会计学原理（双语）课件

Chapter13AccountingforCorporationsChapter13AccountingforCorpoPrivatelyHeldPubliclyHeldOwnershipcanbeCorporateFormofOrganizationExistenceisseparatefromownersAnentitycreatedbylawHasrightsandprivilegesC1PrivatelyHeldPubliclyHeldOwnCharacteristicsofCorporationsAdvantagesSeparatelegalentityLimitedliabilityofstockholdersTransferableownershiprightsContinuouslifeLackofmutualagencyforstockholdersEaseofcapitalaccumulationDisadvantagesGovernmentalregulationCorporatetaxationC1CharacteristicsofCorporationCorporateOrganizationandManagementC1Corporategovernanceisthesystembywhichcompaniesaredirectedandcontrolled.BoardofDirectorsStockholdersPresident,VicePresident,andotherOfficersEmployeesoftheCorporationCorporateOrganizationandManUltimatecontrolSelectedbyavoteofthestockholdersOverallresponsibilityformanagingthecompanyCorporateOrganizationandManagementC1StockholdersusuallymeetonceayearUltimatecontrolSelectedbyaRightsofStockholdersVoteatstockholders’meetings(or

registerproxyvoteselectronically)SellstockPurchaseadditionalsharesofstockReceivedividends,ifanyShareequallyinanyassetsremaining

aftercreditorsarepaidinaliquidation清算C1RightsofStockholdersVoteatEachunitofownershipiscalleda

shareofstock.Astockcertificateservesasproofthatastockholderhaspurchasedshares.StockCertificatesandTransferWhenthestockissold,thestockholdersignsa

transferendorsement转让背书onthebackofthestockcertificate.C1EachunitofownershipiscallBasicsofCapitalStockTotalamountofstockthatacorporation’scharter章程authorizesittosell.Totalamountofstockthathasbeenissuedorsoldtostockholders.C1BasicsofCapitalStockTotalaParvalue

isanarbitraryamountassignedtoeachshareofstockwhenitisauthorized.Marketprice

istheamountthateachshareofstockwillsellforinthemarket.BasicsofCapitalStockClassesofStockParValueNo-ParValueStatedValue设定价值C1ParvalueisanarbitraryamouParValueStockOnSeptember1,Matrix,Inc.issued100,000sharesof$2parvaluestockfor$25pershare.Let’srecordthistransaction.IssuingParValueStockP1ParValueStockIssuingParValIssuingParValueStockP1IssuingParValueStockP1IssuingStockforNoncashAssetsParValueStockOnSeptember1,Matrix,Inc.issued100,000sharesof$2parvaluestockforlandvaluedat$2,500,000.Let’srecordthistransaction.P1IssuingStockforNoncashAsseDividendsStockholdersCashDividends现金股利CorporationTopayacashdividend,thecorporationmusthave:Asufficientbalanceinretainedearnings;andThecashnecessarytopaythedividend.Regularcashdividendsprovideareturntoinvestorsandalmostalwaysaffectthestock’smarketvalue.P2DividendsStockholdersCashDiviAccountingforCashDividendsThreeImportantDatesDateofDeclaration宣告日Recordliabilityfordividend.DividendsDateofRecord记录日Noentryrequired.DateofPayment支付日Recordpaymentofcashtostockholders.P2AccountingforCashDividendsTDateofDeclarationRecordliabilityfordividend.DividendsAccountingforCashDividendsOnJanuary19,a$1persharecashdividendisdeclared

onDana,Inc.’s10,000commonsharesoutstanding.The

dividendwillbepaidonMarch19tostockholdersof

recordonFebruary19.P2DateofDeclarationRecordliabNoentryrequiredonFebruary19,thedateofrecord.DateofPaymentRecordpaymentofcashtostockholders.AccountingforCashDividendsOnJanuary19,a$1persharecashdividendisdeclared

onDana,Inc.’s10,000commonsharesoutstanding.The

dividendwillbepaidonMarch19tostockholdersof

recordonFebruary19.P2NoentryrequiredonFebruaryDeficits逆差andCashDividendsAdeficitiscreatedwhenacompanyincurscumulativelossesorpaysdividendsgreater

thantotalprofitsearnedinotheryears.P2Deficits逆差andCashDividendsAStockDividends股票股利Whyastockdividend?Canbeusedtokeepthemarketpriceonthestockaffordable.Canprovideevidenceofmanagement’sconfidencethat

thecompanyisdoingwell.Adistributionofacorporation’sownsharestoitsstockholderswithoutreceivinganypaymentinreturn.SmallStockDividendDistributionis£25%ofthepreviouslyoutstandingshares.LargeStockDividendDistributionis>25%ofthepreviouslyoutstandingshares.HotAir,Inc.CommonStock100shares$1parP2StockDividends股票股利WhyastockRecordingaSmallStockDividendSimmonshas100,000sharesof$1parvaluestockoutstanding.OnDecember31,2013,Simmonsdeclareda2%stockdividend,whenthestockwassellingfor$10pershare.ThestockwillbedistributedtostockholdersonJanuary20,2014.Let’spreparetheDecember31entry.2,000×$1parCapitalizeretainedearningsforthemarketvalueofthesharestobedistributed.(100,000×2%=2,000×$10=$20,000)P2RecordingaSmallStockDivideBeforethestockdividend.Afterthestockdividend.P2BeforetheAftertheP2RecordingaLargeStockDividendCapitalizeretainedearningsfortheminimumamountrequiredbystatelaw,usuallyparorstatedvalueoftheshares.

