

superior,especiallywithrespecttowine.

5.WhatwasFortunato'sinsult?

Poedoesnottellusdirectly,butonlyimpliesitinthethirdparagraph

6.WhichwinedoesMontresorusetolureFortunatointothecatacombs?

"Amontillado"(theSpanishwine;Montresor'srusetoleadFortunatodown

intothecatacombs.

7.WhydoesMontresorentertainFortunatowithwinesfromhiscollection?

MontresorwantstogetFortunatodrunkenoughtobeabletotraphiminhis

planofvengeance.

8.InwhattwowaysdoesMontresorimprisonFortunato?

Hefetters(chainsandlocks)Fortunatotothewallofthecatacombs.

HebuildsawalltocloseFortunatooffinasmallcornerofthecatacombs,

whereMontresorwillleavehimtodie.

9.InwhatwaysisTheCaskofAmontilladogrotesque?First,whichof

Montresor'sactionsareabnormal?

Thewholeobsessiveplotofvengeance.

ThefetteringandentombmentofFortunato.

Montresor'ssicksenseofhumor.

10.1sthereanythinggrotesqueaboutFortunato?

Hisobsessionwithalcohol.

Hisdrunkenness.

HistendencytoberateLuchesi（hemayhavebeendrunkandmayhave

insultedMontresorinasimilarfashion）.

Hismaniclaughter.

TheCaskofAmontillado

Itisthenarrator'saccountofhisabilitytocarryoutachillingplotofrevenge

againsthisoffender.

Precisionintime,place,andsettingpreclude（排除）theideaofriskandallow

thenarratorboththeretribution（惩罚）heseeksandtheimpunity（免罚）

hedemands.

Itissetduringthe"suprememadness"ofCarnival（狂欢节）.Insuchariotous

（**的）atmosphere,itiseasytoseehowacrimecouldgounnoticed.

"Fortunato"

AwineexpertmurderedbyMontresor.Dressedasacourtjester（小丑），

FortunatofallspreytoMontresor'sschemeataparticularlycarefreemoment

duringacarnival.

In"TheCaskofAmontillado,"PoeusesFortunato'snamesymbolically,asan

ironicdevice.Thoughhisnamemeans“thefortunateone"inItalian,

FortunatomeetsanunfortunatefateasthevictimofMontresor'srevenge.

Fortunatoaddstotheironyofhisnamebywearingthecostumeofacourt

jester.WhileFortunatoplaysinjest,Montresorsetsouttofoolhim,with

murderousresults.

Montresor

Thenarrator,Montresor,murdersFortunatoforinsultinghimbywallinghim

upalivebehindbricksinawinecellar（酒窖）.

Outlineofthestory

Thenarrator,Montresor,opensthestorybystatingthathehasbeen

irreparably（不能弥补的）insultedbyhisacquaintance,Fortunato,andthathe

seeksrevenge.Hewantstoexactthisrevenge,however,inameasuredway,

withoutplacinghimselfatrisk.HedecidestouseFortunato'sfondnessfor

wineagainsthim.Duringthecarnivalseason,Montresor,wearingamaskof

blacksilk,approachesFortunato.HetellsFortunatothathehasacquired

somethingthatcouldbepassedfor（被看做）Amontillado,alightSpanish

sherry（雪利酒）.Fortunato（ItalianforMfortunate"）wearsthemulticolored

costumeofthejester,includingacone（锥形）capwithbellsMontresortells

Fortunatothatifheistoobusy,hewillaskamannamedLuchesitotasteit.

FortunatoapparentlyconsidersLuchesiacompetitorandclaimsthatthisman

couldnottellAmontilladofromothertypesofsherry.Fortunatoisanxiousto

tastethewineandtodetermineforMontresorwhetherornotitistruly

Amontillado.FortunatoinsiststhattheygotoMontresor'svault（地窖）.

Montresorhasplannedforthismeetingbysendinghisservantsawaytothe

carnival.Thetwomendescendintothedampvault,whichiscoveredwith

nitre（硝石），orsaltpeter（硝石），awhitish（发白的）mineral.Apparently

aggravatedbythenitre,Fortunatobeginstocough.Thenarratorkeeps

offeringtobringFortunatobackhome,butFortunatorefuses.Instead,he

acceptswineastheantidote（解毒齐U）tohiscough.Themencontinueto

explorethedeepvault,whichisfullofthedeadbodiesoftheMontresor

family.Inresponsetothecrypts（地窖），Fortunatoclaimstohaveforgotten

Montresor'sfamilycoatofarmsandmotto.Montresorrespondsthathis

familyshieldportrays"ahugehumanfootd'or,inafieldazure（天蓝色的）;

thefootcrushesaserpent（大毒蛇）rampantwhosefangs（尖牙）are

imbedded（嵌入）intheheel."Themotto,inLatin,is"nemomeimpune

lacessit,"thatis,“nooneattacksmewithimpunity."Laterintheirjourney,

FortunatomakesahandmovementthatisasecretsignoftheMasons（泥瓦

匠），anexclusivefraternal（兄弟般的）organization.Montresordoesno