江苏2019高考英语二轮培优复习专题三阅读理解第四讲词义猜测题习题

1第四讲│词义猜测题一、题型解读词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解题中一种常见的题型。通过对近几年江苏高考英语阅读理解题的分析统计可以看出词义猜测题一般有12题。常见的考查方式有词义猜测题考点1猜测词义题考点2猜测短语题考点3猜测指代题考点4猜测句意题二、设问方式词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义常见的命题形式有·Theunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraphmeans“________”.·Whichofthefollowingwordsistheclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthelastparagraph?·Theunderlinedword“hunch”inParagraph2canbestbereplacedby“________”.·Whatdoesthephrase“knockoff”inParagraph1mean?·Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans“________”.·Theword“it”inthelastsentencerefersto“________”.三、常见生词类型在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类1.旧词新义考查词汇表中未出现的词义如NearbyistheIndianapolisracecoursewherethenation’smostfamouscarraceisheldeachyearonMay30th.我们学过course的意思是“过程课程”等在此显然不符句意。根据上下文course是汽车赛举行的地方可推断course在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。22.合成词、转化词与派生词如shopliftingheartbrokencomputer-literatedecision-thinkingimperfect等3.“灵活”的常用词增多这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解4.“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多这些词有些带有一定的文化背景5.超纲生词。猜测词义题[典例](2017·全国卷Ⅲ·阅读C)GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStatesbuttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920swolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanadawheretherewerefewerhumansaround.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“displaced”inParagr-aph2mean?A.Tested.B.Separated.C.Forcedout.D.Trackeddown.答案C[词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知因为人类的发展侵占了灰狼的领域灰狼逐渐向北迁徙由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。]【技巧点拨】如何解决词义猜测题1.根据定义猜测词义。如果生词由定语从句、同位语(同位语前常有orsimilarlythatistosayinotherwordsnamelyorrathersay等)或同位语从句来定义或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容或引号中的内容加以解释理解这些定义或解释就是在理解词义。2.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义。在一个句子或段落中如有对两个事物或两种现象的对比性描述我们可以从生词的对立面猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词语主要有unlikenotbuthoweverdespiteinspiteofincontrast等。表示对比关系的句子结构有while引导的并列句。表示比较关系的词语主要有similarlylikejustasalsoaswellas等。3.通过构词法猜测词义。生词的前缀、后缀、复合词的各部分词性的变化都可以暗示出词义。3(1)不管这个词多超纲根据上下文都能得出其意思(2)不管这个词多熟悉都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。猜测短语题[典例](2017·江苏高考·阅读B)Beforebirthbabiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother’svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning(胎教)birdscouldrule__the__roost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAukOrnithologicalAdvancessomemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch(孵化).New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom’scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.58.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“________”.A.betheworstB.bethebestC.bejustasbadD.bejustasgood答案B[本段一开始提到婴儿在辨别母亲的声音方面能力非常强然后用了一个转折连词“But”说明其后的内容“鸟类在胎教方面”应该是做得最好。故选B。]【技巧点拨】如何解决猜测短语题猜测短语题要利用出现短语的上文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述来猜测它的意思或利用文章中所出现的与短语意思相反的内容来猜测其语意。