(50,000×40%=20,000shares×$1parvalue=$20,000)Router,Inc.has50,000sharesof$1parvaluestockoutstanding.OnDecember31,2013,Routerdeclareda40%stockdividend,whenthestockwassellingfor$8pershare.ThestockwillbedistributedtostockholdersonJanuary20,2014.Let’spreparetheDecember31entry.P2RecordingaLargeStockDivideCommonStock$10parvalue100sharesOldSharesNewSharesCommonStock$5parvalue200sharesStockSplits拆股Adistributionofadditionalsharesofstocktostockholdersaccordingtotheirpercentownership.P2CommonStock$10parvalue100sPreferredStock优先股Aseparateclassofstock,typicallyhavingpriorityovercommonsharesin...DividenddistributionsDistributionofassetsincaseofliquidationUsuallyhasastateddividendrateNormallyhasno

votingrightsC2PreferredStock优先股Aseparvs.NoncumulativeCumulativeDividendsinarrears拖欠的股利mustbepaidbeforedividendsmaybepaidoncommonstock.(Normalcase)Undeclareddividendsfromcurrentandprioryearsdonothavetobepaidinfutureyears.PreferredStockConsiderthefollowingStockholders’EquitysectionoftheBalanceSheet.TheBoardofDirectorsdidnotdeclareorpaydividendsin2012.In2013,theBoarddeclaredandpaidcashdividendsof$42,000.C2vs.NoncumulativeCumulativeDiviPreferredStockC2PreferredStockC2vs.NonparticipatingParticipatingDividendsmayexceedastatedamountoncecommonstockholdersreceiveadividendequaltothepreferredstatedrate.Dividendsarelimitedtoamaximumamounteachyear.Themaximumisusuallythestateddividendrate.

(Normalcase)PreferredStockReasonsforIssuingPreferredStockToraisecapitalwithoutsacrificingcontrolToboostthereturnearnedbycommonstockholdersthroughfinancialleverage财务杠杆ToappealtoinvestorswhomaybelievethecommonstockistooriskyorthattheexpectedreturnoncommonstockistoolowC2vs.NonparticipatingParticipatiTreasuryStock库存股Treasurystockrepresentssharesofacompany’sownstockthathasbeenacquired.Acorporationmightacquireitsownstockto:Useitssharestobuyothercompanies.Avoidahostiletakeover.Reissuetoemployeesascompensation.Supportthemarketprice.P3TreasuryStock库存股TreasurystocPurchasingTreasuryStockTreasurystockisshownasareductionintotalstockholders’equityonthebalancesheet.OnMay8,Whitt,Inc.purchased2,000ofitsown

sharesofstockintheopenmarketfor$4pershare.P3PurchasingTreasuryStockTreasSellingTreasuryStockatCostOnJune30,Whittsold100sharesof

itstreasurystockfor$4pershare.P3SellingTreasuryStockatCostSellingTreasuryStock

AboveCostOnJuly19,Whitt,Inc.soldanadditional500

sharesofitstreasurystockfor$8pershare.P3SellingTreasuryStock

AboveCSellingTreasuryStock

BelowCostOnAugust27,Whittsoldanadditional400sharesofitstreasurystockfor$1.50pershare.P3SellingTreasuryStock

BelowStatementofRetainedEarningsRetainedearningsisthetotalcumulativeamountofreportednetincomelessanynetlossesanddividendsdeclaredsincethecompanystartedoperating.LegalRestriction

Moststatesrestricttheamountoftreasurystockpurchasestotheamountofretainedearnings.ContractualRestriction

Loanagreementscanincluderestrictionsonpayingdividendsbelowacertainamountofretainedearnings.RestrictedRetainedEarningsC3StatementofRetainedEarningsAppropriatedRetainedEarnings

划拨的留存收益Acorporation’sdirectorscanvoluntarilylimitdividendsbecauseofaspecialneedforcashsuchasthepurchaseofnewfacilities.C3AppropriatedRetainedEarningsPriorPeriodAdjustmentsPriorperiodadjustmentsarecorrectionsofmaterialerrorsinpastyears’financialstatementsthatresultinachangeinthebeginningbalanceofretainedearnings.C3PriorPeriodAdjustmentsPriorStatementof

Stockholders’EquityThisisamoreinclusivestatementthanthestatementofretainedearnings.C3Statementof

Stockholders’EquOptionpurchaseprice$30pershare.StockOptions股票期权Marketpriceofstock$75pershare.Therighttopurchasecommonstockatafixedpriceoveraspecifiedperiodoftime.Asthestock’spricerisesabovethefixedoptionprice,thevalueoftheoptionincreases.Optionsaregiventokeyemployeestomotivatethemto:focusoncompanyperformance,takealong-runperspective,andremainwiththecompany.C3OptionStockOptions股票期权MarketGlobalViewU.S.GAAPandIFRShavesimilarproceduresforissuingcommonstockatpar,atapremium,atadiscount,andfornoncashassets.Accountingforandreportingcashdividends,stockdividends,andstocksplits,areconsistentunderbothU.S.GAAPandIFRS.AccountingfortreasurystockisconsistentunderbothU.S.GAAPandIFRS.Companiesdonotreportgainsorlossesontransactionsinvolvingtheirownstock.PreferredstockthatisredeemableattheoptionofthepreferredstockholderisreportedbetweenliabilitiesandequityunderU.S.GAAP,butitisreportedasaliabilityunderIFRS.Also,theissuepriceofconvertiblepreferredstock(andbonds)isrecordedentirelyunderpreferredstock(orbonds)andnoneisassignedtotheconversionfeatureunderU.S.GAAP.However,IFRSrequiresthataportionoftheissuepricebeallocatedtotheconversionfeaturewhenitexists.C3GlobalViewU.S.GAAPandIFRSEarningsPerShare每股净收益Basic

earningspershare=Netincome-PreferreddividendsWeighted-averagecommonsharesoutstandingEarningspershareisoneofthemostwidelycitedaccountingstatistics.A