时态和语态知识梳理 高考英语一轮语法复习

时态和语态的概念：时态是谓语动词所表示的动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。语态是指主语与谓语动词之间的关系，分为主谓关系（主动）和动宾关系（被动）。在被动语态中，句子的主语是动作的承受者以work为例谓语动词在不同时态下的形式（主动语态）态时间\ 一般时进行时完成时完成进行时现在workworksam/is/areworkinghave/hasworkedhave/hasbeenworking过去workedwas/wereworkinghadworkedhadbeenworking将来willworkwillbeworkingwillhaveworkedwillhavebeenworking过去将来wouldworkwouldbeworkingwouldhaveworkedwouldhavebeenworking以work为例谓语动词在不同时态下的形式（被动语态）态、时间进行时完成时完成进行时现在am/is/areworkedam/is/arebeingworkedhave/hasbeenworked\过去was/wereworkedwas/werebeingworkedhadbeenworked\将来willbeworked\willhavebeenworked\过去将来wouldbeworked\wouldhavebeenworked\一.一般时1.一般现在时（do/does）⑴表示经常性的、规律性、习惯性的动作或行为。常与。ften,usually,everyday等时间状语连用。Hegoestoschoolatsixeveryday.Heusuallyspendssummerinthemountains.⑵表示现在所处的状态，一般性的事实，或普遍真理。MyparentsliveinavillageneartheSwissborder.EnglandandFranceareseparatedbytheEnglishChannel.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.⑶代替将来时(主将从现)①由when,before,after,assoonas,once,until等引导的时间状语从句和由if,unless等引导的条件状语从句中，用现在时表将来。②表示按计划、时间表要发生的动作，主语通常是事物，且句中常带有时间状语。WhenI(graduate),1?IIgotothecountryside.Ifhe(come)thisafternoon,we'IIhaveameeting.Thetrain(leave)atnineinthemorning.一般过去时(did)⑴某个特定时间发生且已完成的动作； HesawMr.Wangyesterday.⑵存在或持续了一段时间的某种状态；RomanEmpireexistedforcenturies.⑶经常发生，或多次反复，或一连串的动作或行为。Shesleptverybadlywhenevershestayedwithhergrandparents.⑷代替一般现在时。①谈论过去，主句用过去时，为配合时态一致，即便所说情况现在依然存在，从句也用过去时。IfoundthatHarbinwasaverybeautifulcity.②虚拟语气结构中，过去时表现在Iwishyoulivedclosertous.⑸对已去世的人的情况描述 Edisonwasagreatinventor.一般将来时(willdo/其它形式)⑴表〃预测〃，即根据分析判断认为某事肯定会发生，或某人肯定会做某事。Theweatherwillprobablybegoodtomorrow.⑵表“意愿和决心”，指个人的意愿，所作的承诺或强调所下的决心。Iwillgoandgetyousomefoodtoeat.(3)表示“必然的趋势或结果〃,与安排或意愿无关。Iwillbe16yearsoldnextmonth.⑷其它形式am/is/aregoingtodoam/is/aretodoam/is/areabouttodo一般现在时L现在进行时过去完成时(woulddo/其它形式)表示从过去的某时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句Hesaidhewouldcallmeatsix.二.进行时1.现在进行时(am/is/aredoing)⑴表示说话时正在进行中的动作，或目前正在不断变化的情况。①Pleasedon'tmakesomuchnoise.Iamworking.②Morepeoplearemovingtothecities,sothecitiesaregettinglarger(2)表示某个特定时间段内正在进行或反复进行的事情，常与these/thosedays,this/thatweek等时间状语连用。①Wearemakingmodelplanesthesedays.②I'mhearingalotofgoodnewsaboutyou.⑶表示赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always,continually,constantly,forever,allthetime等连用。Sheisalwayscomplaining..过去进行时(was/weredoing)⑴表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正在进行的动作。①Iwashavingameetingat9:00yesterday.②In2011hewasstudyinginauniversity.⑵常和一般过去时一起使用，描述一个动作进行过程中另一个动作发生。①HewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.②Whenthetelephonerang,I(watch)TV.⑶也能与always,constantly,continually,forever等连用表达某种感情色彩。Mybrotherwasalwayslosinghiskeys..将来进行时(will/shallbedoing)(1)表示将来某个特定时间要进行的动作。Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?(2)表示早已安排将来要做的或预订会发生的事，往往指难以改变。Hewillbestayingwithusagainnextyear.★下列动词不用于进行时间感觉类(look,smell,feel,taste,see,hear) 情感类(like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore)心态类(wish,hope,want,need,believe,understand,forget,agree,know)状态类(appear,lie(位于)，remain,belongto,have)三、完成时1.现在完成时(1)表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在。常与for和since,sofar,uptonow,inthepast/lastfewdays/years,recently等连用。①Inthepastfewyears,greatchanges(take)place.②He(write)8bookssofar.(2)表示动作在说话之前已完成，但对现在有影响。句中常没有具体的时间状语。Ihavelostmywallet.(3)在伙/Thisis+the+序数词/最高级/only+名词〃之后的从句中谓语动词常用现在完成时。①ItisthebestfilmthatI(see)②ItisthefirsttimethatI(go)toBeijing③Itistheonlybookthathe(write).过去完成时一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生（即表“过去的过去”），那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时。①She（learn）someEnglishbeforeshecametotheinstitute.②Hesaidthathe（be）abroadfor3years.（2）表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有:by/until/before/bytheendof+表过去的某一时间。①②③enhe(learn)Englishfor3years.thenhe(know)nothingaboutityet.eendoflastyear;they(treat)over10,000patients.①②③enhe(learn)Englishfor3years.thenhe(know)nothingaboutityet.eendoflastyear;they(treat)over10,000patients.（3）特殊句型①Hardly/Scarcely/Barely+过去完成时（倒装）+when+句子（过去时）Nosooner+过去完成时（倒装）+than+句子（过去时）Hardlywearrivedwhenshestartedcomplaining.②Itwas/hadbeen+一段时间+since从句(过去完成时)Itwastenyearssincewe(have)suchawonderfultime.(3)ltwas序数词timethat从句从句谓语用过去完成时ItwasthefirsttimethatI(see)sobeautifulgirl..将来完成时表示将来某时刻前某动作已完成，或预计将已完成。常用时间状语为“by+将来的某个时间”。Bythetimeofnextweek,theywill（reach）thedestination.四.完成进行时现在完成进行时 动作发生在过去，持续到现在且现在还在进行HehasbeenlearningEnglishfor6years.时态专练.-Let'sdiscussthequestionraisedlastnight,shallwe?-Thereisnohurryforthat.Besides,I(have)ameeting..Tonyisalawyernow,buthe(serve)inadeliverycompanyforsixyears..Teachersshouldbearinmindthateachstudent'simprovement(monitor)closely..ThetourismofLinyi(see)rapidgrowthoverthelastdecade.Nowit'sthesecondmostvisitedcityinShandongProvince..Look!ThestrangemanIsawyesterday(walk)aroundmyhouseagain.ShouldIcallthepolice?.Leavemealone.I(write)anarticlealltheafternoonandhaven'tfinishedyet.7.1needn'thavebeeninthathurry.TheflighttoChongqing(cancel取7肖)duetothefoggyweather.8.Sometimelyhelp(offer)sincetheorganizationwasbuilt.9.Bythetimeyoucometoourcollegeagain,anewbuilding(build).10.Ifcitynoises(keep)fromincreasing,people(have)toshouttobeheardevenatdinner.ll.Thebookhasbeentranslatedintothirtylanguagessinceit(come)onthemarketin1973.12.1walkedslowlythroughthemarket,wherepeople(sell)allkindsoffruitsandvegetables.13.WhenIgotonthebus,IrealizedthatI(leave)mywalletathome.14.Hisfirstnovel(receive)goodreviewssinceitcameoutlastmonth.15.Inthenearfuture,moreadvancesintherobottechnology (achieve)byscientists.16.Planningsofarahead(make)nosense—somanythingswillhavechangedbynextyear.17.Iftheirmarketingplanssucceed,they(increase)theirsalesby20percent..He(play)footballregularlyformanyyearswhenhewasyoung..Theymadeuptheirmindthatthey(buy)anewhouseonceLarrychangedjobs..ThiswasthefirsttimeI(experience)sandstormsandIdon'teverwanttobeinoneagain.1saytohimwithacheerfulsmile,“Gotoexerciseandyou(feel)better//.Thefamilyaswellastheirdog(trap)ontheroofbythefloodyesterday..Thesportsmeeting(hold)inourschoolnow..Thedaythathehadlookedforwardto(come)atlast..Afterschoolwewenttothereadingroomtodosome