文学84文艺复兴、莎士比亚

ChapterOne.

TheRenaissancePeriod

Renaissance（14-16世纪）referstotheperiodoftransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Itwassparkedoff（激发，导致）byacombination组合ofhistoricalfactors,suchastherediscoveryofancientGreekandRomanclassics,thereligiousReformation,explorationsingeographyandscience,andtheeconomicexpansion.TheRenaissancefirststartedinItaly,withthefloweringofpainting,sculptureandliterature.ItdidnotarriveinEnglandtillthelastpartof15thCandtheearlyyearsof16thC.Againstthemedievalfeudalvalueandblindfaithinafter-life,thehumanists人文主义believedinman’scapabilityofselfperfectionandemphasizedtheimportanceofpersonalworthandthejoyofthepresentlife.I.Historicalandculturalbackground:1.Historicalbackground:The16thCwasaperiodofthebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalism.16世纪是封建社会瓦解，资本主义社会形成的时期。BreakingandestablishingA.TheWarofRoses(LancasterandYork)B.EconomicdevelopmentC.ThegreatreligiousReformationA.

TheWaroftheRosesnotonlyweakenedfeudalismbutactuallykilledoff消灭mostofthefeudalnobility贵族阶级inEnglandthatpreventedthecentralization中央集权ofpoliticalpower.HenryVIIandHenryVIIIlaidthefoundationsof打下基础monarch.国君玫瑰战争：1455年至1487年其间，兰开斯特家族(HouseofLancaster)和约克家族(HouseofYork)的支持者为了英格兰王位而发生断续的内战，史称玫瑰战争(WarsoftheRoses)，或蔷薇战争。两个家族都是金雀花王朝(Plantagenet)皇族的分支，为英王爱德华三世的后裔。“玫瑰战争”一名源于两个皇族所选的家徽，兰开斯特的红玫瑰和约克的白玫瑰

B.Economicdevelopment(a).Atabroad,QueenElizabethencouragedexplorationandtravel,whichstimulated刺激thecommercialexpansion.(b).ThewarwithSpain:

In1588,EnglishnavydestroyedtheSpanishfleet舰队“Armada”西班牙的无敌舰队.(c).Athome,therewasanintensification强化，加剧ofeconomicexploitationofthepeasants,includingthelarge-scale大规模的

enclosure围场ofcommonland,whichcausedviolentpeasantuprisings极端农民起义.C.Thegreat16thCreligiousreformation:

KingHenryVIIIdeclaredthebreakingwithRome,confiscated充公，没收thepropertyofChurchandproclaimed宣称himselfheadofChurchofEngland.Inthisway,thenewbourgeois资产阶级nobility贵族wasenriched.

TheReformationwasinessence本质上apoliticalmovementofthebourgeoisclassforpower.本质上是一次，资产级政治改革运动。2.CulturalbackgroundA.

Humanism人文主义suggestsanyattitude,whichtendstoexalt提升thehumanelementtostresstheimportanceofhumaninterests,asopposedtothesupernatural超自然的anddivine圣神的elements.提倡人性，反对神性。ThenewemphasisintheRenaissanceonhumanculture,educationandreason,wassparked鼓舞byarevival复兴ofinterestinclassicalGreekandRomanliterature,culture,andlanguage.Humannatureandthedignity尊严ofmanwereexalted高尚的，尊贵的andemphasiswasplacedonthepresentlifeasaworthyeventinitself(asopposedtothemedievalemphasisonthepresentlifemerelyaspreparationforafuturelife).反对中世纪所说的，现世是为未来做准备。

B.

Thedevelopmentoftheagegaveanewdirectiontoliterature.

WilliamCaxton卡克斯顿

firstintroducedprintingintoEngland.Thenumberofpressesandnumberofprintedbooksquicklyincreased.II.Twomajorfeatures

oftheRenaissance:1.TherewasathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliteratureandanexpressionofthegeneraldissatisfactionattheCatholicandfeudalideas.对古典文学的强烈渴望和表达了对天主教和封建思想的不满。2.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的主旋律。III.StagesoftheRenaissance1.Thebeginning2.Thefloweringperiod

3.

