历年考研英语真题集

SectionⅠUseofSleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.1kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis2toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore3.Thenewexperiments,suchastheseforthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingofnon-REMForexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep6is100percentfataltorats,yet,7_examinationsofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow8themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats9bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,10theirimmunesystems—theself-protectingmechanisrnagainstdisease—hadcrashed.[A] [B] [C] [A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]inthe [B]by [C]withthe [D]forthe[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof[C]laidemphasis [D]castlight[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B]as [C]only [D]ifPassagelMoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewidasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabor,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicencewouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.HemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertisingHewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkThereisonemorepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation—andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive—advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthatheisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostof [B]everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoney[C]advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverything [D]itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonInthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesof [B]Providingmore[C]Enhancingliving [D]ReducingnewspaperTheauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityverypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentoninterestedinnothingbutthebuyers'correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandobviouslypartialinhisviewsonIntheauthor's advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidingadvertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemthereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthethebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanPassageTherearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage—alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe'reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarbothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.15.Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen[A]hehasgivenuphissmoking [B]hehasmadegreateffortsinhis[C]heiskeenonlearninganything [D]hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisIntheauthor’seyes,onewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocess [A]succeedinclimbingupthesocial [B]judgehisabilitytogrowfromhisown[C]facedifficultiesandtakeup [D]aimhighandreachhisgoaleachWhentheauthorsays"anewwayofbeing"(line3,Para.3)heisreferring anewapproachtoexperiencingthe [B]anewwayoftaking[C]anewmethodofperceiving [D]anewsystemofadaptationtoForpersonalgrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowing curiosityaboutmore [B]promptnessinself-[C]open-mindednesstonew [D]avoidanceofinternalfearsandPassageInsuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.Inadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarⅡ.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheircommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine-readablefiles,andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevision,radio,andveryshortly,electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformaionthusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.“Knowledgeispower”maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.Theword"it"(line3,Para.2)mostprobablyreferstothelackofstable [B]thebreakdownofinformalinformation[C]theincreasedmobilityof [D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoThemainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisesformthefactthattheyhavetolearnnewthingstheylacktheconfidenceofsecuringreliableandtrustworthytheyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformationtheycanhardlycarryoutcasualcommuniationswithanextendedfamily.21.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat.electronicmailwillsoonplayadominantroleintransmittingitwillbecomemoredifficultforpeopletokeepsecretsinaninformationpeoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsoreventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughWecanlearnfromtheastparagraph itisnecessarytoobtainaspeopleshouldmakethebestuseoftheweshouldrealizetheimportanceofaccumulatinginformationitisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationPassagePersonalityistoalargeextentinherent—A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents;itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.OneplacewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe'winatallcosts'moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:“Rejoice,weByfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsareusually [B] [C] [D]Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecausethepressureistoogreatonthe [B]somestudentsareboundto[C]failureratesaretoo [D]theresultsofexanimationsareTheselectionofmedicalprofessionalsarecurrentlybasedon [B]academic[C]competitive [D]surerFromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthatthepersonalityofachildiswellestablishedatfamilyinfluencedominatestheshapingofone'scharacteristicsthedevelopmentofone'spersonalityisduetomultipleB-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceincompetitivePassageThatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaseffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiencs.Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcansemtobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer;forexample,learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thisforgettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffersgrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.Fromtheevolutionarypointof forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyifapersongetsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeverythegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividual'ssuddenforgettingmaybringaboutadaptiveAccordingtothepassage,ifapersonnever hewouldsurvive [B]hewouldhavealotof[C]hisabilitytolearnwouldbe [D]theevolutionofmemorywouldFromthelastparagraphweknowthatforgetfulnessisaresponsetothememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputmemoryisacompensationforthecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauseforgettingInthisarticle,theauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof [B] [C] [D]PartⅢEnglish-ChineseThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicaltestthatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andevenincongress.(31)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionformthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.(32)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.(33)Whethertousetests.otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.(34)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.(35)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottelhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.PartⅣWriting(15Timelimit:40Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningYourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence:“Educationplaysaveryimportantroleinthemodernizationofourcountry”.YourcompositionmustbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.PresentNecessityoftheMySectionⅠUseofThefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwords1theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceof2breakdownisinthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords3ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeaker unfavorablereactionsinthelistener5 interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.6,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake 7difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe8whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe9toexplainordescribeina10thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A]pass[B]take[C]back[D]stir5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]una10.[A][B][C][D]PassageTheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproducedThus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfacorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivateenterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.InLine11,Para1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”meansAmericansareneversatisfiedwiththeirAmericanstendtooverstatetheirAmericanswanttohavetheirincomesAmericanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirThefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphtellusthatproducerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedconsumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducersdecidethepricesofsupplyanddemandregulateAccordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedbyprivatepropertyandrights [B]manpowerandnaturalresources[C]ownershipofproductive [D]freecontractsandThepassageismainlyabouthowAmericangoodsare [B]howAmericanconsumersbuytheir[C]howAmericaneconomicsystem [D]howAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirPassageOnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenaroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety”isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere.Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotional.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilrreasons.Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.Accordingothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsowner withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishes[B]obtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeople[C]enjoygreatertrustfromthe [D]cashmoneywhereverhewishesFromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearn inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecredit [B]creditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStates[C]nowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayin [D]itisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanThephrase"ringupsales"(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans makeanorderof [B]recordsalesonacash[C]callthesales [D]keeptrackofthegoodsinWhatisthispassagemainly[A]Approachestothecommercialuseof [B]Conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersin[C]Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.[D]AdvantagesofcreditcardsinPassageExceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell.Whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingplayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself.Boththefamilyandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment.Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefullexpressionofsociety’sunderstanding—theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatarepassedontothenextgeneration.Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatminorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,theprejudices,andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.“Allmenarecreatedequal.”We’vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrasewasusedbythiscountry’sfounderstodenoteequalitybeforehelaw,ithasalsobeeninterpretedtomeanequalityofopportunity.Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren—therightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren—disabledornot—toanappropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.Inresponse,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildrenwhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.InParagraph2,theauthorcitestheexampleoftheleadingactoronthetagetoshow thegrowthofexceptionalchildrenhasmuchtodowiththeirfamilyandtheexceptionalchildrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirfamiliesthannormalchildrenexceptionalchildrenarethekeyinterestofthefamilyandtheneedsofthesocietyweighmuchheavierthantheneedsoftheexceptionalThereasonthattheexceptionalchildrenreceivesomuchconcernineducationisthattheyareexpectedtobeleadersofthesoci [B]theymightbecomeaburdenofthe[C]theyshouldfullydeveloptheir [D]disabledchildrendeservespecialThispassagemainlydealsthedifferencesofchildrenintheirlearningthedefinitionofexceptionalchildreninmodernthespecialeducationalprogramsforexceptionalthenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptiona