2023年职称英语-职称英语(卫生类)考试备考题库附带答案卷1

米宝宝科技2023年职称英语-职称英语(卫生类)考试备考题库附带答案题目一二三四五六总分得分第1卷一.全考点押密题库(共50题)1.(单项选择题)(每题1.00分)

Pandemic(大面积流行的）H1N12009

ThemostactiveareasofpandemicinfluenzatransmissioncurrentlyareincentralandeasternEurope.Focal（集中的）increasesinratesduringrecentweekswere____________(51)inatleasttwoeasternEuropeancountries.Ahighintensityofrespiratory（呼吸的）diseaseactivitywithconcurrent（同时存在的）circuationofpandemicinfuenzastill____________(52)inpartsofsouthernandeasternEurope，______(53)inGreece，Poland,andUkraine.

InWesternEurope，influenzatransmissionremains_____(54)andwidespread，butoveralldiseaseactivityhaspeaked.AllinfluenzavirusesinWesternEuropewerepandemicH1N12009,_____________(55)，verysmallnumbersofseasonalinfluenzaviruses,coveringlessthan1%ofallinfluenzavirusesfound,werereportedinRussia.In___________(56)，limitedavailabledataindicatethatactive，highintensitytransmissionisoccurringinNorthernAfricancountries___________(57)theMediterraneancoast.

InCentralAsia，limiteddata___________(58)thatinfluenzaviruscirculationremainsactive，buttransmissionmayhaverecentlypeakedinsomeplaces.InWestAsia，Israel,Iran，andIraqalsoappeartohavepassedtheir→

←(59)periodoftransmissionwithinthepastmonth,thoughbothareascontinuetohavesomeactivetransmissionandlevelsofrespiratorydiseaseactivityhavenotyet________(60)tobaselinelevels.InEastAsia,influenzatransmissionremainsactivebutappearstobe→

←

(61)overall.SlightincreasesinILIwerereportedinMongoliaafterweeksofdecliningactivityfollowingalargepeakofactivity________(62)onemonthago.

InNorthAmerica，influenzatransmission______(63)widespreadbuthasdeclinedquicklyinallcountries.InthetropicalregionsofCentralandSouthAmericaandtheCaribbean，influenzatransmissionremainsgeographicallywidespreadbutoveralldisease_______(64)hasbeendecliningorremainsunchangedinmostparts，→

←(65)forfocalincreasesinrespiratorydiseaseactivityinafewcountries.A.seemsB.expandsC.becomesD.remains2.(单项选择题)(每题1.00分)

Pandemic(大面积流行的）H1N12009

ThemostactiveareasofpandemicinfluenzatransmissioncurrentlyareincentralandeasternEurope.Focal（集中的）increasesinratesduringrecentweekswere____________(51)inatleasttwoeasternEuropeancountries.Ahighintensityofrespiratory（呼吸的）diseaseactivitywithconcurrent（同时存在的）circuationofpandemicinfuenzastill____________(52)inpartsofsouthernandeasternEurope，______(53)inGreece，Poland,andUkraine.

InWesternEurope，influenzatransmissionremains_____(54)andwidespread，butoveralldiseaseactivityhaspeaked.AllinfluenzavirusesinWesternEuropewerepandemicH1N12009,_____________(55)，verysmallnumbersofseasonalinfluenzaviruses,coveringlessthan1%ofallinfluenzavirusesfound,werereportedinRussia.In___________(56)，limitedavailabledataindicatethatactive，highintensitytransmissionisoccurringinNorthernAfricancountries___________(57)theMediterraneancoast.

InCentralAsia，limiteddata___________(58)thatinfluenzaviruscirculationremainsactive，buttransmissionmayhaverecentlypeakedinsomeplaces.InWestAsia，Israel,Iran，andIraqalsoappeartohavepassedtheir→

←(59)periodoftransmissionwithinthepastmonth,thoughbothareascontinuetohavesomeactivetransmissionandlevelsofrespiratorydiseaseactivityhavenotyet________(60)tobaselinelevels.InEastAsia,influenzatransmissionremainsactivebutappearstobe→

←

(61)overall.SlightincreasesinILIwerereportedinMongoliaafterweeksofdecliningactivityfollowingalargepeakofactivity________(62)onemonthago.

