英语论文-浅析语境在翻译中的重要地位

PAGE郑州航空工业管理学院毕业论文（设计）2011届英语专业0707062班级题目浅析语境在翻译中的重要地位姓名xxxxx学号xxxxxxxx指导教师xxxxxxxx职称副教授二О一一年六月一日AnalysisoftheImportantRoleContextPlaysinTranslationByxxxxxxxxxSupervisorxxxxxxxxxxxxxxDepartmentofForeignLanguagesZhengzhouInstituteofAeronauticalIndustryManagementJune2011内容摘要翻译作为一种重要的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动，既是双语的传译，又是两种文化的传译。语境是语言学中一个非常重要的问题，也是翻译过程中不可忽略的一个重要方面，可以说，语境制约翻译，翻译依赖语境。为了实现源语言和目标语之间的语义转换，译者要根据特定的语境来进行协调和权衡，决定自己的翻译策略，使得翻译出来的译文不但要语言忠实于原文，还要充分体现原文的“韵味”，满足“信、达、雅”这一标准,完成成功的翻译。因此，本文将语境在翻译中的重要地位作为中心问题加以表述。引言部分介绍本文写作的缘由和意义；第一部分对语境理论进行了系统、详细的回顾和综述。包括对语境研究的发展，语境的定义和分类；第二部分从三个方面讨论了语境对翻译的影响；第三部分探讨了如何正确处理语境与翻译的方法，要求我们在处理语境时，需要异化时即采取异化翻译，需要归化时即采取归化翻译；结论重申了语境因素在翻译实践过程中的核心作用，强调译者应在翻译实践中努力培养和增强语境意识，不断提高语境分析能力。关键词语境;制约作用;翻译策略AbstractAsanimportantcross-lingualandcross-culturalcommunicativeactivity,translationistheinterpretationofbothtwokindsoflanguagesandculture.Inlinguistics,contextisavitalquestion.Itisalsoregardedasanindispensableaspectduringtheprocessoftranslation.Wecansaythat,translationisrestrictedbycontext，inaddition,translationreliesoncontext.Inordertoachievethesemantictransitionbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage,translatorsshoulddeterminethestrategyaccordingtoitscontext.Consequently,notonlymoreemphasishasbeenputonlinguisticfidelity,butalsothe‘flavor’containedinthesourcetextexisted.Basedonthiscanwefollowtheprinciple－“faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance”andcompleteasuccessfultranslation.Therefore,thethesisillustratestheimportantrolecontextplaysintranslation.Theintroductionofthethesissketchedoutthecauseandsignificanceofthisthesis；partonedealswiththeprinciplesofthetheoryofcontext,includingreviewofthestudiesofcontext,itsdefinitionandfunctions;parttwomainlydiscussestherestrictingfunctionofcontextontranslationfromthreeaspects;partthreesumsupthetechniquesofhandlingtherelationshipbetweentranslationandcontext.Thetechniquesincludeforeignizingwheneverforeinizationisneededbythecontextanddomesticatingwheneverdomesticationisneeded;theconclusionreaffirmsthesignificanceofcontexttotranslationstudiesandpractice.Itemphasizesthatthetranslatorshouldcultivateandstrengthenconsciousnessofcontextintranslatingandimprovetheabilityofcontextanalysiscontinuously.KeyWordscontext；restrictingfunction；strategiesoftranslation

AcknowledgementsIwouldliketoexpressmydeepsenseofgratitudetoalltheguidanceandassistanceswhichareindispensabletohelpmetofinishthethesis.Firstofall,IwouldliketoexpressmysincerethankstomysupervisorZhangYunxia,forherpatientlyandgenerouslymakingherknowledgeavailabletomeaswellasgivingmeconstantvaluablesuggestionsinthecourseofmywritingthethesis.Withoutherdiligentworkandpatientguidance,thethesiswouldnothavebeencompleted.AndIshouldalsoshowmysinceregratitudetotheotherteachersintheDepartmentofForeignLanguages.Theirprofoundknowledgeandinstructivelectureshavewidenedmyscopeofknowledgeandlaidsolidbasisformyfuturestudy.Besides,Iwillalwaysthankmyparentswhooffermevariouscare,helpandunderstandinginmylife.Theirloveandsupportmakeitpossibleformetoovercomeallthedifficultiesandcompletethethesis.Finally,myspecialthanksshouldgotomydearfriendsandclassmatesfortheirsincerehelpandencouragement.Inoneword,mygratitudegoestoallthosewhocontributetothecompletionofthisthesis.