2023高考英语阅读理解真题精读cooperation

2023高考英语阅读理解真题精读cooperationChimps(黑猩猩)will

cooperate

incertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheir

territory.But

beyondtheminimumrequirements

associalbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct(本能)tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularly

declinetoshare

foodwiththeirchildren.Whoareablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon’tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinacage

where

hecanpullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor,withnogreatereffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighbortothenextcage,hewillpull

atrandom—hejustdoesn’tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.

Chimpsaretrulyselfish.Humanchildren,ontheotherhandare

extremelycorporative.Fromtheearliestages,theydecidetohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.The

psychologist

MichaelTomasellohasstudiedthis

cooperativeness

inaseriesofexpensivewithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanworriedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotraintheirchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligencedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneral

cognitive(认知的)skills,atleast

whencomparedwithchimps.Intests

conducted

byTomasello,thehumanchildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtestsbutwere

considerably

betteratunderstandingthesocialworld.Thecureofwhatchildren’smindshaveandchimps’don’tiswhatTomasellocallsshared

intentionality.Partofthisabilityisthattheycan

inferwhat

othersknoworarethinking.But

beyondthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa＂we＂,agroupthatintendstoworktoward

asharedgoal.58.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexperimentwithchimps?A.Chimpsseldomcareaboutothers’interests.B.Chimpstendtoprovidefoodfortheirchildren.C.Chimpsliketotakeintheirneighbors’food.D.Chimpsnaturallysharefoodwitheachother.59.MichaelTomasello’stestsonyoungchildrenindicatethatthey_________.A.havetheinstincttohelpothersB.knowhowtoofferhelptoadultsC.knowtheworldbetterthanchimpsD.trustadultswiththeirhandsfull60.Thepassageismainlyabout_________.A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildrenB.waystotrainchildren’ssharedintentionalityC.cooperationasadistinctivehumannatureD.thedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildrenAACBluewhales,theearth’slargestanimals,calltoothersoftheirkind,thoughexactlywhatthesecriescommunicateremainsamystery.Butthesesoundshavebegunevolving(演变).Sinceatleastthe1960s,thepitch(音调)ofAntarcticbluewhaleshasdownshifted.Scientistshavetheoriesastowhy:allinvolvinghumans.Thedeepeningoftheirsoundsisnotunique.Manybluewhalesaroundtheworldhavealsodroppedtheirpitch.Inastudylastyearthatanalyzedmorethan1millionindividualrecordingsofwhalecalls,scaleshiftswerefoundacrossspecies,andamongpopulationsthatdon’tnecessarilyinteractwithoneanother.Thisistosay,whateverhascausedthechangedoesn’tseemtohaveaspecificgeographicorigin.Theunderwaternoisescausedbyoceantrafficandat-seaindustriesmightseemalikelycriminal.However,scientistshaveidentifiedloweredpitchesevenacrosspopulationsofwhalesthatliveinseaswithoutmajorshippingroutes.Onepossibleexplanationforthechangeistheachievementsofglobalconservationefforts.Astheirpopulationshavegrown,then,thewhalesmayhavedecreasedtheirvolumebecausetheyaremorelikelytobecommunicatingovershortdistances.Lastyear’sstudyofwhalecallsalsosuggestsathreateningreasonforthedropinpitch,however.Perhapswhalesdon'tneedtobesoloudbecausesoundwavestravelfartherinoceansmadeacidicbytheabsorptionofcarbondioxide.Carbondioxideintheatmosphere,meanwhile,mayalsoindirectlyinfluencewhalevoicesinotherways.Recentstudyshowsthat,duringthesummer,thewhalesmustusetheirtopvolumetobeheardinthecrackingice—anaturalsoundincreasedbyunnaturalprocesses,asrisingtemperaturesworsenice-melt.Sotheimpactsofawarmingplanetmay

modulate

animalsoundseveninremoteplaces.8.Towhatextentiswhales’pitchdrop?A.Acrossthespecies.B.IntheAntarcticOcean.C.Amongsomepopulations.D.Withinonemillionindividuals.9.Whatcausestheevolvingofwhales’pitchaccordingtothetext?A.Lesscommunicationandmorethreat.B.Protectioneffortsandacidicseawater.C.Sharpdecreaseofwhales’populations.D.Underwaternoisesbyshipsandindustries.10.Whatdo