InNorthAmerica，influenzatransmission______(63)widespreadbuthasdeclinedquicklyinallcountries.InthetropicalregionsofCentralandSouthAmericaandtheCaribbean，influenzatransmissionremainsgeographicallywidespreadbutoveralldisease_______(64)hasbeendecliningorremainsunchangedinmostparts，→

←(65)forfocalincreasesinrespiratorydiseaseactivityinafewcountries.A.expectedB.reportedC.markedD.caused3.(单项选择题)(每题1.00分)FactsaboutStroke1

Every45seconds,someoneinAmericahasastroke.Every3.1minutes，someonediesofone.Strokekilledanestimated167，661peoplein2000andisthenation’sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,rankingbehinddiseasesoftheheartandallformsofcancer.Strokeisaleadingcauseofserious,long-termdisabilityintheUnitedStates.2

Strokeisatypeofcardiovascular(心血管的）disease.Itaffectsthearteries(动脉）leadingtoandwithinthebrain.Astrokeoccurswhenabloodvesselthatcarriesoxygenandnutrients(营养物)tothebrainiseitherblockedbyaclot(凝块)orbursts.Whenthathappens,partofthebraincannotgettheblood(andoxygen)itneeds,soitstartstodie.3

Thebrainisanextremelycomplexorganthatcontrolsvariousbodyfunctions.Ifastrokeoccursandbloodflowcan’treachtheregionthatcontrolsaparticularbodyfunction,thatpartofthebodywon’tworkasitshould.Ifthestrokeoccurstowardthebackofthebrain,forinstance,it’slikelythatsomedisabilityinvolvingvisionwillresult.Theeffectsofastrokedependprimarilyonthelocationoftheobstruction(阻塞）andtheextentofbraintissueaffected.4

TheAmericanStrokeAssociationhasidentifiedseveralfactorsthatincreasetheriskofstroke.Themoreriskfactorsapersonhas,thegreaterthechancethatheorshewillhaveastroke.Someoftheseyoucan'tcontrol,suchasincreasingage,familyhealthhistory,race,andpriorstroke.Butyoucanchangeortreatotherriskfactorstoloweryourrisk.Factorsresultingfromlifestyleorenvironmentcanbemodifiedwithahealthcareprovider’shelp.Someoftheseinclude：highbloodpressure,currentsmoking,heartdisease,andhighredbloodcellcount.5

Astrokecanhappentoanyoneatanymoment.Infactabout600,000peoplehavestrokeseveryyear.Formanyyears,therewasnohopeforthosesufferingastroke.However,recentbreakthroughshaveledtonewtreatments.Forthetreatmentstowork,thepersonmustgettoahospitalimmediately.Whenastrokeoccurs,thearteriesleadingtoandwithinthebrain_A