目录Abstract(inChinese)ⅰAbstract(inEnglish)ⅱAcknowledgementsⅳIntroduction11.ABriefIntroductionofContext21.1TheDefinitionsofContextinPreviousStudies21.2TheClassificationofContext41.2.1LinguisticContext51.2.2Non-LinguisticContext62.TheInfluenceofContextonTranslation62.1RestrictionofContextonWordMeaning72.2RestrictionofContextonSentenceMeaning92.3RestrictionofContextonTextMeaning102.3.1AdvertisingTranslation112.3.2NewsTranslation123.StrategiesofTranslationinContext143.1Foreignization143.2Domestication15Conclusion16WorksCited18PAGE19AnalysisoftheImportantRoleContextPlaysinTranslationIntroductionTranslation，asabehaviorofcross—languageandcross—culturecommunication,itisnotonlytranslatingthesurfacemeaning，referentialmeaning，butalsomoreimportantly,thedeepmeaning,orpragmatic,associativeandstylisticmeanings，whichcanonlybeproperlyinterpretedonthebasisofthespecificlanguageenvironmentinwhichthemainpurposeistotransmitthemeaningbetweentwodifferentlanguages.Togreatextent,translationreliesonthecontext．JustasN．Marxonceputit，“contextisalwaysthemostimportantfactorinallkindsoftranslation.Infact,manytranslatorsstilldon’tpaymuchattentiontothestudyofcontext.”Theterm‘context'wasfirstputforwardbythedistinguishedPolish-bornanthropologistMalinowskiin1923.Followinguponhisnotionof“contextofsituation”，manyotherlinguists，philosophersandevenpsychologistsbothathomeandaboarddevelopanintenseinterestincontextwithitsscopes，functions,andclassificationsvaryingsignificantlyfromonetoanother．Meanwhile，thetranslatorrealizesthatinaword-for-wordtranslationofthetextorutterance，themeaningmaystillremainuntranslated．“Thatisbecausetextbecomescomprehensibleonlyinthecontextofthewholewayoflifeofwhichtheyformpart．"(Samspon，1980).Therefore，itisevidentthatanadequateandeffectivetranslationworkdoesnotresultfromanarrowlyformalapproachthatmatchestheverbalelementsofsourcelanguageandtargetlanguagealone,butfromawiderconsiderationandkeepsensitivitytoitsoverallcontextualelements．Inthisthesis，thetheoryofcontextisintroducedintothetranslationstudy.Thewritertriestosystematicallydiscusstheimportanceofcontext.Intheprocessoftranslation，oneofthemostessentialissueswhichatranslatorhasalwaysbeenconfrontedishowtoacquirethemaximumandoptimalunderstandingtowardstheoriginaltext．Thisrequiresthetranslatorpaygreatattentiontothecontextwhichexistsintheoriginaltext.1.ABriefIntroductionofContextContext，asalinguisticconception，isstillacontroversialissue．ItoriginallycamefromtheLatinword‘‘contextus’’，meaning‘‘ajoiningtogether'’．Lateritwasextendedtomean‘‘thewholestructureofaconnectedpassageregardedinitsbearinguponanyofthepartswhichconstituteit：thepartswhichimmediatelyprecedeorfollowanyparticularpassageortextanddetermineitsmeaning．”(TheConciseOxfordDictionary).Contextnowhasgainedmoreandmoreattentionineverysubjectoflinguistics，butpeoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutthem.1.1TheDefinitionsofContextinPreviousStudiesItwasBronislawMalinowskiwhoputforwardthebasicnotionofcontextin1923．WorkingwithpeoplewhobelongedtoremotecultureMelanesianpeoplesintheTrobriandIslandsoftheWesternPacific，MalinowskimadepainstakingendeavorstotranslatethelocaldialectsmeaningfullyforEnglish—speakingreaders．