猜测指代题[典例](2017·全国卷Ⅰ·阅读C)Someoftheworld’smostfamousmusiciansrecentlygatheredinParisandNewOrleanstocelebratethefirstannualInternationalJazzDay.UNESCO(UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization)recentlysetApril30asadaytoraiseawarenessofjazzmusicitssignificanceanditspotentialasaunifying(联合)voiceacrosscultures.DespitethecelebrationsthoughintheU.S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolderandthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.It’sJasonMoran’sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter’sartistic4adviserforjazzMoranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazzmakethemusicmoreaccessibleandpreserveitshistoryandculture.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inParagraph3referto?A.Jazzbecomingmoreaccessible.B.Theproductionofjazzgrowingfaster.C.Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.D.Thejazzaudiencebecominglarger.答案C[代词指代题。根据前文DespitethecelebrationsthoughintheU.S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolderandthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations可知尽管UNESCO为爵士乐设了纪念日但美国的爵士乐听众依然在减少并且年龄在老化爵士乐没能将年轻一代人连接起来。再结合It’sJasonMoran’sjobtohelpchangethat(是JasonMoran的工作帮助改变那一情况)可推测that指代的是前文中爵士乐在年轻一代人中失去吸引力的现象。故选C。]【技巧点拨】如何解决猜测指代题此类题目应注意代词指代的总原则——代词通常指代上文已提到的内容。代词指代要注意在数、格、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句中。只有好好把握代词指代所在段落或前面段落的整体意思问题才能迎刃而解。猜测句意题[典例](2017·江苏高考·阅读D)Whenitcomestoadaptationitisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandardbuttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.ThisiswhyinpartatleasttheUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat“There__is__no__‘one-size__fits__all’__adaptation.”Neverthelesstherearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.65.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies________.A.adaptationisanever-changingprocess5B.thecostofadaptationvarieswithtimeC.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationformsD.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging答案A[根据上文中的“Wearetherefore...buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.”可知对于不断变化的环境没有一个通用的方法来解决所有这样的问题。故画线部分表示的是适应环境也是一个不断变化的过程。本题采取的是重述的方法。故选A。]【技巧点拨】如何解决猜测句意题此类题目通常需要猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子或是格言、谚语等做题时只要通过阅读文章对原句进行语法和词义上的准确分析并和答案选项做一番比较不难找出正确选项。一般来说正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同只不过是用了其他的英语词汇表述而已。题组一应用文A(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Washington,D.C.BicycleToursCherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington,D.C.Duration3hoursThissmallgroupbiketourisafantasticwaytoseetheworld-famouscherrytreeswithbeautifulflowersofWashingtonD.C.Yourguidewillprovideahistorylessonaboutthetreesandthefamousmonumentswheretheyblossom.Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability—andthecherryblossoms—disappear!WashingtonCapitalMonumentsBicycleTourDuration3hours(4miles)JoinaguidedbiketourandviewsomeofthemostpopularmonumentsinWashington,D.C.ExplorethemonumentsandmemorialsontheNationalMallasyourguidesharesuniquefactsandhistoryateachstop.Guidedtourincludesbike,helmet6cookiesandbottledwater.CapitalCityBikeTourinWashington,D.C.Duration3hoursMorningorAfternoon,thisbiketouristheperfecttourforD.C.newcomersandlocalslookingtoexperienceWashingtonD.C.inahealthywaywithminimumeffort.KnowledgeableguideswillentertainyouwiththemostinterestingstoriesaboutPresidents,Congress,memorials,andparks.Comfortablebikesandasmoothtourroute(路线)makecyclingbetweenthesitesfunandrelaxing.WashingtonCapitalSitesatNightBicycleTourDuration3hours(7miles)JoinasmallgroupbiketourforaneveningofexplorationintheheartofWashington,D.C.GetupclosetothemonumentsandmemorialsasyoubikethesitesofCapitolHillandtheNationalMall.Frequentstopsaremadeforphototakingasyourguideoffersuniquefactsandhistory.Tourincludesbikehelmetandbottledwater.Allridersareequippedwithreflectivevestsandsafetylights.【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了在华盛顿特区骑自行车观光的四条路线、参观的主要景点和从事的活动。1.Whichtourdoyouneedtobookinadvance?A.CherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington,D.C.B.WashingtonCapitalMonumentsBicycleTour.C.CapitalCityBikeTourinWashingtonD.C.D.WashingtonCapitalSitesatNightBicycleTour.答案A[细节理解题。根据第一条旅行路线介绍的最后一句“Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability—andthecherryblossoms—disappear”可知选择第一条旅行路线需要提前预订。]2.WhatwillyoudoontheCapitalCityBikeTour?A.Meetfamouspeople.B.Gotoanationalpark.C.Visitwell-knownmuseums.D.Enjoyinterestingstories.7答案D[细节理解题。根据第三条旅行路线介绍中的“Knowledgeableguides...memorialsandparks”可知选择这条旅行路线的游客可以在观光过程中听导游讲故事。]3.Whichofthefollowingdoesthebicycletouratnightprovide?A.Citymaps.B.Cameras.C.Meals.D.Safetylights.答案D[细节理解题。第四条旅行路线是夜间游览根据该段介绍的最后一句“Allridersareequippedwithreflectivevestsandsafetylights”可知该路线为夜间骑车观光的游客提供反光背心和安全灯。]B(2018·苏北四市高三第一次调研)TheChocolateMuseumThestoryofchocolatethroughtheages●Experiencechocolate-makingfromcocoabeantochocolatebar●EnjoythesmelltasteandtextureoffreshlymadechocolateOpeninghoursTues—Fri10amto6pmSat&Sunpublicholidays11amto7pmClosedonMondaysChristmasDayandduringCarnivalweek.EntrancefeesAdults$6.00Concessions(over65yearsold)$3.00Groups(of15peopleormore)$5.00MorethanamuseumThePanoramaRestaurantcancaterforallyourcorporateevents:businesslunchesanniversariesweddingsandparties.Groupsof30—300peoplearewelcome.WelcomeToAucklandMuseum“Naumaihaeremai”8AucklandMuseumhasaconstantlychangingfeastoffresheventsandnewexhibitionsreflectingthecultureofNewZealand.Thisyearisnoexception.Clickheretofindoutmore>>LatestnewsBeinspiredbythedaVinciMachinesexhibitionanddesignandbuildyourownoriginalflyingmachine.ThebestentrywillwinthebuddinginventorahelicopterrideoverAucklandforafamilyoffour.Avoidthetrafficenjoyhassle-freeparkingandviewtheexhibitsinpeaceandquietonWednesdayevenings!Opentill730pm.From28Novemberuntil4MarchtherewillbenopublicaccesstotheReadingRoom.Clickheretofindoutmore>>Museumopeninghours10am—5pmdaily(exceptChristmasDay)4.If16adultsincluding3aged70plantovisittheChocolateMuseumhowmuchshouldtheypayatleast?A.$69.B.$78.C.$80.D.$87.答案B[数字计算题。根据第一小篇Entrancefees中的信息可知成年人$6/位大于65岁的人优惠价$3/位大于等于15人以上的团队$5/位题中可知为16人团队且有3名大于65岁的人则为满足15人团队的15名成员*团队价$5剩下的一名大于65岁者*优惠价$378元。故选B。]5.AccordingtotheinformationofAucklandMuseumweknowthat________.A.itopensfrom10amto5pmeverydayB.ithasafeastoffresheventsexceptthisyearC.thewinnerwillflyahelicopterasarewardD.themuseumfocusesonNewZealand’sculture答案D[根据第二小篇由最后一句括号中exceptChristmasDay排除A由第一段最9后一句Thisyearisnoexception排除B由Latestnews中段一第二行“ahelicopterride”与选项中“helicopter”冲突一个是直升机旅行一个是直升机需要仔细理解排除C。