sufferfromastrokeB

willbeaffectedC

changetheirlifestylesD

willtakeplaceE

occursatthebackofhis/herbrainF

controlsvariousbodyfunctions4.(单项选择题)(每题3.00分)WayneBenoWayneBenowasatrueoutdoorsman.Fishing,boating,hunting,walkingthroughthewoodswithhisthreedogs,Waynelovedanddiditall.Thenlifechangeddramatically.WaynewasdiagnosedwithParkinson’sdisease(帕金森氏病）.“ForthenextthirteenyearsItook28pillsaday,hadhorriblesideeffects,andevenwithallthosepillsIstillhadlotsofshakingandtremors(颤抖）.Ionlywentoutduringpeaktimes,whenIwaslookingandfeelingmybest.Butthatwasn’toftenandIreallycouldn'tdomuchofanything.IfeltlikethelifeIlovedwasover,”saidWayne.ThenWayne’sdoctorinGreenBaysuggestedheconsiderabreakthroughsurgicaloptionbeingofferedatFroedtert&theMedicalCollegeofWisconsincalledDeepBrainStimulation(刺激）（DBS).DBSisasurgicaloptionusedtotreatdisablingmovementdisordersrelatedtoParkinson’sdisease,essentialtremorandmore.Itisnotacure,butsignificantimprovementisseeninmostmovementdisordercases,withrelativelylowrisktothepatient.Inadditiontohisdoctor’srecommendation,WaynehadaneighborandfishingfriendwhohadtheDBSprocedureatFroedtert&theMedicalCollegeofWisconsin.Hisfriend’sexperienceconvincedWaynethatthe180-miletripfromhishomeinGrivitz,Wisconsincouldbewellworththeeffort.Andwasitever.“ItwasthebestthingIeverdid.I，mdowntozeropillsadayandIdon’tshakeatall，”reportsWayne.“Beforethesurgery,Ifeltbadeverysingleday.NowIfeellikemyoldself.I，mbacktobusinessasusual,whichformemeansfishing,fishing,andmorefishing,everydayoftheyear.Thingsjustcouldn’tbeanybetter!”DeepBrainStimulationismosteffectiveforA.mentaldisorders.B.chronicdiseases.C.permanentbraininjuries.D.disablingmovementdisorders.5.(单项选择题)(每题1.00分)AreYouGett丨ngEnoughSleep?Whathappensifyoudon'tgetenoughsleep?RandyGardner,ahighschoolstudentintheUnitedStates,wantedtofindout.Hedesignedanexperimentontheeffectsofsleeplessforaschoolscienceproject.Withdoctorswatchinghimcarefully，Gardnerstayedawakefor264hoursand12minutes.That’selevendaysandnightswithoutsleep!WhateffectdidsleeplessnesshaveonGardner?After24hourswithoutsleep，Gardnerstartedhavingtroublereadingandwatchingtelevision.Thewordsandpicturesweretooblurry(模糊).Bythethirdday，hewashavingtroubledoingthingswithhishands.Bythefourthday,Gardnerwashallucinating(产生幻觉）.Forexample，whenhesawastreetsign，hpthoughtitwasaperson.Healsoimaginedhewasafamousfootballplayer.Overthenextfewdays,Gardner'sspeechbecamesoslurred(不清楚）thatpeoplecouldn’tunderstandhim.Healsohadtroublerememberingthings.Bytheeleventhday，Gardnercouldn'tpassacountingtest.Inthemiddleofthetesthesimplystoppedcounting.Hecouldn'trememberwhathewasdoing.WhenGardnerfinallywenttobed,hesleptfor14hoursand45minutes.Thesecondnighthesleptfortwelvehours，thethirdnighthesleptfortenandone-halfhours,andbythefourthnight,hehadreturnedtohisnormalsleepschedule.EventhoughGardnerrecoveredquickly，scientistsbelievethatgoingwithoutsleepcanbedangerous.TheysaythatpeopleshouldnotrepeatRandy’sexperiment.Testsonwhiteratshaveshownhowserioussleeplessnesscanbe.Afterafewweekswithoutsleep，theratsstartedlosingtheirfur(皮毛）.Andeventhoughtheratsatemorefoodthanusual，theylostweight.Eventuallytheratsdied.Duringyourlifetime,youwillprobablyspend25yearsormoresleeping.Butwhy?Whatisthepurposeofsleep?Surprisingly，scientistsdon’tknowforsure.Somescientiststhinkwesleepinordertoreplenish(补充）braincells.Otherscientiststhinkthatsleephelpsthebodytogrowandtorelievestress.Whateverthereason，weknowthatitisimportanttogetenoughsleep.18Duringtheexperiment，Gardnerhadtroublespeakingclearly.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned6.(单项选择题)(每题3.00分)WayneBenoWayneBenowasatrueoutdoorsman.Fishing,boating，hunting,walkingthroughthewoodswithhisthreedogs,Waynelovedanddiditall.Thenlifechangeddramatically.WaynewasdiagnosedwithParkinson’sdisease(帕金森氏病）“ForthenextthirteenyearsItook28pillsaday,hadhorriblesideeffects,andevenwithallthosepillsIstillhadlotsofshakingandtremors(颜抖）.Ionlywentoutduringpeaktimes,whenIwaslookingandfeelingmybest.ButthatwasnloftenandIreallycouldrTtdomuchofanything.IfeltlikethelifeIlovedwasover，，，saidWayne.ThenWayne’sdoctorinGreenBaysuggestedheconsiderabreakthroughsurgicaloptionbeingofferedatFroedtert&theMedicalCollegeofWisconsincalledDeepBrainStimulation(刺激)(DBS).DBSisasurgicaloptionusedtotreatdisablingmovementdisordersrelatedtoParkinson’sdisease,essentialtremorandmore.Itisnotacure,butsignificantimprovementisseeninmostmovementdisordercases，withrelativelylowrisktothepatient.Inadditiontohisdoctor’srecommendation,WaynehadaneighborandfishingfriendwhohadtheDBSprocedureatFroedtert&theMedicalCollegeofWisconsin.Hisfriend’sexperienceconvincedWaynethatthe180-miletripfromhishomeinCrivitz,Wisconsincouldbewellworththeeffort.Andwasitever.“ItwasthebestthingIeverdid.I，mdowntozeropillsadayandIdon’tshakeatall，，，reportsWayne.“Beforethesurgery,Ifeltbadeverysingleday.NowIfeellikemyoldself.I，mbacktobusinessasusual,whichformemeansfishing,fishing,andmorefishing,everydayoftheyear.Thingsjustcouldn’tbeanybetter!”WaynehadaneighborandfishingfriendwhoA.workedasadoctor.B.wasagainsttheDBSprocedure.C.benefitedfromtheDBSprocedure.D.wasavictimoftheDBSprocedure.7.(单项选择题)(每题1.00分)RiseinNumberofCancerSurvivorsCanceristhesecondleadingcauseofdeathintheUnitedStates,afterheartdisease.Inthe—_(51),itwasoftenconsideredadeathsentence.Butmanypatients

nowlivelonger__(52)ofimprovementsindiscoveryandtreatment.Researcherssaydeath_(53)intheUnitedStatesfromallcancers

combinedhavefallenforthirtyyears.Survivalrateshaveincreasedformostofthetopfifteencancersinbothmenandwomen,andforcancersin

(54).TheNationalCancerInstituteandtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionstudiedthenumberofcancersurvivors.Acancersurvivorisdefined

(55)anyonewhohasbeenfoundtohavecancer.Thiswouldincludecurrentpatients.Thestudycoveredtheperiod_(56)1971to2001.Theresearchersfound

therearethree_(57)asmanycancersurvivorstodayastherewerethirty

yearsago.In1971，theUnitedStateshadaboutthree-millioncancer

(58).Todaythereareaboutten-million.Thestudyalsofoundthat64%ofadultswithcancercanexpecttostillbe(59)infiveyears.Thirtyyearsago,thefive-yearsurvivalratewas50%.Thegovernment

wantsto_(60)thefive-yearsurvivalrateto70%by2010.Theriskofcancerincreaseswithage.Thereportsaysthemajorityofsurvivorsare65

yearsand_(61)

’Butitsaysmedicalimprovementshavealsohelpedchildrenwithcancerlive(62)longer.Researcherssay80%ofchildrenwithcancerwillsurviveatleast

fiveyearsafterthediscovery.About75%willsurviveat_(63)tenyears.Inthe1970s,thefive-yearsurvivalrateforchildrenwasabout50%.Inthe1960s,mostchildrendidnotsurvivecancer.Researcherssaythey

(64)more

improvementsincancertreatmentinthefuture.Infact,theysaytraditionalcancer-preventionprogramsarenotenoughanymore.Theysaypublichealthprogramsshouldalsoaimtosupportthe_(65)numbersofcancersurvivorsandtheirfamilies.Adue