Forexample，amancalledhisoaras“wood”，thatwasthesubstanceofwhichthetrunksandbranchesoftrees．SoMalinowskifoundthat“Meaningdoesnotcomefromcontemplationofthings，oranalysisofoccurrences，butinpracticalandactiveacquaintancewithrelevantsituations．Therealknowledgeofawordcomesthroughthepracticeofappropriatelyusingitwithincertainsituation．"(Malinowski，1923).Atthesametime，healsoclassifiedtwokindsoflinguisticappliedsituations．Onewascalled“magic”situation，whichmeantawordorasentencecoulddirectlymaketheouterworldchange；theotheronewasaderivingusageoftheformer,therewasnorelationbetweenlanguageanditsenvironment．Malinowskiofferedtwotypesofnarrativespeechenvironments：(1)theenvironmentforthenarration，suchasthepeople’ssocialattitude,culturallevelandfeelings．(2)theenvironmentwhichthenarrationwasinvolvedin，suchasthesituationinamyth．InthebookTheScientificTheoryofCulture(1944)，hethoughtthatthemeaningofawordwasthereforeneitherathingnoranabstractentity,butemergedfromtheuseofwordsincontext，inshort，inthe“contextofsituation．”Afternotinghowwordsbecamecomprehensiblewhenonetookintoaccountthelargerculturalframeworkwithwhichtheywereembedded，Malinowskibroadenedhisconceptionofcontextbyputtingforwardthenotion“contextofculture”，whichincludedthetotalityoftheculturalsurrounding，theactoftextproductionandreception．Inotherwords，onlywithintheoverallcontextofsituationandcontextofcultureweretheutterancespeopleproducedcomprehensible．Malinowski’sviewswerelateracceptedanddevelopedbyallEnglishlinguist－J．R．Firth,oneofthefoundersofLondonLinguisticSchool．KeenlyinfluencedbyhisassociationwithMalinowski，Firthmovedfurtherintotheexplorationofmeaning．Hegaveillustrationoncontextindetailin1950，andputupthetheoryandmethodinstudyingutteranceinlinguisticenvironment．Firthalsobelievedthatutterancewascloselyrelatedtopeople’ssocialcommunicativeactivity．Heextendedthemeaningofcontext,andgotaconclusionthatcontextwasmadeupoftwoparts．Onewasapreviousorfollowingpartofasentenceoraparagraph；theotherwasthesocialrelationwithutterance．Firthtreatedthefirstpartas“context”whichwasconstitutedbyverbalfactors；thesecondpartwas“situationalcontext’whichwasbysocialenvironment．Sohecategorizedthecontextofsituationasfollows：A．Therelevantfeaturesofparticipants：persons，personalities．(i)Theverbalactionoftheparticipants．(ii)Thenon-verbalactionoftheparticipants．B．Therelevantobjects．C．Theeffectoftheverbalaction．(Firth，1957).Hisdefinitioncouldbeunderstoodastherelationbetweenverbalactionanditsparticipants．Hethoughtthatverbalcontextwouldbeinvolvedinaperson’swholeexperienceandculturalbackground．Itmeltedthepast，presentandfuturetogether．Furthermore，heemphasizedthatcontextofsituationshouldincludeeconomical，religious，socialstructural,linguisticclassificationandfunction．ThenHalliday,descendingdirectlyfromFirth’sperspectiveoftheoryofcontext，tookafunctionalapproachtoviewlanguageasaninstrumentofsocialinteraction．He(1976)pointedoutthateverylanguagewaslanguageinuse，inacontextofsituation，andallofitrelatedtothesituation．Hallidaypresentedthesemioticstructureofasituationunderthreeheadings，namely,field，modeandtenor,whichformedtheintegratedsystemof‘‘register”，adifferentdescriptionaboutthecontextofsituation．Halliday’sregistertheoryofferedanewdirectionforcontextstudies．Insuchatheory,thefeaturesoflanguagevariationwereexaminedintermsofthecombinationofthecontextofcultureandsituation．