再看段一中thecultureofNewZealand符合D选项故选D。]题组二记叙文A(2018·天津高考)WhenIwas17,IreadamagazinearticleaboutamuseumcalledtheMcNay,oncethehomeofawatercoloristnamedMarianMcNay.Shehadrequestedthecommunitytoturnitintoamuseumuponherdeath.OnasunnySaturday,SallyandIdroveovertothemuseum.Sheasked,“Doyouhavetheaddress”“No,butI’llrecognizeit,therewasapictureinthemagazine.”“Oh,stop.Thereitis”Themuseumwasfree.Weentered,excited.Agroupofpeoplesittinginthehallstoppedtalkingandstaredatus.“MayIhelpyou”amanasked.“No”Isaid.“We’refine.”Tourguidesgotonmynerves.Whatiftheytalkedalongtimeaboutapaintingyouweren’tthatinterestedin?Sallyhadgoneupstairs.Thepeopleinthehallseemedverynosy(爱窥探的),keepingtheireyesonmewithcuriosity.Whatwastheirproblem?Isawsomenicesculpturesinoneroom.SuddenlyIsensedamanstandingbehindme.“Wheredoyouthinkyouare”heasked.Iturnedsharply.“TheMcNayArtMuseum”Hesmiled,shakinghishead.“Sorry,theMcNayisonNewBraunfelsStreet.”“What’sthisplace”Iasked,stillconfused.“Well,it’sourhome.”Myheartjolted(震颤).Iracedtothestaircaseandcalledout,“Sally!Comedownimmediately”“There’ssomereallygoodstuff(艺术作品)upthere.”Shesteppeddown,lookingconfused.Ipushedhertowardthefrontdoor,wavingatthefamily,saying,“Sorry,pleaseforgiveus,youhaveareallyniceplace.”Outside,whenItoldSallywhathappened,shecoveredhermouth,laughing.Shecouldn’tbelievehowlongtheyletuslookaroundwithoutsayinganything.TherealMcNaywassplendid,butwefeltnervousthewholetimewewerethere.VanGogh,Picasso.Thistime,westayedtogether,incaseanythingelseunusualhappened.Thirtyyearslater,awomanapproachedmeinapublicplace.“Excuseme,didyou10everenteraresidence,longagothinkingitwastheMcNayMuseum”“Yes.Buthowdoyouknow?Wenevertoldanyone.”“Thatwasmyhome.Iwasateenagersittinginthehall.Beforeyoucameover,IneverrealizedwhatabeautifulplaceIlivedin.Ineverfeltluckybefore.Youthoughtitwasamuseum.Myfeelingsaboutmyhomechangedafterthat.I’vealwayswantedtothankyou.”【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文。作者17岁的时候和好友去博物馆结果误闯民宅30年后这家的一位成员认出了作者并感谢作者让她意识到自己家的美。1.WhatdoweknowaboutMarianMcNay?A.Shewasapainter.B.Shewasacommunityleader.C.Shewasamuseumdirector.D.Shewasajournalist.答案A[细节理解题。第一段说McNay是水彩画家(watercolorist)她要求社区在她死后把她曾经居住的地方改成博物馆由此判断她是个画家。]2.Whydidtheauthorrefusethehelpfromthemaninthehouse?A.Shedislikedpeoplewhowerenosy.B.Shefeltnervouswhentalkingtostrangers.C.Sheknewmoreaboutartthantheman.D.Shemistookhimforatourguide.答案D[推理判断题。根据题干信息我们把答案定位在第四段。作者和朋友来到这个博物馆然后有人询问是否需要帮助的时候作者说导游让她紧张从这些信息判断作者误以为这个人是导游因此选D。]3.Howdidtheauthorfeelaboutbeingstaredatbythepeopleinthehall?A.Puzzled.B.Concerned.C.Frightened.D.Delighted.答案A[推理判断题。根据题干的“被大厅里的人盯着看”判断本题答案在第四段。该段说当作者发现大厅里的人似乎都喜欢窥探都好奇地盯着自己的时候心想“他们这是怎么了”(Whatwastheirproblem)。从这些信息推断选A作者对此十分困惑。]4.WhydidtheauthordescribetherealMcNaymuseuminjustafewwords?11A.Therealmuseumlackedenoughartworktointeresther.B.Shewastooupsettospendmuchtimeattherealmuseum.C.TheMcNaywasdisappointingcomparedwiththehouse.D.Theeventhappeninginthehousewasmoresignificant.答案D[推理判断题。第六段说作者和朋友来到真正的McNay博物馆但是她们一直觉得紧张害怕又出现先前那种不同寻常的事。由此推断她们一直想着先前误闯他人的家的事因此选D。]5.Whatcouldwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.Peopleshouldhavegoodtastetoenjoylife.B.Peopleshouldspendmoretimewiththeirfamily.C.Peopletendtobeblindtothebeautyaroundthem.D.Peopletendtoeducateteenagersatamuseum.