Bbecause

Cdespite

Dregardless8.(单项选择题)(每题1.00分)TheyareconcernedforthefateoftheforestandIndianswho→dwell←init.A.liveB.sleepC.hideD.gather9.(单项选择题)(每题3.00分)WayneBenoWayneBenowasatrueoutdoorsman.Fishing,boating，hunting,walkingthroughthewoodswithhisthreedogs,Waynelovedanddiditall.Thenlifechangeddramatically.WaynewasdiagnosedwithParkinson’sdisease(帕金森氏病）“ForthenextthirteenyearsItook28pillsaday,hadhorriblesideeffects,andevenwithallthosepillsIstillhadlotsofshakingandtremors(颜抖）.Ionlywentoutduringpeaktimes,whenIwaslookingandfeelingmybest.ButthatwasnloftenandIreallycouldrTtdomuchofanything.IfeltlikethelifeIlovedwasover，，，saidWayne.ThenWayne’sdoctorinGreenBaysuggestedheconsiderabreakthroughsurgicaloptionbeingofferedatFroedtert&theMedicalCollegeofWisconsincalledDeepBrainStimulation(刺激)(DBS).DBSisasurgicaloptionusedtotreatdisablingmovementdisordersrelatedtoParkinson’sdisease,essentialtremorandmore.Itisnotacure,butsignificantimprovementisseeninmostmovementdisordercases，withrelativelylowrisktothepatient.Inadditiontohisdoctor’srecommendation,WaynehadaneighborandfishingfriendwhohadtheDBSprocedureatFroedtert&theMedicalCollegeofWisconsin.Hisfriend’sexperienceconvincedWaynethatthe180-miletripfromhishomeinCrivitz,Wisconsincouldbewellworththeeffort.Andwasitever.“ItwasthebestthingIeverdid.I，mdowntozeropillsadayandIdon’tshakeatall，，，reportsWayne.“Beforethesurgery,Ifeltbadeverysingleday.NowIfeellikemyoldself.I，mbacktobusinessasusual,whichformemeansfishing,fishing,andmorefishing,everydayoftheyear.Thingsjustcouldn’tbeanybetter!”Afterthesurgery,WaynefeltA.completelyrecovered.B.badeverysingleday.C.paineverynowandthen.D.worsethanbeforethesurgery.10.(单项选择题)(每题1.00分)WanttoBe100?ListentoThese5Centenarians(百岁老人）FiveneighborsatacentralMissouriretirementcommunitywhoareallcentenariansgetaskedallthetime：“Howdidyoulivetobe100?”Ifyouwanttoliveto100ormore,thisraregroupoffivegoldengirlssaysthekeytolongevity(长寿）isworkinghardatajobyouloveandtakingcareofyourbodywhileyou，reatit.Eventhoughanestimated70，000peopleinthecountryarecurrentlyatthecenturymarkorbeyondinage,itisunusualtofindfive100-year-oldslivinginoneplace.Theaveragelife-span(寿命）ofAmericansisabouttwoorthreeyearsshortofan80thbirthdayparty.Andmostpeopledon’twanttocutoutcoffee,soda,alcohol,cigarettes,andeathealthyfood.“Peopletellmeallthetime,‘Idon’twanttolivetobe100，saidMildredLeaver,whoturned100inJune.“Ithinkthat’sjustsad.AgingisattitudeandIdon’tfeelold，，，saidLeaver,aformereducatorwhostilldrivesherBuickaroundtown.Itdoesn’ttakelongtoseethatLeaverandherneighborsMildredHarris,GraceWolfson,GladysStuartandViolaSemas,havealotmoreincommonthantheirlongevityandlifelonghealthyhabits.Allare100exceptStuart,whois101.Eventhoughtheirsightandhearingaren’twhattheyusedtobe,they’veallavoidedillnessesthatmanyelderlypeoplearestrickenwith.It’sbeen50yearssinceLeaverbeatcancerforthefirstandonlytime.Thecommonthreadthatconnectsthesewomenisthedecadesofservicetojobseachlovedasafarmer,designer,schoolprincipal，bookkeeperandsecretary.Intheearlyyearsoftheirlives,gainfullyemployedwomenlikethemwerejustasrareas100-year-oldsaretoday.Theaveragelife-spanofAmericansis80years.ARight

