文献中abstract的写作课件

AbstractOutline

1.Structure2.GrammarandWritingSkills3.BuildaModel4.VocabularyfortheAbstract5.WritingTaskIntroductionAbstractneedstohaveindependentvalidity.makesenseasastandalone,self-containeddescriptionoftheresearcharticlereadersshouldbeabletounderstandthekeypointsandresultsoftheresearcheveniftheyneverseethewholearticle.TheAbstractisarepresentationoftheresearcharticle.1.StructureQ1:WhydoestheunitonAbstractscomeattheendofthisbookratherthanatthebeginning?Q2:DoeseveryAbstractfollowthesamemodel?Q3:HowdoIknowwhichmodeltochoose?Q1WhydoestheunitonAbstractscomeattheendofthiscourseratherthanatthebeginning?styleandlengthdependonwhereyouplantosubmititdecisionmaybetakenlatein—orevenafter—thewritingprocess.inabetterpositiontocreateanAbstractafterfinishingwritingtheothersectionsAbstractiseasiertowritethantherestofthepaper!ThecontentisderivedfromtherestofthearticleNoticeDon’tcontainmaterialwhichisnotalreadyinthepaperDon’tneedtocreatecompletelynewsentencesDon’tsimplycutandpastewholesentencesfromthebodyofthearticleProcedure:1.DecidewhatshouldgointheAbstract2.Selectmaterial,includingpartsofsentencesandphrases,fromtherelevantsectionsofthepaper3.AdaptormodifythemtomeetthedemandsofanAbstract.Q2:DoeseveryAbstractfollowthesamemodel?No,andthetitleoftheAbstractreflectsthis.calledSummary,OrBackground,OrAbstracthavenotitleatall.MostAbstracts---results-focusedbasicsimilaritiesinallAbstractsbuttherearetwoquitedistinctmodels:1.StructureMODEL1

MODEL2Activity:Readthetwomodels,figureoutthedifferencebetweenthem.ThefirstmodelsimilartoasummaryverystructureddealwithallthemainsubsectionsoftheresearcharticlecanevenhavesubtitlessuchasBackground/Method/Results/Conclusions.Thesecondmodelmorecommonfocusprimarilyononeortwoaspectofthestudyusually—butnotalways—themethodandtheresultsNotemodelsforanAbstractdescribedhereareappropriateforarticles,papers,thesesetc.---notforconferencepaperModel2AbstractsaremorecommonthanModel1Q3:HowdoIknowwhichmodeltochoose?basedontypeofresearchyouhavedoneGuideforAuthorsofthejournalnormallydeterminedbythejournalratherthantheauthorIfthechoiceisyours,1)themorenarrowandspecifiedyourresearchtopic,thelesslikelyyouaretousethesummaryformat.---becauseinanarrowresearchfield,mostreadersalreadyknowthebackground.2)Thewordlimitsetbyeachjournal---alsohasasignificanteffectonthestructureandthecontentoftheAbstract.2GrammarandWritingSkills

2.1

Verbtense

2.2Length2.3

Language

2.1

VerbtenseuseofVERBTENSE---importantinAbstract.strictwordlimitmeansomitphrasesthattellthereaderwhoseworkyouarereferringto,orwhatyouthinkaboutyourresults.1)Thegap/problem