答案C[推理判断题。最后一段这个女士告诉作者30年前自己还是一个十几岁的青少年在作者误闯她家之前自己从来不知道自己的家有多美丽由此推断选C“人们往往对自己身边的美丽事物视而不见”。]B(2018·山东德州高三一模)Thesummerbeforemydaddiedwemovedhouse.Upuntilthatpointourfamilyhadourownspacetospreadout.Moneywastightsotherewasnotelevisionsetbutweownedaturntableonwhichmydad’srecordsplayedconstantly.MostlyitplayedBobDylan.TracksfromTheBasementTapesandDesirebecameanimportantpartofournewlife.MybrotherandIaged8and10climbedtreesbuilthideawaysandlearnedthewordsofClothesLineSaga.Wewouldchantoverandoverlostinourownjoy.ItwasJanuarywhenmydadleftusforeverbecauseofthecancer.Hewas36goingon37thenthesameageasDylan.Afterwardsourlaughterdisappearedbutwekeptonplayingtherecordswhichbecameouronlyritualofremembrance.ThetwomenbecamesointertwinedinmyheadIstruggledtotellthemapart.Dylanwasmydad’sgifttome.Whatchildwouldn’tbefascinatedbysongsfullofpiratesandseasicksailors?HowdiditfeeltohaveNodirectionhome?FarewellAngelinabecamemyparty-piece.Iwouldsingthisatchurchcheeseandwinestothe12assembledaudience.Alotofdonationsweremade.GrowingupIremainedafanofthemusicbutIwasn’tobsessedwithDylanuntilonedayinearly1995mybrotherboughtusbothticketstoseehimplayatBrixtonAcademy.Londonfeltlikealongwaytogo.ButfinallyseeingDylanstepoutontothestagebroughtasuddenrushofexcitement.IhaveseenDylanacoupleoftimessince.Mybrotherisnotaroundsomuchthesedays.Buthewasupforavisitrecently.Wepassedahappyeveninglaughingandrinkingwhilehissonagednineperformedhisparty-pieceSubterraneanHomesickBluesforus.Hesangitword-perfect.AndsoitgoesonDylan’smusicasagiftpasseddownthegenerations.【语篇解读】作者讲述了对BobDylan的喜欢和热爱及BobDylan对自己家三代人的影响。6.What’stheauthor’spurposeofwritingthepassage?A.Topraisehislatefather.B.Totellabouthisfamilyhistory.C.Toexpresshislongingforfamilyreunion.D.ToshowhisloveforBobDylan.答案D[推理判断题。根据文中TracksfromTheBasementTapesandDesirebecame...wasmydad’sgifttome.和Dylan’smusicasagiftpasseddownthegenerations等信息讲述了作者从小到大一直以来对BobDylan的喜欢和热爱故选D。]7.Theunderlinedword“ritual”inthesecondparagraphmeans“________”.A.passionB.ceremonyC.memoryD.belief答案B[猜测词义题。此处指父亲去世后我们的笑声消失了但我们继续播放BobDylan的唱片这成了我们唯一的记忆仪式。“ritual”指仪式与ceremony同义A项为“激情热情”C项为“记忆”D项为“信任信仰”。故选B。]8.Howdidtheauthorraisemoneyinhischildhood?A.BysingingaDylan’ssongatchurchgatherings.B.Byprovidingcheeseandwinestochurchprayers.C.Byplayingaprivateinchurchperformances.13D.Byacceptingdonationsfromthechurch.答案A[细节推理题。根据第三段Iwouldsingthisatchurchcheeseandwinestotheassembledaudience.Alotofdonationsweremade.可知作者在童年的时候通过在教堂聚会上唱迪伦的歌来筹钱故选A。]9.Therecentvisitoftheauthor’sbrotherindicatesthat________.A.hisnephewwaseverinvitedtoplayinDylan’sconcertB.hisbrotherhasneverseenaliveperformanceofDylanC.Dylan’smusichasinfluencedthreegenerationsofhisfamilyD.SubterraneanHomesickBluesisalwayshisfavoritesong答案C[推理判断题。根据最后一段Buthewasupforavisit...SubterraneanHomesickBluesforus.和Dylan’smusicasagiftpasseddownthegenerations.描述哥哥带着儿子拜访BobDylan及儿子演唱他的歌表明BobDylan对作者一家三代人的影响。故选C。]题组三说明文A(2018·北京高考)PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.Cali-fornia,itshouldbenotedisn’tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakesthetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,14affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫车)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.