Hence，whenappliedtotranslation，itprovidedthetranslatorwiththeawarenessandinsightintotheextralingualcontextualfactorsthatshouldbeconsideredduringthetranslatingprocess．Muchresearchinlinguisticshadrecognizedthenecessityoftakingcontextintoaccount．AnotherimportantsociolinguistD.H.Hymesmadeafurtherelaboratedescriptionofcontextandformulatedtheeightelementsthatformedcontext．HeusedthewordSPEAKINGasallacronymfortheelementshedeemedtoberelevant．Theseelementsinclude：Setting(S)，Participants(P)，Ends(E)，Act(A)，Key(K)，Instrumentalities(I)，Norms(N)，Genre(G)．Theseeightcomponentshadfar-reachinginfluenceonthestudiesoftheoryofcontext．1.2TheClassificationofContextMalinowski(1923)classifiedcontextinto“contextofutterance”、“contextofsituation’’and“contextofculture”．Hisclassificationdidnotinvolveinthecontextualproblemininnerpartoflanguage．Firth(1957)absorbedMalinowski’sview,andfurtherexplainedtheproblemmentionedabove．Hismodelofcontextofsituationcoveredboththesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontextofatext.InChina,wecanseetherearethreekindsinHuZhuanglin’sDiscourseCohesionandCoherence:linguisticcontext,situationalcontextandculturalcontext.Therewasnounifiedclassificationaboutcontext，becausethescholarsjudgeditsstandardfromdifferentperspectives.Accordingtotheclassificationswehavementionedabove，weknowtherearemanyfactorsofcontextthatinfluencetheuseandcomprehensionoflanguage．Inthelightoftheinfluenceofcontextontranslation,thisthesisistoclassifyitintolinguisticcontextandnon-linguisticcontext，withtheformerincludingphoneticcontext，lexicalcontext，grammaticalcontext，semanticcontext，etc．，andthelatterincludingculturalcontext，situationalcontextandstylisticcontext．1.2.1LinguisticContextHatimBasilandIanMason(2001)definedlinguisticcontextas‘‘thetextualenvironmentofalinguisticitem”.Linguisticcontextisnownolongerrestrictedinitsnarrowestsensetorefertothelexicalitemsthatcomeimmediatelybeforeandafteranywordinanactofcommunicationbutbroadenedtocoverthewholepassageandsometimesthewholebookinwhichawordoccurs.Thefactorsthatrestrictandinfluencethelinguisticcontextarephonology,lexis，grammarandtext．Forlinguisticcontext，itsinfluenceonmeaningcallbeseeninthefollowingaspects:1.themeaningofwordsincertainsurroundings2.theemotionalcolorationofwords3.thegrammaticalmeaningofwords4.themeaningofsentencesincertainsurroundings5.thethematicmeaningofthetext．Toavoidtheproblemoftranslationweshouldpayattentiontolinguisticcontext.1.2.2Non-LinguisticContextNon-linguisticcontextisamorecomplicatedconcept.Itisanexternalfactorconcernedwithallthecircumstancesinwhichanutteranceoccurs.Itconsistsofculturalcontext，stylisticcontextandsituationalcontext．Culturalcontextisthecontextthatrelatestoculture，orcontextualfactorsthatareexpressedinculturalform.Contextualfactorsincludeknowledge，livingenvironment，customs，religiousbeliefsandothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety．InbookTheArtofTranslation:“Styleistheessentialcharacteristicofeverypieceofwriting，theoutcomeofthewriter’spersonalityandhisemotionsatthemoment，andnosingleparagraphcanbeputtogetherwithoutrevealinginsomedegreethenatureofitsauthor．"