专题翻译(土木工程2)

TheUseofEnglish•Introduction•1.TheOriginofLanguagesandTranslation•1.1TheStoryofBabelItwasrecordedinGenesisoftheBiblethatwhentherewasaflood,Noah’sfamily,eightpersons---Noahandhiswife,withhisthreesonsandtheirwivesranawaytoasafelandbyNoah’sark,aboat.Aftertheflood,Noah’sdescendantslivedonthenewlandgenerationaftergeneration.Thepopulationwasgrowinglargerandlarger,butallthepeoplespokeonlyonelanguage.

Lateronthepeoplemovedtothewest.WhentheygottoaplaceofShinar,theysettleddownthere.TheybegantobuildacityandatowercalledBabel,withitstopintheheavens.God,Jehovahgotangryaboutthis.Hescatteredthepeople,confusedtheirlanguageandmadethemspeakdifferentlanguages.Fromthenon,therewerethousandoflanguagesusedbypeopleallovertheworld.AndthebuildingofBabelwasstopped.Therearenowaboutsixthousandlanguagesintheworld,includingEnglish.However,languageswerecreatedbyworkingpeopleafterall.1.2TheBeginningofTranslation

Areportofworldtranslationmarketsays:ThetowerofBabelneverwillbebuilt,becausewenowknowthattheskyhasnolimits;thestratagemoftheconfusionoflanguagesisthusnolongernecessary.Alllanguagesareworthyofrespect,andtranslationpermitsmentocommunicatebetterandthustounderstandeachotherbetter.Sincetherearelanguages,thereistranslation.•1.3Shangri-la•InLostHorizonbyJamesHilton,therearesomanystrangethingsaboutShangri-la,whichmeansthesourceofhappiness,Buddha’sidealland,everlastingmystery,imaginativebeautifulworldandtheGardenofEden,governingthewholeglobe.Thecelestialsorextraterrestrialbeing,inShangri-laspokeastrangelanguage----cosmiclanguage,butbyandby,asmoreandmoretravelersandexplorerswentthere,English,Chinese,Tibetanandotherlanguagesarespokenandtranslationisneeded.TheStatusQuoofEnglish•ApartfromtheU.K.,Englishisthemainlanguageoffivecountries:theU.S.A.,Canada,Australia,NewZealandandSouthAfrica.Itistheofficiallanguageof25countries,thefirstlanguageofmanycountries.•InAsia3.5hundredmillionpeoplespeakEnglish.Indiaisthe3rdlargestEnglishspeakingcountrywith100millionpeoplespeakingfluentEnglish.EnglishhasbecomethemainlanguageofSingapore.InChinaincludingHongKongandTaiwan,inJapanandSouthKorea,moreandmorepeoplearetakingEnglishastheirfirstlanguageorsecondlanguage.EnglishisalsowidelyusedintheareasofAfrica,theCaribbeanSeaandthePacificOcean.•EnglishisoneoftheimportantworkinglanguagesoftheU.N.andotherworldorganizations,the“internationallanguage”jointlyusedbyscientists,technicians,andengineersallovertheworld.•BritishEnglishhasbecometheworldEnglishsuchasEastAsianEnglish,SpanishEnglish,IndianEnglish,ChineseEnglishandJapaneseEnglish.

VarietiesofEnglish3.1Common(general,everyday,ordinary)English:SpokenEnglishWrittenEnglish(inwrittenform)InformalEnglish3.2ESP(EnglishforSpecialPurposes):EAP(EnglishforAcademicPurposes)EOP(EnglishforOccupationalPurposes)EST(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)-----ESS(EnglishforSocialScience)ECST(Eng.forCommonScienceandTechnology)ESST(Eng.ForSpecializedScienceandTechnology)3.3StandardEnglish:BritishEnglish(King’sEng.OrQueen’sEng.)AmericanEng.3.4NativeLanguage:Britain---England---London,NewCastleWalesIrelandScotlandUSA,Canada,Australia,NewZealand3.5Sub-varietiesofEng.:Asia,Africa,SouthAmerica(Non-standardEng.)StrategiesinLearningandUsingaSecondLanguage1.GroupingofStrategies1.1Metacognitivestrategies:AdvanceorganizersDirectedattentionSelectiveattentionSelf-managementAdvancepreparationSelf-monitoringDelayedproductionSelf-evaluation

1.2Cognitivestrategies:RepetitionResourceDirectedphysicalresponseTranslationGroupingNote-takingDeductionRecombinationImaginaryAuditoryrepresentationKeywordContextualizationElaborationTransferInferencing1.3Social/affectivestrategies:CooperationQuestionforclarification2.Direct/IndirectStrategies2.1directstrategies:MemorystrategiesCognitivestrategiesCompensationstrategies

2.2Indirectstrategies:MetacognitivestrategiesAffectivestrategiesSocialstrategies3.LanguageLearning/UsingStrategies3.1Languagelearningstrategies:IdentifyingthematerialforlearningDistinguishingitfromothermaterialGroupingitforeasierlearningRepeatedlyengagingoneselfincontactwiththematerialRememberingitwithefforts3.2Languageusingstrategies:RetrievalstrategiesRehearsalstrategiesCoverstrategiesCommunicationstrategiesRecommendedbooks:Ellis,R.1994.TheStudyofSecondLanguageAcquisition.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress文秋芳,1886,英语学习策略论,上海外语教育出版社LinguisticsGenerallinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsSyntaxSemanticsMorphologyPragmaticsDiscourseanalysisStylisticsSociolinguisticsPsycholinguisticsInterculturalcommunicationTranslatologyFunctionallinguisticsHistoricallinguisticsStatisticsinlinguisticsLearningStrategiesFirst/SecondLanguageAcquisitionMethodologyTestingAssociationandCollocationAssociationCollocation1.n&vassociationAchievesuccess,exerciseone’sgifts,Attainone’send,gainareputation,Developone’stalents,offerserviceBreakthenews,bringasuitoractionCutafigure,holdacourtLayanambush,liveuptoone’sidealMakeouta