【语篇解读】本文讨论了有关无人驾驶汽车的问题。1.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan________.A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblems15B.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causedamagetoourenvironmentD.makesomepeoplelosejobs答案A[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Whilemuchofthedebate...mobilityoptions”以及第三段中的“Dowewanttocopy...withdriverlesscars”可知应该注意伴随无人驾驶汽车出现的问题。故选A。]2.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?A.Safety.B.Sideeffects.C.Affordability.D.Management.答案D[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Buthoweverlongittakes...howthetransformationisregulated”可知作者最关心自动驾驶的监管问题。故选D。]3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fielded”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed.B.Replaced.C.Shared.D.Reduced.答案A[词义猜测题。根据上下文可知此处表示“考虑到无人驾驶技术的成本和责任与维护问题叫车服务(公司)将运用第一批可使用的商业无人驾驶汽车”fielded这里引申为“使用应用”之意故选A。]4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.答案B[观点态度题。根据第一段中的“Wellthefutureisapparentlynow”第二段中的“Thearrivalof...andmoreshared”以及最后一段中的“Thecomingtechnologicaladvancement...planforit”可知作者对无人驾驶汽车的未来持积极正面的态度。故选B。]B(2018·南京市高三三模)Humanityhasbegunwrestlingwiththedangersofglobalthreatssuchasclimatechange.Butfewauthoritiesareplanningforcatastrophicsolarstorms—hugeeruptionsofmassandenergyfromthesunthatdestroyEarth’smagneticfield.InarecentpapertwoHarvardUniversityscientistsestimatethepotentialeconomic16damagefromsuchaneventwillincreaseinthefutureandcouldequalthecurrentU.S.GDP-about$20trillion-150yearsfromnow.Thiskindofstormhashappenedbefore.Theso-calledCarringtonEventin1859themostintensemagneticstormeverrecordedonEarthcausedauroras(极光)intheatmosphereandevendeliveredelectricshockstotelegraphoperators.ButaCarrington-scalestormtodaywouldcausefarmoreharmbecausesocietynowdependssoheavilyonelectricalpowergridscommunicationssatellitesandGPS.InanefforttoquantifythatthreatastrophysicistsAbrahamLoebandManasviLingamoftheHarvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysicsdevelopedamathematicalmodelthatassumessociety’svulnerability(脆弱性)tosolarstormswillgrowwithtechnologicaladvances.Underthismodelduringthenext50yearsthepotentialforeconomicdamagewilldependprimarilyontherisingoddsofastrongsolarstormovertime.Beyond50yearsourvulnerabilitywillincreasedramaticallywithtechnologicalprogressuntilthelatterlevelsoff.Somescientistsquestionthemodel’spredictions.“Estimatingtheeconomicimpactischallengingnowletaloneinoveracentury”saysEdwardOughtonaresearchassociateattheUniversityofCambridge’sCenterforRiskStudies.Yethewarnsthatuncertaintyshouldnotstopusfrompracticalpreparationssuchasmakingpowergridsstrongerandimprovingearly-warningsystems.LoebandLingamthinkupamuchwiderstrategy:a$100-billionmagneticdeflectorshield(导流板)positionedbetweenEarthandthesun.Thisideaseems“prettypreposterous”howevergiventhatsolarparticlesarriveatEarthfromalldirectionssaysDanielBakerdirectoroftheLaboratoryforAtmosphericandSpacePhysicsattheUniversityofColoradoBoulder.Abetterunderstandingof“spaceweather”—thechangingconditioninEarth’souterspaceenvironmentincludingsolarradiationandparticles—couldhelpfindthebeststrategiesforconfrontingadangeroussolarstormsaysStraceyWormanasenioranalystatconsultingfirmAbtAssociates.