(TheodoreSavory,1957)Situationalcontextreferstoobjectivefactorssuchastime,places,occasions,participants,topicsandsubjectivefactorssuchastheauthor’spointofview,self-cultivation,commonsenseandemotions.Non-linguisticcontextisequallyimportantthatshouldbenoted.2.TheInfluenceofContexttoTranslationItiswellknownthattranslationisakindofinterlingualtransferwhichroughlyinvolvestwostages，thatis，comprehensionandrepresentation.Comparedwiththeintralingualcommunication，inwhichtheaddressorsandtheaddresseessharealmostthesamekindofcontextandthuscaneasilyunderstandeachother,however,translationismoresophisticatedbecauseitindispensablyinvolvestwodifferentkindsofcontext：thesourcelanguagecontextandthetargetlanguagecontext．Correctcomprehensionofthesourcetextisdeterminedbycontext，andontheotherhand，accuraterepresentationofthetranslatedtextalsolinkstocontext.Infact，oneofthemajorreasonsforthemistranslationisthattranslationisconductedregardlessofcontext．Therefore，theinfluenceofcontextisofgreatvaluetobestressedintranslation．2.1RestrictionofContextonWordMeaningEachwordwhenusedinanewcontextisanewword.WeallknowthatpolysemyisakindofverygeneralphenomenonanditexistsinvariouslanguagessuchasChineseandEnglish.Wecannotdecideontheexactmeaningofthewordoutofcontext，sinceitisapolysemousword．However,whenitisputintothesomephrases，itsmeaningsaredefinite.What’smore,withthewiderapplicationoflanguage,thewordmayproducesomeimpliedmeaningsindifferentcontext.Taketheword“head”asanexample：useyourhead(mind)theheadofthedelegation(theleader)theheadofadiscourse(themaindivision)20headofcattle(aparticularnumberof)cuffandcombherhead(thehaironthehead)awisehead(aperson)theheadofthetable(theupperend)risetoahead(result)(裴文，2000)Asapolysemy,withoutcontext，theword“head”ismeaningless.Onlyinphrasecontextlistedabove，canatranslatorseeitsexactmeaning.Thetranslatorshouldunderstandthespecificmeaninginaccordancewitheveryspecificcontext．Knowingtheappropriatemeaningofanonlinguisticeventalsodependsonthecontext.Example:“知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。”(孔子《论语》)Translation:Whenyouknowathing,toholdthatyouknowit,andwhenyoudonotknowathing,toallowthatyoudonotknowit－thatisknowledge.（byJameslegge）Inthissentence,thewriterusestheword“知”fivetimes,ifwecomprehendthat“知”arerepresentfor“know”.Thiskindoflogicjustifiesoneselfhardapparently.Accordingtothesourcecontext,thelast“知”isdefinedasprofoundknowledge.Example:“WeflushedacoveyofquailunderahighclaybankwithoverhangingbrushandIkilledtwoastheywentoutofsightoverthetopofthebank．Someofthecoveylitintrees，butmostofthemscatteredintobrushpilesanditwasnecessarytojumpontheice-coatedmoundsofbrushcoveralltimesbeforetheywouldflush．”“⋯⋯1wentuptohimandfoundhiminexactlythepositionIhadlefthim，white-faced，butwiththetopsofhischeeksflushedbythefever,staringstill,ashehadstaredatthefootofthebed．”Translation:“高高的土堤上长着倒垂下来的灌木丛，我们从那下面撵起了一群鹌鹑。当它们快要从堤岸顶上消失时，我击落了两只。有几只鹌鹑停落在树上，但大部分飞散了，钻进了灌木丛。你得在这些被冰裹着的树丛上跳上好几下，才能把它们惊起。”“⋯⋯我来到他身边，发现他仍象我离开时那样躺着。他面色苍白，但两颊上部烧得发红，眼睛依旧一动不动地盯着床脚。”Inthispassage，thewriterusestheword“flush”threetimes，butthemeaningsinthethreeplacesarequitedifferent．Inthefirstplace，thesubjectis“we”，so“flush’’means“tomakesomeoneleavetheplacewheretheyarehiding",tobemoreprecise，itmeans“drivenup”．Inthesecondplace，thesubjectis“thecovey”，so“flush”means“flyup”；whileinthethirdplace，thesubjectis“hischeeks”，sothecorrectmeaningshouldbe“redintheface，especiallybecausesomeoneisembarrassed，illorexcited”．Infact，theword“flush”combineswithanumberofdiversecontextstoprovidedistinctconcepts．So“Indeterminingthemeaningofwordtheroleofthecontextismaximizedandtheroleofanyfocalelementisminimized”．(Nida,2001)2.2.RestrictionofContextonSentenceMeaningSentencecontextmaybeashortsentenceoralongsentence，orevenaparagraphinwhichthewordisplaced．Somesentenceshavethesamestructurebutusingonlyonedifferentword，theirdeepmeaningsaretotallydifferent．What’smore,somemeaningsofthesentencesneedtheadjacentsentencesorthewholetexttofixitsmeaning.Lookatthefollowingexamples:她是去年生的小孩a.Shewasbornlastyear．她是去年出生的．b.Lastyearshegavebirthtoachild．她去年生了个孩子。Ifwejustunderstandthissentenceinliteralsense.Ithastwounderstandings.Ifpeopleaddacontext“sheistwenty—sixyearsoldthisyear’，itwillreducetheambiguity．Onlyinthespecificsituationcanpeoplegetexactmeaningofthesentence．a.“你这里真暖和!”说着，他脱去了大衣。b.“你这里真暖和!"说着，他打开了电扇。Bycomparison,wemayfindwhatthespeakersaysisexactlythesame．However,fromtheiroppositebehavior,wecanmakeaconclusionthatthefirstsentenceissaidinwinterandthesecondinsummer.Sotheymustbetranslatedasfollows.a.“It’swarmandnicehere，”hesaidandtookoffhisovercoat．b.“It’ssohothere!”Hesaidandturnedontheelectricfan．“‘谋事在人，成事在天’，咱们谋到了，靠菩萨的保佑，有些机会，也未可知。”(ADreamofRedMansions)Translation:Manproposes，heavendisposes．Workoutaplan，trusttoBuddha,andsomethingmaycomeofitforallyouknow．(TranslatedbyYangXianyi&GladysYang)InEnglish,peoplesay“Manproposes，Goddisposes”．ButherethetranslatormadethealterationaftercarefullystudyingtheChineseculturalcontext.Fromthecontext,weknowthatGrannyLiuisatypicalbumpkin．ItwouldberidiculoustomakethetargettextreaderbelieveGrannyLiuisapiousChristian．Example:Economicpsychologistgenerallysubscribestotheviewthatthemoderncapitalisteconomyoperatesonprinciplesantipathetictothoseofthefamily．Theformerseekstomaximizeefficiencythroughfollowingtheimpersonalprincipleofmeritocracy．Thelattertreatsitsmembersasequallydeservingofitscareandbenevolenceirrespectiveoftheirindividualcapabilities．Intheabovesentence，‘theformer’and‘thelatter’havenotheirownexactmeanings，Buttheyhavemeaningswhentheyareinthecontext.‘Theformer’referstothemoderncapitalisteconomyand‘thelatter’referstothefamilyeconomy.2.3RestrictionofContextonTextMeaningGrammaticallyspeaking,atextconsistsofsentences;asentenceconsistsofclauses;aclauseconsistsofphrases;aphraseconsistsofwords.Hasanthoughtatextisaunitoflanguageinuse.Itisnotagrammaticalunit.Itisnotdefinedbyitssize.Atextisbestregardedasasemanticunit,aunitnotofformbutofmeaning.Thusitisrelatedtoaclauseorsentencenotbysizebutbyrealization.Sowecansayatextisacommunicativeunit.Itdoesnotonlyconsistofsentences,itisalsorealizedbysentenceswhichmustbemeaningful.Advertisingworksandnewstextcanberegardedasthetwoofthemajorkindsoftext.Herewithsomeexamplestodemonstratetheimportanceofcontextfromthetwoaspects.2.3.1AdvertisingTranslationAdvertisingtranslationisnotonlyanactoflanguagetranslation,butalsoabehaviortotranslatetheculture.Itinvolvesvalues,culturalpsychologyandaestheticinterest,regionalcultureandmanyotherfactors.AsuccessfuladvertisementtranslationshouldconsistentwithAIDMAprinciple(Attention,Interest,Desire,MemoryandAction).Itisbynomeansasimpleconversionfromlanguagetolanguage.