TheJacobeanperiod詹姆士一世1.Thebeginning:

Lastyearsof15thC—firsthalfof16thCThomasMoreThomasWyattThomasWyattHewasthefirsttointroducethesonnet十四行诗\商籁体intoEnglishliterature.HenryHoward霍华德Blankverse:rhyme-less没有韵律的iambic抑扬格pentameter五步的oralineof10syllablesin5`iambs抑扬格,arhythmicunitof2syllableswiththeunstressedfollowedbythestressedsyllable素体诗|无韵诗，不押韵的五音步诗行，每五个抑扬格里有十个音节，轻重音相间出现。

TheFloweringPeriod

Marlowe马洛，英国剧作家及诗人ShakespeareTheJacobeanperiodBenJonson本·琼斯TheKingJamesBibleShakespeare

(1564-1616)I.LifeStratford-on-Avon斯特拉特福德，在埃文GrammarschoolAnneHathaway安妮·海瑟薇LondonRetiredReturnedtoStratford斯特拉特福德II.WorksHecreated38plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems.III.DramasTheMatureHistoriesTheGreatComediesTheGreatTragediesTragedyTragedy:

Atypeofplaycharacterizedbythedepiction描写anddramatictreatmentofmisfortunes,disasters,and/orthedeathofthemainprotagonists主角.Theoppositeofcomedy.Themainprotagonist(s)isoftenafflicted折磨，使苦恼bya“tragicflaw”悲剧性缺陷,acharacterproblemwhichisrelatedtothetragicoutcomes.性格缺陷导致悲剧结局ComedyComedy:

theoppositeoftragedy,characterizedbytheportrayal描绘ofamusingsituationsfeaturingordinarypeopleinordinarysituations.Comedyoftenbeginswithasadordifficultsituationbutendshappily.Theendingsofcomediesfrequentlyfeaturemarriagesorreunionsofcharactersformerlyseparatedbyadversecircumstances.结局通常是之前被不利的情境分开的人结婚了或重聚了。TragicomedyTragicomedy:aplaythatcombineselementsoftragedyandcomedy,eitherbyprovidingahappyendingtoapotentiallytragicstoryorbysomemorecomplexblending混合ofseriousandlightmoods.给一个潜在的悲剧一个好的结局，或者更多的将轻快的和严肃的情绪加以混合。1.

TheMatureHistoriesTheme:Theprincipleideaoftheseplaysisthenecessityfornationalunityunderoneking.这些剧作主要是国家团结的需要。HenryIV2.TheMajorComedies

AMidsummerNight’sDreamTheMerchantofVeniceAsYoulikeIt皆大欢喜TwelfthNight第十二夜Incomedies,Shakespeareportrayed描绘youngpeoplejustfreedfromfeudalfetters束缚，枷锁.Hesangoftheiryouth,loveandidealofhappiness.Theheroesandheroinesfightagainstdestinyitselfandmould浇铸，覆盖theirownfateaccordingtotheirownfreewill.AsthesonsanddaughtersoftheRenaissance,theytrustnotinGodorKingbutinthemselves.Thegeneralspiritisoptimism乐观主义.3.

TheGreatTragedies

OthelloKingLearMacbethHamletIntragedies,Shakespeareusedthefallofanotable显要人物personasthemainfocus.Thetragicheroisalwaysanoblepersonbutpossessessomemoralweaknessorflawwhichwillleadstohisdownfall.

External外部的circumstancesandsomeevilagentsalsoplayapartinthehero’sfall.4.ElementsofDramaSetting背景:thetimeandplaceofthestory.Act一幕:thebasicdivisionofdrama.Scene:asubdivision分部ofanact.Conflict:withnaturewithanotherpersonwithsocietywithinhimself.Dialogue,soliloquy独白,aside旁白Structureorplot结构或情节ThemeHamletTheSummit顶点ofShakespeare’splays1.

Story:aDanish丹麦的storyHamletGertrude格特鲁德Claudius克劳迪斯Polonius波洛尼厄斯Ophelia奥菲利亚Laertes雷欧提斯2.HumanismreflectedinHamlet

A.“人类是一件多么了不得的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么像一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！”

ActIISceneII,line316-320B.Soliloquy(ActIIISceneI,Line64-98)生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？

死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。

死了；睡着了；睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故；谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生？

谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？。这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。

且慢！美丽的奥菲利娅！——女神，在你的祈祷之中，不要忘记替我忏悔我的罪孽。CommentThesoliloquy(独白)discussestheattitudeofaRenaissancehumanisttowardlifeanddeath.Thespeechconveys传达asenseofworldweariness厌倦aswellastheauthor’sincisive深刻的，敏锐的commentsonthesocialreality社会现实ofhistime.3.

