托福综合写作讲义

TOEFL

iBT

Integrated

WritingBy

Joe考什么1.

notetaking2.

summarizing3.

paraphrasingReading&Lecture1.1

L完全反对R中的结论、观点；1.

2

L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之处等；2.延续1.驳斥2.1

L支持R结论、观点；2.

2

L解释R中的原因、结果等；Reading读什么MeanideaExplanationLecture听什么MeanideaExplanationDetail&

ExamplesThe

more

specific,the

betterThe

structure

of

BODY一一对应、逐个反驳正反结构、简单明了A.结构1.一一对应、逐个反驳Paragraph1:Although

the

reading

provides

a

few

examples

of

altruistic

behavior

naturally

found

in

both

human

and

meerkats,

the

lecture

easily

refutes

the

claims

of

the

reading

with

the

help

of

some

scientific

research.

1.一一对应、逐个反驳Paragraph2:The

reading

first

claims

that…

The

author

believes

that…as

well.In

addition,

the

reading

support

…1.一一对应、逐个反驳Paragraph3:On

the

contrary,

the

lecture

refutes

by

citing

several

key

scientific

findings.

Firstly…Besides…Furthermore/finally…ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ReadingListening2.正反结构、简单明了Paragraph2:The

reading

first

claims

that…

However,

the

lecture

refutes

by

citing

the

scientific

finding

that…2.正反结构、简单明了Paragraph3:In

addition,

the

lecturer

argue

against

the

reading

passage’s

second

point

by

saying

that…2.正反结构、简单明了Paragraph4:The

reading

claims

that…

as

well.

Again,

this

theory

is

refuted

by

the

professor

in

the

lecture

by

pointing

out

that…ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ReadingListening讲话人Lecturer,

speaker,

professor

2.文章作者Writer,authorB.语言陈述、认为State/indicate/believe/suggest/discuss/talkabout/present/makethepointthat/say/demonstrate/illustrate/point

out/

investigate/claim/

maintain/B.语言驳斥、反对refute,disagreewith,castdoubton,challenge,oppose,conflictwith,denythestatementof,contradict,differfrom,incontrastB.语言支持support,enhance,uphold,justify,strengthen/assert/sustain/B.语言转折对比动词类：refute\challenge\doubt\deny\rebut\counter\castdoubton\contradict\oppose\objectto\disagreewith\disapproveof形容词短语类：becontradictory\conflicting\opposing\contrary\oppositeto\differentfrom副词短语类：incontrast\conversely\however\actually\infact\indeed连词类：while\whereasB.语言举例：forexampleasanexampleforinstanceAisanexampleofBthatis/namelyTogiveaspecificexampleB.语言

提示观点，递进：inaddition/furthermoreinthesamemanneranotherreasonis...thatbringsusto...whatIwanttotalkabout

isthat...B.语言

提示观点，递进：inaddition/furthermoreinthesamemanneranotherreasonis...thatbringsusto...whatIwanttotalkabout

isthat...B.语言研究调查：(further/closer/other)studies/researches发明发现：(new)finding/discovery其他解释：alternativeexplanation/theory反方证据：counter-example/evidence质疑驳斥：challenge/objection/refutation断言声称：allegation/claim/assertion控诉反驳：charge/objection/refutation评论解释：remark/comment错误缺陷：fault/weakness/mistake/errorB.语言

结论：allinallTo

sum

up/insummaryinconclusioninconsequence/consequentlyIn

a

nutshelltherefore/henceB.语言First

paragraph:C.段落Inthelecture,theprofessormakesseveralpointsabout___.Thelecturerarguesthat__.Thepointsmadebytheprofessoragree/disagreewith/contradictthereadingpassage.Inthereadingpassage,theauthorclaimsthat____.However,thefollowinglisteningmaterialentirelychallengedthestatementmadebythewriter.Thespeakercontendsthat___.ORInthelecture,theprofessorarguesthat________.However,thereadingpassagecontendsthat________.Theprofessor’slecturecastsdoubton/advocatesthereadingpassagebyusingnumberofpointsandexample.Body:C.段落Thereadingpassagecontendsthat…

/

Theauthorstatesthat…

However/

but

/

yet

/in

contrast/

on

the

contrarythelecture/

speakerargues/

points

outthat…

Accordingtotheprofessorinthelecture…/Thespeakerarguesthat…

Thisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicates,because…

/Whichrefutes/casts

doubt

onthepointthat…inthereading

Contraryto/

different

from…thestatement/pointinthereadingthat…

The

lecture/

speaker

in

the

listening

states/argues/

holds

that…Body:C.段落Thereadingpassagecontendsthat…

/

Theauthorstatesthat…

However/

but

/

yet

/in

contrast/

on

the

contrarythelecture/

speakerargues/

points

outthat…

Accordingtotheprofessorinthelecture…/Thespeakerarguesthat…

Thisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicates,because…

/Whichrefutes/casts

doubt

onthepointthat…inthereading

Contraryto/

different

from…thestatement/pointinthereadingthat…

The

lecture/

speaker

in

the

listening

states/argues/

holds

that…Body:C.段落Thereadingpassagecontendsthat…

/

Theauthorstatesthat…

However/

but

/

yet

/in

contrast/

on

the

contrarythelecture/

speakerargues/

points

outthat…

Accordingtotheprofessorinthelecture…/Thespeakerarguesthat…

Thisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicates,because…

/Which