PresentSimpletenseforexample:Themainproblem,however,is…Weexaminewhythesemodelshavedifficultywith…However,thisassumptionisnotvalidwhen…Thisiscomplicatedby…However,thisassessmentcannotbebasedsolelyon…Althoughitisknowntheoreticallythat…whatthepaperitselfdoesorwhatisactuallyinthepaperitselfusethePresentSimpletenseforexample:Thispaperpresentsanewmethodologyfor…Inthispaperweapply…Thisstudyreportsanimproveddesignfor…Inthispaperweextendanexistingapproachto…Weconsideranovelsystemof…Theimplicationsforlearningalgorithmsarediscussed…Newnumericalresultsarepresentedherefor…3a)methodology,orwhatyoudidduringtheresearchperiodPastSimpletenseforexample:Twocatalystswereexaminedinorderto…Sampleswerepreparedforelectronmicroscopyusing…Acrystalliserwasconstructedusing…TheeffectofpHwasinvestigatedbymeansof…Thedataobtainedwereevaluatedusing…Apermeameterwasusedtoinvestigate…3b)methodology,especiallywhenyouarereferringtocalculationsorequationswhichcanbefoundinthepaperitselfPresentSimpletenseNumericalexamplesareanalysedindetail…Thecalculatedwavelengthsarecomparedto…Severalmodelsarecreatedusing…Theaccuracyisevaluatedby…Adetailedcomparisonismadebetween…Themethodisillustratedonblendsofhomopolymers…ForexampleNumericalexamplesareanalysedindetail…Thecalculatedwavelengthsarecomparedto…Severalmodelsarecreatedusing…Theaccuracyisevaluatedby…Adetailedcomparisonismadebetween…Themethodisillustratedonblendsofhomopolymers…4)ResultscanbeexpressedPresentSimpletensePastSimpletensetwodifferenttenses:pastsimpletense+presentsimpletensefirstpart:PastSimpletense(Wefound/Itwasfoundetc.)Secondpart:PresentSimpletenseyoucandecidetoputfinding/resultorimplicationofresultinPresentSimpletenseifyoubelieveitisstrongenoughtobeconsideredasafactortruthThiswasconsistentwith…Organisedfiberswerefoundafter6weeks…Theseprofileswereaffectedby…Thisfindingcorrelatedwith…Theexperimentsdemonstratedtherearetwomatrices…Itwasfoundthatproteinsareproducedfrom…Theresultsdemonstratedthatthemorphologyisdifferent…Thisimagesuggestedthatthereisadirectrelationshipbetween…5)Achievements

PresentPerfecttensePresentSimpletensePastSimpletenseWehaveobtainedaccuratequantitativeLIFmeasurements…Thisinvestigationhasrevealedthat…Wehavedevisedastrategywhichallows…Wehavedemonstratedthefeasibilityofthisapproachby…Anovelmaterialhasbeenproducedwhich…Considerableinsighthasbeengainedconcerning…Themodelconsistentlyunderpredicts…Theratioshiftstowards…Weshowthatthistheoryalsoappliesto…Themostaccuratereadingsareobtainedfrom…Wefindthatthisdoesnotvary…Theseexamplesillustratethatoverpotentialisbetterdescribedintermsof…TheY-typewasfoundtoproduce…Thehydrocarbonsshowedamarkedincreasein…6)ApplicationsPresentSimpletenseForexampleThisprocessissuitablefortheproductionof…Thisframeworkcanbeusedtoevaluate…Thisapproachcanbeappliedto…Thisdemonstratespotentialforgeneralapplicabilityto…Theseprofilesmayserveasapredictorfor…Thisframeworkcanbeusedtoevaluate…2.2LengthusuallyhasastrictwordlimitMost:between80–150wordswrittenasasingleparagraph.EvenlongerAbstracts(150–250words)areusuallywrittenasasingleparagraph.Rightway:Foryourfirstdraft,don’tworrytoomuchaboutthewordlimit.OnceyouhavedecidedwhichofthetwoAbstractmodelsyouwilluse,startbyincludingwhateveryouthinkisimportant,andthengraduallyremovewords,phrasesandevensentencesthatarenotessential.Notice:Don’tsubmitanAbstractthatisoverthewordlimitoritmaybecutbyaneditorinawaythatdoesnotrepresentyourworkappropriately.2.3

LanguageThinkofthesearchphrasesandkeywordsthatpeoplelookingforyourworkmightuse.sometimeswritteninaslightlylesstechnicalwaythanthearticleitselfinordertoattractawideraudience.someofyourreadersdonotknowaparticulartechnicaltermoracronym简称

thatyouwanttoinclude.Tosolvethisproblem,use