ThecharacterofHamlet(1)Hamletisnotamerescholar,butamanofgenius,highlyaccomplishedandeducated,amanoffar-reachingperception深远的洞察力.Hisimagereflectstheversatility多才多艺ofthemenoftheRenaissance.A.Hamletisahumanist,amanwhoisfreefrommedievalprejudicesandsuperstitions迷信.Hehaslovefortheworldinsteadoftheheaven.Likeotherhumanists,hecherishesaprofoundreverence崇敬formanandafirmbeliefinman’spoweranddestiny.B.Startingfromhishumanistloveofman,helovesgoodandhatesevil.Hecaresfornothingbuthumanworthandshowsacontempt轻视forrank等级andwealth.Akingandabeggarareallonetohim.Hisdemocratictendencyisbasedonhishumanistthought.他的民主倾向基于他的人文主义思想。C.Hisintellectualgeniusisoutstanding.他的聪明才智十分突出。Heisacloseobserverofmenandmanners.Heeasilyseesthroughpeopleandpenetrates看透thetruthofmatters.

(2).Thekey-noteofHamlet’scharacterismelancholy使人悲伤的.Buthismelancholyisnotnegative消极的anditishispenetratinghabitofmanner.而是他的行为洞察力。

A.

Atthebeginning,hedecidestorevengethewrongofmurder,usurpation篡夺andseduction诱惑.Butinhisrepeatedmeditation冥想uponthecrimeofhisuncle,heperceivessomethingrotteninthestateaffairs国务.Revengeiseasy,butthemoreimportantistoexposetherootsofthesocialevilsandtoestablishareignofjustice建立公正的司法统治.B.HamletarrangestheplanofhavingplayersactasceneofmurderbeforetheKingandQueen.Hisdeviceprovesacompletesuccess.Butwhathereallyshrinksfromistheresponsibilityfortheresultofkillingtheking,becausetheabrupt唐突的deathofthekingmightcausepanictothepeopleanddangertothestate.C.

Inspiteofhismelancholyanddelayinaction,Hamletstillretains保持hisactiveenergy.HamletisaherooftheRenaissance.Hislearning,wisdom,noblenature,limitationandtragedyareallrepresentativeofthehumanistattheturnofthe16thand17thcentury.4.

SignificanceofHamlet“thesummitoftheRenaissancedrama”A.

nolongerasimplerevengeplay复仇剧of“bloodandthunder”充满凶杀情节,butatragedyofhumanistidealscrushed压碎bysocialreality.B.aprofoundphilosophical哲学的explorationofthemeaningofhumanexistence.探究人存在的哲学意义。C.

arealisticportrayal描绘ofoppressive压迫的，难以忍受的anduglysocialrealities丑陋的社会现实inEnglandattheendofthe16thcentury.D.

Shakespeare’spenetratinginsightintohumannature,itsevilcapacity地位，能力ofcrushingthegood.冲击美好E.

characterization描述&thelanguage语言表达能力

Puritanism清教主义Puritanismwasthereligionsdoctrine教义信条oftherevolutionary革命的bourgeoisie[,buəʒwɑ:‘zi:]资产阶级，中产阶级duringtheEnglishRevolution.Theywereseriousandreligiouspersons.Theyledadisciplinedandsimplelife,devoid缺乏的，全无的ofearthlyjoy.Theybelievedinpredestination[pri:,desti’neiʃən]命运，预先注定,originalsin,totaldepravity堕落，邪恶andlimitedatonement赎罪补偿弥补.Ontheotherhand,theywerepracticalandtheyworkedhardforsurvival,profitsandmaterial实质性的success.JohnDonne约翰·多恩Theleadingfigureof“Metaphysicalpoets”[,metə'fizikəl]形而上学的；超自然的；玄学派诗歌的Questions:1.Dothemetaphysicalpoemscarryarebellious反抗的spirit?2.Isthediction用语，措词simpleorcomplicated?3.Whatabouttheimages?4.Whatistheform?

Metaphysicalpoets:Thetermreferstothe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Witharebelliousspirit,thepoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventional传统的fashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.Thedictionissimple.Theimagery比喻意象isdrawn拔出，抽取fromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withGodorwit