Advertisingtranslationsarealwaysinasimpleandneatstyle.Duringtheprocessofadvertisingtranslation,weshouldpayattentiontothedifferentfactorsofcontext.Herearetheexamples:FromsharpmindsComeSharpproductsTranslation:敏锐的头脑造就夏普的产品Theword“sharp”canbeunderstoodas“锋利的”、“尖锐的”、“严厉的”、“突然的”、“刺耳的”、“敏锐的”“灵敏的”、“装备良好的”.However,whenputinthisadvertisement,themeaningisrestrictivebythecontext.Accordingtothetwowords“minds”、“products”,theformer“sharp”shouldbetranslatedas“敏锐的”,thelattershouldbeunderstoodasacompanyname,atthesametime,itbothmeansexcellent.Example:Thecureforthecommoncold.Translation:一种可治愈感冒的食物。Weallknowthatadvertisementalwayshighlightstheproducttoattractcustomers.Thissourcetargetisaverysimplesentence.Ifjusttranslateitinto“治愈感冒”，thecustomersmaybepuzzledanddonotknowwhichgoodsitisadvertised.Ifwemakeclearofthesituationcontext,wecanknowthisisawheatgermadvertisement.Bycontrastwiththevaguelanguage,itisbettertopointoutthisisakindoffood.“长城号”游船设施豪华舒适，除观光塔、露天观景塔、游泳池、酒吧间、日光浴室外，佳肴美点，中西皆备，并有宽敞的游步甲板，游客饱览沿途风光，华丽而舒适的客房均有空调设备，令您有宾至如归的感受.Translation:BeingadeluxecruisertotourtheYangtzeriver,“TheGreatWall”hasindoorandopen-airobservationtowers,aswimmingpool,abar,asolariumaswellasChineseandwesternrestaurantandaspaciousdeck.Allthecabinsaresuperb,comfortableandair-conditioned.TheunderlinedportioninthesourcetextreflectsthebasicmodeofChineseadvertisement.Thelanguageisvagueandexaggerated.Weareaccustomedtothisstyleverymuch.Nevertheless,ifthetargettextdon’tmakeachange,thewesternreadersmayfeelthegoodsispompous.Soweshouldcuttheredundantinformationtosuitthecontext.酱香突出，优雅细腻，酒体醇厚，回味悠长，空杯留香持久，历届国家名酒评出之冠，尊为国酒。（茅台酒广告）Translation：CarefulBrewedPureandMellowWithaLong-LastingAroma（ChinaPictirial,Oct.2002）Thisadvertisementconsistsofmanyshortsentences.AccordingtothecharacteristicsofEnglishadvertisementtext.Theyarealwaysconciseandclear,withcompactstructure.Weshouldchangethestructureintargettext.Undertheinfluenceofcontext,thetargettranslationmustrepresentthefunctionofsourcetext.2.3.2NewsTranslationAsaspecialkindofliteraryform,newsreportpursuesconcisewordsandnovelthings.Translatorsneedtoinvestigatethecontextcarefullythatcanmakethetranslationaccurately;thecontinuityofnewsalsorequiresthetranslatortopayattentiontothewholecontext.Inaddition,thesubjectofnewsinvolvesallaspectofsociallife,itmakestwodifferentculturalcollisionsmorefrequentlyinnewstranslation.Herearesomeexamples：Example：WaterFoundonMoon,ResearchersSayTranslation:研究人员发现月球上存在水Inthisnews,iftheword“say”wastranslatedinto“说”,itmaybenotappropriate.Fromthecontext,“发现”ismoresuitable.Examples:秦始皇QinShihuang,thefirstemperorwhounitedChinaintheyear200BC.辛亥革命therevolutionwhichoverthrewthelastdynastyandfoundingoftheRepublic.全国人民代表大会TheNationalPeople’sCongress,China’sparliament.Inthisnewstranslation,thetranslatorscanaddsomebackgroudmaterials.Itcanreducethedifficultiesofreaderscausedbydifferentcultures.Similarly,basedondifferentculturalcontext,thephrase“foreignminister”shouldnotbetranslatedinto“外交部长”simply.Fordifferentcountrieshavedifferentformsofgovernment.InUnitedStates,itshouldbetranslatedinto“国务卿”；inEngland,itshouldbe“外交大臣”；inGermany，itshouldbe“外交部长”；andinJapan,itshouldbe“外相”.Example:The1991seasonboastedonereligion—bashingmovieafteranotherinwhichHollywoodwasabletodemonstratethatitwasanequal—o