任务型教学法完整版课件

ObjectivesTheabilityofcommunicateaccuratelyandeffectivelyinthemostcommonEnglishlanguageactivitiestheymaybeinvolvedin.ObjectivesTheabilityofsyllabus

Atask-basedlanguagesyllabusplacestaskatthecenterofthecurriculumdevelopmentprocess.Itspecifiesthetasksthatshouldbecarriedoutbylearnerswithinaprogram.syllabusADefinationsoftaskLong(1985)definedataskas"…apieceofworkundertakenforoneselforforothers,freelyorforsomereward...[B]y'task'ismeantthehundredandonethingspeopledoineverydaylife,atwork,atplay,andinbetween"DefinationsoftaskLong(1985)Nunan:

Anyclassroomworkwhichinvolveslearnersincomprehending,manipulating,producingorinteractinginthetargetlanguagewhiletheirattentionisprincipallyfocusedonmeaningratherthanform.Hesuggeststhatasyllabusmightspecifytwotypesoftasks.Nunan:TwoTypesofTasks

Real-worldtasks.PedagogicaltasksTwoTypesofTasks

Real-WorldTasks

Real-worldtasks,whicharedesignedtopracticeorrehearsethosetasksthatarefoundtobeimportantinaneedsanalysisandturnouttobeimportantandusefulintherealworld.Real-WorldTasksReal-worldta

ExamplesofReal-WorldTasks

FillingoutaformBuyingapairofshoesMakinganairlinereservationBorrowingabookTakingadrivingtestTypingaletterDressingachildSortinglettersTakingahotelreservationWritingacheck

ExamplesofReal-WorldTasks

PedagogicalTasks

Usedtofacilitatethedevelopmentofalearner’sgenerallanguageproficiency.Donotnecessarilyreflectreal-worldtasks.Apedagogicaltaskis“anactivityoractionwhichiscarriedoutastheresultofprocessingorunderstandinglanguage...Forexample,drawingamapwhilelisteningtoatape,listeningtoaninstructionandperformingacommand…”(Richards,Platt,&Weber,1986).PedagogicalTasks

UsedtofaciListeningtoatapeandrepeating..Solvingaprobleminsmallgroups.Role-playbasedonapicturestory.Listeningtoasongwhilefillingoutthemissingwordsonaworksheet.WritingaparagraphdescribingwhatishappeninginapictureExamplesofPedagogicalTasks

ListeningtoatapeandrepeatCrookes:taskisapieceofworkoranactivity,usuallywithaspecifiedobjective,undertakenaspartofaneducationalcourse,oratwork.

Prabhu:anactivitywhichrequireslearnerstoarriveatanoutcomefromgiveninformationthroughsomeprocessofthought,andwhichallowsteacherstocontrolandregulatethatprocess.TypesoflearningandteachingactivitiesCrookes:taskisapieceofwoBreen(1987)definedalanguagetaskasastructuredlanguageendeavorwhichhasaspecificobjective,appropriatecontent,aparticularworkingprocedure,andarangeofpossibleoutcomesforthosewhoundertakeit.LongandGrookes:Selectionoftask,shouldbebasedonacarefulanalysisofthereal-worldneedsoflearning.Breen(1987)definedalanguagJaneWillis:Tasksarealwaysclassroomactivitieswherethetargetlanguageisusedforthepurposeofcommunicationinordertoachieveanoutcome.Thetaskisagoal-orientedactivitywithaclearpurpose.Doingacommunicationtaskinvolvesachievinganoutcome,creatingafinalproductthatcanbeappreciatedbyother.Examplesincludecompilingalistofreasons,features,orthings;comparingtwopicturestofindthedifferences;andsolvingaproblemordesigningabrochure.JaneWillis:ListingOrderingandsortingComparingProblemsolvingSharingpersonalexperiencesCreativetasksSixkindsoftasksListingSixkindsoftasks

Forexample,takingthetopic"cats,"alistingtaskmightbe:Listthreereasonswhypeoplethinkcatsmakegoodpets.Acomparingtaskmightbetocomparecatsanddogsaspets.Aproblem-solvingtaskcouldbetothinkofthreelowbudgetsolutionstotheproblemoflookingafteracatwhenthefamilyisabsent.Anexperiencesharingtaskcouldinvolvesharingstoriesaboutcats.Forexample,takingthe

Pica,Kanagy,andFalodun(1993)jigsawtasks(拼插型任务）decision-makingtasksopinionexchangetasksinformation-gaptasksproblem-solvingtasksPica,Kanagy,andFalodun(19

OtherTypesofTasks:1.One-wayortwo-way:2.Convergentordivergent:3.singleormultipleoutcomes:4.Reality-basedornotReality-based:5.Collaborativeorcooperative:6.Concreteorabstract:theoutcomemaybesomethingconcrete(e.g.areportorpresentation)orsomethingintangible(e.g.agreementorthesolutiontoaproblem)OtherTypesofTaskDifficultyThememberofparticipatersAbstractInformationTime-preparingTaskDifficultyThememberofCharacteristicsofTasks:

1.Anemphasisonlearningtocommunicatethroughinteractioninthetargetlanguage.

强调通过用目标语而非母语交流来学会交际

2.Theintroductionofauthentictextsintothelearningsituation.

将真实的语言材料引入学习的环境CharacteristicsofTasks:1.A3.Provisionofopportunitiesforlearnerstofocus,notonlyonlanguageitself,butalsoonthelearningprocess.

关注语言的本身，也关注学习的过程4.Anenhancementofthelearners’ownpersonalexperiencesasimportantcontributingelementstoclassroo