“Thisisachallengingbutimportantquestion”Wormansays“thatweneedmoreeyeson.”5.AccordingtoEdwardOughtonwhichofthefollowingaboutsolarstormsisright?17A.Theywillbecomemuchstrongerin150years.B.Technologymakestheirpotentialdamagegrow.C.It’sdifficulttopredicttheirpossibleeconomicdamage.D.Spaceweatherforecastcaneffectivelyhelpdealwiththem.答案C[细节理解题。根据题目EdwardOughton提示找到第五段第1、2行Estimatingtheeconomicimpactischallengingnowchallenging同义替换为difficultestimate同义替换为predict故选C。]6.Theunderlinedword“preposterous”inParagraph6means________.A.unreasonableB.practicalC.innovativeD.inflexible答案A[词义猜测题。根据第六段第1行提示wilderstrategywilder说明了感情趋向再来看这个idea$100-billionmagneticdeflectorshieldpositionedbetweenEarthandthesun非常的狂野几乎不可能所以只能选Aunreasonable“不切实际的”。]7.Theauthorwritesthepassagemainlyto________.A.reportthedamageofsolarstormsB.remindpeopletoguardagainstsolarstormsC.introducethecharacteristicsofsolarstormsD.analyzethepossiblecauseofsolarstorms答案B[推理判断题。通读全文可知作者的情感取向ACD的确是文章的内容的一部分但题目问的是作者写作目的根据最后一段helpfindthebeststrategiesforconfrontingadangeroussolarstorm最后一句Thisisachallengingbutimportantquestionthatweneedmoreeyeson说明作者在提醒大家阻止solarstorm故选B。]题组四议论文A(2018·天津高考)Giveyourselfatest.Whichwayisthewindblowing?Howmanykindsofwildflowerscanbeseenfromyourfrontdoor?Ifyourawarenessisassharpasitcouldbe,you’llhavenotroubleansweringthesequestions.Mostofusobservedmuchmoreaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Achild’sdayisfilledwithfascination,newnessandwonder.Curiositygaveusallanaturalawareness.Butdistinctionsthatweresharptousaschildrenbecomeunclearweare18numb(麻木的)tonewstimulation(刺激),newideas.Relearningtheartofseeingtheworldaroundusisquitesimplealthoughittakespracticeandrequiresbreakingsomebadhabits.Thefirststepinawakeningsensesistostoppredictingwhatwearegoingtoseeandfeelbeforeitoccurs.Thisblocksawareness.OnechillynightwhenIwashikingintheRockyMountainswithsomestudents,Imentionedthatweweregoingtocrossamountainstream.Thestudentsbegancomplainingabouthowcolditwouldbe.Wereachedthestream,andtheyunwillinglywalkedahead.Theywerealmostknee-deepwhentheyrealizeditwasahotspring.Latertheyalladmittedthey’dfeltcoldwateratfirst.Anotherblocktoawarenessistheobsession(痴迷)manyofushavewithnamingthings.Isawbirdwatcherswhospottedabird,immediatelylookeditupinfieldguides,andsaid,a“ruby-crownedkinglet”andcheckeditoff.Theynolongerpaidattentiontothebirdandneverlearnedwhatitwasdoing.Thepressuresof“time”and“destination”arefurtherblockstoawareness.Iencounteredmanyhikerswhowereheadedtoadistantcampgroundwithjustenoughtimetogettherebeforedark.Itseldomoccurredtothemtowanderabittotakeamomenttoseewhat’saroundthem.Iaskedthemwhatthey’dseen.“Oh,afewbirds”theysaid.Theyseemedbentontheirdestinations.Natureseemstounfoldtopeoplewhowatchandwait.Nexttimeyoutakeawalk,nomatterwhereitis,takeinallthesights,soundsandsensations.Wanderinthisframeofmindandyouwillopenanewdimensiontoyourlife.【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。随着年龄的增长我们对大自然开始变得麻木。本文作者告诉我们如何唤醒自己的观察力。1.AccordingtoParagraph2,comparedwithadults,childrenaremore___