BWrong

CNotmentioned11.(单项选择题)(每题1.00分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断:如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。PromisingResultsfromCancerStudyA.newexperimentalvaccine(疫苗）hasshownpromisingresultsinthefightagainstlungcancer.InasmallTexas-basedstudy，avaccinedevelopedbyscientistsatBaylorUniversityMedicalCentreinDallas，USA，curedlungcancerinsomepatientsandslowedtheprogressofthediseaseinothers.Researchershavereportedencouragingfindingsfromthissmallstudy.Forty-threepatientssufferingfromlungcancerwereinvolvedinthesetrials.Tenofthesepatientswereintheearlystagesandthirty-threeintheadvancedstagesofthedisease.Theywereinjectedwiththevaccineeverytwoweeksforthreemonths,andwerecarefullymonitoredforthreeyears.Inthreeofthepatientsintheadvancedstagesofcancer，thediseasedisappearedandintheothers,itdidnotspreadforfivetotwenty—fourmonths.However，nogreatdifferencewasseeninthepatientsintheearlystagesoftheillness.Thisnewvaccineusesthepatient’sownimmunesystem.Itismadespecificallyforeachpatientandisinjectedintothearmorleg.Itstimulatesthebody’simmunesystem,whichthenrecognizesthatthecancercellsareharmful,andattacksanddestroysthem.Thevaccinecouldbeelectiveagainstotherformsofcancer.Itoffersgreathopeforthetreatmentofqanceringeneral，althoughfurtherstudiesareneededbeforesuchtreatmentcanbewidelyused.Thevaccinecuredalltheparticipantsinthetrial.B.RightC.WrongD.Notmentioned12.(单项选择题)(每题2.00分)

FlyingintoHistory

Whenyouturnonthetelevisionorreadamagazine，celebrities（名人）areeverywhere.Althoughfameandthemediaplaysuchmajorrolesinourlivestoday，ithasnotalwaysbeenthatway._______(46)ManyhistoriansagreethatCharlesLindberghwasoneofthefirstmajorcelebrities，orsuperstars.

LindberghwasborninDetroit，Michigan，in1902，buthegrewupinLittleFalls，Minnesota.Asachild，hewasveryinterestedinhowthingsworked,sowhenhereachedcollege，hepursuedadegreeinengineering.Attheageof20,however，theallure（诱惑）offlyingcapturedLindbergh’simagination,_______(47)Soonafter,Lindberghboughthisownplaneandtraveledacrossthenationperformingaerialstunts（空中特技）.

In1924，Lindberghbecamemoreseriousaboutflying.HejoinedtheUnitedStatesmilitaryandgraduatedfirstinhispilotclass._______(48)

Duringthesametime，awealthyhotelownernamedRaymondOrteigwasofferingagenerousawardtothefirstpilotwhocouldflynonstopfromNewYorkCitytoParis，France.TheOrteigPrizewasworth$25，000—alargeamountevenbytoday’sstandards.

Lindberghknewhehadthesk"lstocompletetheflight，butnotjustanyplanewascapab丨eofflyingthatfarforthatlong._______(49)

OnMay20，1927，CharlesLindberghtookofffromRooseveltFieldinNewYorkCityandarrivedthenextdayatanairstrip（简易机场）outsideParis,Namedinhonorofthesponsor，TheSpiritofSt.LouiscarriedLindberghacrosstheAtlanticOceanandintotherecordbooks.Hebecameanationalheroandahugecelebrity.

WhenhereturnedtotheUnitedStates，Lindberghrodeinaticker-tape（热烈的）paradeheldtocelebratehisaccomplishment._______(50)AverypopulardancewasevennamedforCharlesLindbergh—theLindyHop-Today,TheSpiritofSt.LouisiskeptattheSmithsonianinstitute’sNationalAirandSpaceMuseuminWashington，D.C. A.Eightyyearsago,radioandmovieswerejustbeginningtohavethatkindofeffectonAmericans.B.WorkingwithanaviationcompanyfromSanDiego，California，andwithfinancialhelpfromthecityofSt.Louis，Lindberghgotacustomized（定制的）airplanethatcouldmakethejourney.C.HealsoreceivedaMedalofHonor，thehighestUnitedStatesmilitarydecoration.D.HequitschoolandmovedtoNebraskawherehelearnedtobeapilot.E.Hischildhoodwasnotfulloffondmemories.F.Lindberghusedthisadditionaltrainingtogetajobasanairmailpilot，flyingoutofSt.Louis，Missouri.13.(单项选择题)(每题3.00分)HeatandHealthExtremelyhotweatheriscommoninmanypartsoftheworld.Althoughhotweatherjustmakesmostpeoplehot,itcancausemedicalproblems—anddeath.Healthexpertssaythatsincetheyear1900，extremelyhotweatherhaskilledmorepeopleintheUnitedStatesthananyothernaturalevent.Oneyear—theunusuallyhotsummerof1980—heatcausedabout1，700deathsintheUnitedStates.In1995，morethan600peoplediedinasimilarheatwaveinonecity—Chicago.Tomeasureextremeheat,governmentweatherexpertshavedevelopedtheMeanHeatIndex.Itmeasurestheaverageofhowhotitisfeltalldayonanextremelyhotday.Expertssayitisthetotalheatofahotdayorseveralhotdaysthatcanaffecthealth.Severalhotdaysareconsideredaheatwave.Expertssayheatwavesoftenbecomedeadlywhenthenighttimetemperaturedoesnotdropmuchfromthehighestdaytimetemperature.Themostcommonmedicalproblemcausedbyhotweatherisheatstress.Usually,italsoistheleastsevere.Formostpeople,theonlyresultofheatstressismusclepain.Thepainisawarningthatthebodyisbecomingtoohot.Doctorssaydrinkingwaterwillhelpthepaindisappearafterthebodyagainhastherightamountsofwaterandsalt.Forsomepeople,however,theresultismuchmoreserious.Forexample,doctorssaysomepeoplefaceagreatlyincreaseddangerfromheatstress.Thesepeoplehaveaweakordamagedheart,highbloodpressure,orotherproblemsofthebloodsystem.Severeheatcanhelpcauseaheartattackorstroke.Healthexpertssaythisisthemostcommoncauseofdeathlinkedtohotweather.HowmanypeoplediedfromheatinChicagoin1995?A.About1700.B.Nearly1900.C.Around1100.D.Over600.14.(单项选择题)(每题1.00分)Atthattime，wedidnotfully→grasp←thesignificanceofwhathadhappened.A.giveB.attachC.loseD.understand15.(单项选择题)(每题3.00分)DNAFingerprintingDNAisthegeneticmaterialfoundwithinthecellnucleiofalllivingthings.Inmammals(哺乳动物）thestrandsofDNAaregroupedintostructurescalledchromosomes(染色体)Withtheexceptionofidenticaltwins,thecompleteDNAofeachindividualisunique.DNAfingerprintingissometimescalledDNAtyping.ItisamethodofidentificationthatcomparesbitsofDNA.ADNAfingerprintisconstructedbyfirstdrawingoutaDNAsamplefrombodytissueorfluidsuchashair,blood,orsaliva(唾液）_Thesampleisthensegmentedusingenzymes(酶），andthesegmentsarearrangedbysize.ThesegmentsaremarkedwithprobesandexposedonX-rayfilm,wheretheyformapatternofblackbars—theDNAfingerprint.IftheDNAfingerprintsproducedfromtwodifferentsamplesmatch,thetwosamplesprobablycamefromthesameperson.DNAfingerprintingwasfirstdevelopedasanidentificationtechniquein1985.Originallyusedtodetectthepresenceofgeneticdiseases,itsooncametobeusedincriminalinvestigationsandlegalaffairs.ThefirstcriminalconvictionbasedonDNAevidenceintheUnitedStatesoccurredin1988.Incriminalinvestigations，DNAfingerprintsderivedfromevidencecollectedatthecrimescenearecomparedtotheDNAfingerprintsofsuspects,(generally,courtshaveacceptedthereliabilityofDNAtestingandadmittedDNAtestresultsintoevidence.However,DNAfingerprintingiscontroversialinanumberofareas：theaccuracyoftheresults,thecostoftesting,andthepossiblemisuseofthetechnique.TheaccuracyofDNAfingerprintinghasbeenchallengedforseveralreasons.First,becauseDNAsegmentsratherthancompleteDNAstrandsare“fingerprinted”；aDNAfingerprintmaynotbeunique；large-scaleresearchtoconfirmtheuniquenessofDNAfingerprintingtestresultshasnotbeenconducted.Inaddition,DNAfingerprintingisoftendoneinprivatelaboratoriesthatmaynotfollowuniformtestingstandardsandqualitycontrols.Also,sincehumanbeingsmustinterpretthetest,humanerrorcouldleadtofalseresults.DNAfingerprintingisexpensive.SuspectswhoareunabletoprovidetheirownDNAtoexpertsmaynotbeabletosuccessfullydefendthemselvesagainstchargesbasedonDNAevidence.WidespreaduseofDNAtestingforidentificationpurposesmayleadtotheestabli